a: arc location: 2-99.2. discoverer: Bridges, 12e24. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 202 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 212 (fig.). Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeWings broader; bent downward in slight, even arc; and edges drawn down to diamond shape. Sometimes in stock, wings are bent upward instead of downward. Crossveins closer together. RK2. cytology: Placed between 57F11 and 58E4 on the basis of its inclusion within Df(2R)M-1 = Df(2R)57F11-58A1;58F8-59A1 but not Dp(2;3)P = Dp(2;3)58E3-4;60D14-E2;96B5-C1 (Bridges, 1937). Likely in band 58D6 or 7 based on Df(2R)a[ba2] = Df(2R)58D5-6;58D7-8. # a[ba]: arc-broad angular origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1934. synonym: Always referred to as bran: broad angular by Goldschmidt, but shown by him to be an allele of arc. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 351-56, 388-89, 519. phenotypeWings broader and shorter than wild type, blunt at the tip. Frequently shows upturned posterior scutellar bristles. In combination with svr[poi], produces soft blistered wing. Other interactions described by Goldschmidt, 1945, table 74. Wing grows in pupal stage to full length and then retracts, possibly with histolysis [Goldschmidt, 1934, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Verebrungslehre 69: 38-131 (fig.)]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Kodani). other information: Claimed to recur repeatedly in certain lines (Goldschmidt, 1945). # a[ba1] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bran[1]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 364-69, 388-89. phenotypeNearly normal; distinguished by its interaction with certain svr alleles (see Goldschmidt, 1945, table 74). RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Kodani). # a[ba2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bran[2]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 363-73, 388-89. phenotypeWings somewhat more angular than a[ba]. Interactions with other genes shown in table 74 of Goldschmidt (1945). RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)a[ba2] = Df(2R)58D5-6;58D7-8 (Goldschmidt, 1945). # a[ba3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bran[3]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 386-89. phenotypeNormal; distinguished by its interaction with certain svr alleles (see Goldschmidt, 1945, table 74). RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Kodani). # a[ba4] origin: Spontaneous. Probably a derivative of a[ba3]. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bran[4]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 389-90, 490. phenotypeLike a[ba]; distinguished by its interaction with certain svr alleles (see Goldschmidt, 1945, table 74). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Kodani). # a[badb]: arc-broad angular dumpy blistered origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 370-71, 388-89. phenotypeLike a[ba]; distinguished by its interaction with certain svr alleles (see Goldschmidt, 1945, table 74). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Kodani). # a[badp]: arc-broad angular dumpy origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bran[dp]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 373-86, 388-89. phenotypeNormal; distinguished by its interaction with certain svr alleles (see Goldschmidt, 1945, table 74). RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Kodani). Claimed by Goldschmidt to recur repeatedly in certain lines. # a[bar]: arc-broad angular rudimentary origin: Spontaneous derivative of a[badp]. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bran[r]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 378-79, 388-89. phenotypeWings broad, round and dp-like. Interacts with certain svr alleles (see Goldschmidt, 1945, table 74). RK2. # a[Ba]: arc-Broad angular Dominant origin: Spontaneous derivative of a[ba]. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: Bran. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 360-63, 388-89. phenotypea[Ba]/+ resembles a[ba]/a[ba]. a[Ba]/a[ba] shows Minute-like bristles. RK2. # a[BaC]: arc-Broad Angular in Canton origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: Bran[Ca]. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104: 197-221. phenotypea[BaC]/+ is normal; a[BaC]/a[ba] is broad angular, but overlaps wild type. a[BaC] is dominant in its interaction with certain svr alleles. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hannah-Alava). # a[Bap1]: arc-Broad angular in silver-pointed origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1947. synonym: Bran[poi47-1]. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104: 197-221. phenotypea[Bapl]/+ resembles a[ba]/a[ba]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hannah-Alava). # a[Bap2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1947. synonym: Bran[poi47-2]. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104: 197-221. phenotypePhenotype normal in combination with a[ba] and +; homozygous lethal. Dominant in interactions with certain svr alleles. RK2 as lethal. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hannah-Alava). # a[baX]: arc-Broad angular from X irradiation origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: Bran[x]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 521-22. phenotypeResembles a[ba2] and a[badb] but more or less dominant. Homozygote never obtained. Interactions listed by Goldschmidt (1945, table 153). RK2. # a[Bay] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: Bran[y px b1]. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104: 197-221. phenotypeHomozygotes usually lethal; rare survivors have short, folded wings and are sterile. a[Bay]/+ is broad-angular with occasional truncate-like wings. In combination with svr[poi], resembles rudimentary and blistered. RK2 as lethal. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hannah-Alava). # a[M60]: arc of Meyer origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Meyer, 60f. references: 1963, DIS 37: 50. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)a[M60]; breakpoints unknown. # A: Abnormal abdomen location: 1-4.5. discoverer: Morgan, 11g. synonym: Abnormal. references: 1915, Am. Naturalist 49: 384-429 (fig.). Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 27 (fig.). phenotypeTergites and sternites raggedly incomplete, exposing a thin crinkled cuticle; bristles and hairs on abdomen correspondingly eliminated. Highly variable, wild phenotype in old dry cultures. A/+ less extreme than A/A and A male; homozygous female fully viable and fertile. RK2 in well-fed cultures. origin: Lost by reversion to wild type. # A[53]g location: 1- (just to the right of w; judged to be allelic to A). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hillman, 53g. references: 1953, DIS 27: 56. Hillman and Barbour, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th, Vol. 1: 170. phenotypeHighly variable, ranging from extreme expression in young cultures to normal in old cultures. Expression in A[53g]/A[53g] females > A[53g]/Y males > A[53g]/+ females. Expression varies from loss of tergites 2-8 in extreme cases to loss of lateral part of tergite in one or more segments. RK2A in young cultures. cytology: Associated with rearrangement of 2-5 bands in 3C-D. # A-p: Abnormal abdomen-polygenic location: Polygenic. discoverer: Sobels, 49j. references: 1950, DIS 24: 62. 1951, DIS 25: 75-76. 1952, Genetica 26: 117-279 (fig.). 1952, Trans. Intern. Congr. Entomol., 9th, Vol. 1: 225-30. synonym: AA; Asy: Asymmetric. phenotypeIncomplete mediodorsal fusion and onesided reduction of tergites. When more than one tergite is abnormal, spiral segmentation types are most frequent. Expression strongly dependent on environment. Penetrance and expressivity correlated (Bezem and Sobels, 1953, Koninkl. Ned. Akad. Wetenschap., Proc. Ser. C. 56: 48-61). In strains selected for penetrance of A-p, mediodorsal fusion or asymmetrical reduction of head and thorax also occur. RK3. # a(1)48: abnormal abdomen in chromosome 1 location: 1- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Zimmerman, 1948. references: 1952, DIS 26: 69. 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 327-72 (fig.). phenotypeHas no phenotype of its own but increases the incidence of abdominal malformations in a(2)48 and a(3)48 and in progeny of such flies. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # a(1)50 location: 1- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Zimmerman, 1950. references: 1952, DIS 26: 69. 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 327-72 (fig.). phenotypeIrregularities in abdomen most frequently involving the anterior segments. Penetrance 1%. Enhances maternal effects of a(2)48 and a(3)48. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # a(1)51 location: 1- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Zimmerman, 1951. references: 1952, DIS 26: 69. 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 327-72 (fig.). phenotypeShows maternal effect only, with 2% of progeny affected. Abnormalities more anterior than those of a(2)48 and a(1)50. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # a(2)48 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Zimmerman, 1948. references: 1952, DIS 26: 69. 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 327-72 (fig.). phenotypeAbdominal irregularities most frequently involve anterior segments. Penetrance 7%. Also shows maternal effect. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # a(2)50 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous, discoverer: Zimmerman, 1950. references: 1952, DIS 26: 69. 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 327-72 (fig.). phenotypeNone. Six percent progeny affected, i.e., only maternal effect. RK3. # a(2)51 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Zimmerman, 1951. references: 1952, DIS 26: 69. 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 327-72 (fig.). phenotypePenetrance 50%. Also shows maternal effect. RK3. # A(2)51 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Zimmerman, 1951. references: 1952, DIS 26: 69. 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 327-72 (fig.). phenotypeNone. Enhances a(2)48 and a(3)48. RK3. # a(3)26 location: 3-27 (to the right of se). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: H. A. and N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky. synonym: a-3. references: 1927, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 109: 70-109. Schaffer, 1935, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 68: 336-60 (fig.). phenotypeIrregular reduction of abdominal tergites, sternites, pigmentation, and bristles more marked in females and increased by crowding and dry food (Braun, 1938, Am. Naturalist 72: 189-92). Schaffer's data (1935) suggest irregular dominance in heterozygote, overlapping of wild type in homozygote, and genetic modifiers. RK3. # a(3)48 location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Zimmerman, 1948. references: 1952, DIS 26: 69. 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 327-72 (fig.). phenotypeOnly a maternal effect affecting 2.5% of progeny. Irregularities most frequently involve posterior segments of abdomen. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # aa: anarista location: 3-0. discoverer: Bridges, 23d10. synonym: al-b: aristaless-b. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 218. phenotypeAristae bare or tufted. Wings somewhat broader than wild type. Expression variable, overlaps wild type often in female and sometimes in male. RK3. cytology: Placed between 61E2 and 62A6 on basis of its inclusion in Df(3L)D = Df(3L)61E2- F1;62A4-6 from T(Y;2;3)D. # Aa: Altered abdomen location: 1- (not located). origin: X ray induced in the In(1)dl-49, y w f component of C(1)DX, y f of Muller. discoverer: Cicak, 56f. references: Cicak and Oster, 1957, DIS 31: 80. phenotypeHeavy deposition of melanin in tergites of females and males. Males sterile; therefore, homozygous females not produced. RK2A. cytology: Probably associated with a rearrangement in addition to In(1)dl-49. # ab: abrupt location: 2-44.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16j16. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 218 (fig.). phenotypeVein L5 usually stops after posterior crossvein. Scutellar bristles usually fewer. Wing effect probably acts during contraction period (Waddington). Overlaps wild type. RK2. # ab[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23g16. synonym: pt: parted. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 232. phenotypeVein L5 does not reach margin. Scutellar bristles always fewer than wild type. Hairs parted down midline of thorax and abdomen. Supra-alar bristles sometimes absent. Coxae tend to be thickened. Males sterile and have rotated genitalia. ab/ab[2] resembles ab/ab but has a stronger bristle effect. RK2. # ab[51]g origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Edmondson, 51g. references: 1952, DIS 26: 60. phenotypeA strong allele like ab[2]. RK2A. # ab[l-60h]: abrupt-lethal origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hall, 60h. references: 1960, Meyer, DIS 34: 52. phenotypeHomozygote rarely survives. ab[l-60h]/ab[2] has shortened vein L5 but no scutellar bristles missing, and there is no part down midline of thorax and abdomen. ab[l-60h]/ab[2] males are fertile. RK2. # abb: abbreviated location: 2-105.5. discoverer: Bridges, 28d6. references: 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeBristles smaller, especially posterior scutellars. Developmental time slightly longer than normal. Viability only slightly reduced. Classification difficult, especially in early eclosions; improves with age of culture. Enhanced by shrunken (2-2.3), making classification easy. RK3; RK2 with shr. cytology: Placed in region between 59E2 and 60B10 by Bridges (1937) on basis of its being to the right of In(2R)bw[VDel] = In(2R)41B2-C1;59E2-4 and to the left of Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2. # abd: abdominal location: 3-27 (close to the right of se). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gottschewski, 1935. phenotypeAbdominal bands broken and etched. Overlaps wild type in test crosses but not in homozygous stock. Slightly semidominant. More extreme at 19[o]C. abd/a(3)26 shows slight abd effect. RK3. # abe: abnormal eye location: 1-1.2. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 82-83. phenotypeEyes rough; either small or deformed. Wings slightly atypical; inner margin frequently removed by large irregular incisions; L4 frequently stops well short of the wing edge. Flies slightly smaller than normal. Males about 50% as viable as wild type and fertile; females highly infertile. RK2. # abr: abero location: 2-83. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33b10. phenotypeAbdominal banding etched and irregular. Wing margins irregular. Eyes rough. Bristles and hairs sparse and disarranged. abr/+ sometimes lacks anterior dorsocentrals. Viability usually poor. RK3. origin: Not allelic to fr or nw. # abt: abnormal tergites location: 1-45.6. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 83. phenotypeAbdomen affected to various degrees, from extreme deformation of tergites to slight abnormalities in distribution of pigment and hairs. Eyes also deformed to various degrees from gross alterations in shape to slight derangement of ommatidia. Wings vary from alterations in size, outline, and venation to small incisions of the inner margin. Most-extreme effects not always positively correlated, and all flies show several atypical characters. Males viable; fertility severely reduced. RK3. # abw: abnormal wings location: 1-60. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Halfer, 1963. phenotypeWing size reduced; wings upturned; L5 and crossveins absent. Plexus of veins between L3 and L4. RK1. # ac: achaete location: 1-0.0. origin: Spontaneous in X chromosome carrying y. discoverer: Weinstein, 16b3. synonym: Called sc[11] by Serebrovsky. references: 1918, Genetics 3: 133-72. Dubinin, 1930, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 6: 325-46. 1933, J. Genet. 27: 443-64. phenotypePosterior dorsocentral bristles missing, anteriors rarely; hairs usually fewer near posterior dorsocentrals; intraocellar hairs invariably fewer, typically absent. Eyes partly devoid of hairs. ac/ac or ac/+ partially suppresses h (Sturtevant). Hw/ac = Hw/+ (Sturtevant). RK1. cytology: Placed in region 1A5-8 on basis of its inclusion in the X[D]3[P] element of T(1;3)sc[260-20] = T(1;3)1A8-B1;61A1-2 and in Dp(1;f)sc[260-27] = Dp(1;f)1A8-B1;19F, but not being lost from Df(1)260-5 = Df(1)1A4-5 (Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17). # ac[2] origin: X ray induced simultaneously with sc[3]. discoverer: Dubinin, 1928. references: 1929, Biol. Zentr. 49: 328-39. Serebrovsky and Dubinin, 1930, J. Heredity 21: 259-65. phenotypeSince ac[2] and sc[3] are for practical purposes inseparable by crossing over, the effect of ac[2] alone cannot be assessed. The double mutant removes all bristles except scutellars and postdorsocentrals. ac[2]/ac[2] or ac[2]/+ suppresses h (Sturtevant). Viability of males low; females nearly inviable. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Schultz). # ac[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dubinin, 1929. synonym: Called ac[2] by Dubinin, the earlier ac[2] with sc[3] having been omitted from the series. sc[10], sc[11] (Sturtevant and Schultz, 1931, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 17: 265-70). references: 1930, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 6: 300-24. 1932, J. Genet. 25: 163-81. 1933, J. Genet. 27: 443-64. phenotypePosterior and usually anterior dorsocentrals lacking; other bristles wild type. Hairs removed from areas across rear and front edges of thorax, through mid-dorsal area, and between ocelli. RK2A. cytology: Inseparable from In(1)ac[3] = In(1)1B2-3;1B14-C1 (Muller, Prokofyeva, and Raffel, 1935, Nature 135: 253-55). origin: Judged to be an allele of ac but not sc; it is mutant in combination with ac but not with sc alleles except for sc[8], which may also show ac variegation, and sc[3], now lost, which is thought to be a sc ac double mutant (Sturtevant). # ac[4] origin: X ray induced in X chromosome carrying sc. discoverer: Dubinin, 1929. synonym: Called ac[3] by Dubinin. references: 1930, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 6: 300-24. 1932, J. Genet. 26: 37:58. 1933, J. Genet. 27: 443-64. phenotypeAnterior and posterior dorsocentrals removed; also thoracic hairs. A change also apparently induced in expression of sc, called sc[13]. The sc component also removes scutellars and often ocellars, postverticals, and first and second orbital bristles. Viability low. RK2. # ac[260-28] origin: X ray induced simultaneously with y[260-28]. discoverer: Sutton, 39l26. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. # acc: acclinal wing location: 1-54.5. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1958, DIS 32: 67. phenotypeWings upheld but slope backward at 45[o] angle from abdomen. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK1. origin: One allele each induced by CB. 3007 and by CB. 3026. # Acph-1[A]: Acid phosphatase-1-A location: 3-101.4. origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: MacIntyre, 1964. references: 1966, DIS 41: 61. 1966, Genetics 53: 461-74. phenotypeAcph-1[A]/Acph-1[A] produces acid phosphatase-1 enzyme that migrates slowly in starch gel electrophoresis. Enzyme found in larva, pupa, and adult. RK3. # Acph-1[B] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: MacIntyre, 1964. references: 1966, DIS 41: 61. 1966, Genetics 53: 461-74. phenotypeAcph-1[B]/Acph-1[B] produces more rapidly migrating acid phosphatase-1 than Acph-1[A]/Acph-1[A]. Acph-1[A]/Acph-1[B] produces the two parental enzymes as well as a hybrid enzyme of intermediate mobility. A hybrid enzyme is also formed in simulans X melanogaster hybrids. RK3. # ad: arcoid location: 2-60.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 38a2. references: 1939, DIS 12: 45. phenotypeWings arched, broad, and somewhat shortened; crossveins close; scutellar groove shallow. Legs may be slightly shorter than wild type. RK3. # Adh[D]: Alcohol dehydrogenase-D location: 2-50.l (one-tenth the distance from el between el and rd). origin: Ethyl methanesulfonate-induced derivative of Adh[F] of Samarkand. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 65k8. phenotypeSpecifies isozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase that migrate [in the system of Grell, Jacobson, and Murphy (1965, Science 149: 80-82)] toward the anode more rapidly than those specified by Adh[F]. As with Adh[F] and Adh[S], three isozymes are specified by Adh[D]. RK3. cytology: Placed in region between 34E5 and 33D1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # Adh[F]: Alcohol dehydrogenase-Fast origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Johnson and Denniston, 1964. references: 1964, Nature 204: 906-7. Grell, Jacobson, and Murphy, 1965, Science 149: 80-82. Ursprung and Leone, 1965, J. Exptl. Zool. 160: 147-54. phenotypeSpecifies isozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase that migrate [in the system of Grell, Jacobson, and Murphy (1965)] toward the anode more rapidly than the isozymes specified by Adh[S]. Homozygote contains three elctrophoretically separable isozymes. The one moving most rapidly toward the anode is often not detected in zymograms of single adults but is nearly always detectable in zymograms of single larvae. The faster isozymes more reliably detected with use of sec-butanol than with ethanol as a substrate. Adh[F]/Adh[S] heterozygote contains the parental isozymes plus three hybrid isozymes. Hybrid enzymes also formed in melanogaster X simulans hybrids. RK3. # Adh[n1]: Alcohol dehydrogenase-negative origin: Ethyl methanesulfonate-induced derivative of Adh[S] of Canton-S. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 66e10. phenotypeHomozygote shows no alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Sensitive to alcohol, showing evidence of intoxication within 1 hr of being placed on substrate containing 15% ethanol; death invariably follows within 24 hr. Heterozygote with allele producing active enzyme shows evidence of formation of a hybrid enzyme with one active and one mutant polypeptide subunit. RK3. # Adh[n2] origin: Ethyl methanesulfonate-induced derivative of Adh[S]. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 66e10. phenotypeLike Adh[n1] except no evidence of hybrid enzyme in heterozygote with active allele. RK3. # Adh[n3] origin: Ethyl methanesulfonate-induced derivative of Adh[S]. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 66f. phenotypeLike Adh[n2]. RK3. # Adh[n4] origin: Ethyl methanesulfonate-induced derivative of Adh[D]. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 66g. phenotypeLike Adh[n2]. RK3. # Adh[n5] origin: Ethyl methanesulfonate-induced derivative of Adh[D]. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 66g. phenotypeSmall amount of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in homozygote but ethanol sensitive. Electrophoretic migration of enzyme like that of Adh[D]. Heterozygote with fully active allele has hybrid enzyme, presumably with one active and one Adh[n5] subunit. RK3. # Adh[S]: Alcohol dehydrogenase-Slow origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Johnson and Denniston, 1964. references: 1964, Nature 204: 906-7. Grell, Jacobson, and Murphy, 1965, Science 149: 80-82. Ursprung and Leone, 1965, J. Exptl. Zool. 160: 147-54. phenotypeSpecifies isozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase that [with the methods of Grell, Jacobson, and Murphy (1965)] migrate more slowly to the anode than those specified by Adh[F]. There are also three isozymes in Adh[S] homozygote. RK3. # adp[60]: adipose location: 2-83.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Doane, 1960. references: 1961, DIS 35: 78. 1963, DIS 38: 32. phenotypeAdult fat body hypertrophies as cells become distorted by enormous oil globules. Abnormal fat bodies visible through body wall of 6-day-old and older adults when submerged in 95% alcohol and then water. Adult corpus allatum of mated females hypertrophies. Females fertile but egg hatchability reduced to 45-90%, depending on residual genome; adult emergence lowered to 33-85%. Males viable and fertile. RK3. # adp[fs]: adipose-female sterile origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Counce, 1956. synonym: fs(2)adp: female sterile(2) adipose. references: Doane, 1959, Genetics 44: 506. 1960, J. Exptl. Zool. 145: 1-42 (fig.). 1961, J. Exptl. Zool. 146: 275-98. phenotypeAdult fat body phenotype like adp[60]; corpus allatum hypertrophies in mated females to same degree as in adp[60]. Females completely sterile; sterility autonomous. Eggs laid by homozygotes show meiotic or mitotic abnormalities, or both, never develop beyond early cleavage stages. Males 78% fertile. Heterozygotes fertile, but females become sterile with age. Viability generally good but longevity reduced; homozygotes with selective advantage under starvation; heterozygotes superior under desiccation. Average water content of well-fed adults reduced; percentage of lipids, as a function of dry body weight, almost double that of wild type. Iodine numbers show greater degree of saturation of mutant lipid extracts than of wild type. RK3. # ae: aeroplane location: 2-55.8. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 26k24. references: Quelprud, 1931, Hereditas 15: 97-119 (fig.). phenotypeWings spread, balancers drooping. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # Ae: Aechna location: 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Belgovsky, 45a14. references: 1946, DIS 20: 63. phenotypeWings spread at right angles to body axis. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. origin: Reduced crossing over in the th-e region suggests presence of pericentric inversion. # agl: angle winglike location: 1- (not located). origin: Recovered among descendants of flies treated with natural gas. discoverer: Mickey, 49c7. synonym: Originally called angle wing but this name preoccupied by ang. references: 1950, DIS 24: 60. phenotypeWing bent upward in middle. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # al: aristaless location: 2-0.0l (to the right of net). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17k7. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 213 (fig.). Stern and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11: 510 (fig.). phenotypeAristae strongly reduced. Postscutellars widely separated and erect but strongly divergent. Scutellum shortened; sternopleurals irregular in size, position, and number; wings slightly bowed downward, narrowed, and pointed; first longitudinal vein raised and thickened. RK1. cytology: Placed in 21C1-2 doubled on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)al = Df(2L)21B8-C1;21C8-D1 but not in Df(2L)S5 = Df(2L)21C2-3;22A3-4 (Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-166). # al[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 26a. references: Stern and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11: 511. phenotypeSlightly less extreme than al but viability poorer. RK2. # al[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33g2. phenotypeAristae absent or much reduced. Thorax has wide bare area or groove down midline with divergent hairs and bristles; sternopleurals absent. Wings have weakened L2 vein and delta at tip of L3. Female sterile. Viability about 10% of wild type. RK3. # al[4] origin: Spontaneous in In(2LR)bw[V1]. discoverer: Bridges, 33l27. references: 1935, DIS 3: 5. phenotypeSlight allele of al in some or all stocks of bw[V1]. RK2A. # al[36] origin: X ray induced discoverer: Glass, 36c. references: 1939, DIS 12: 47. phenotypeLike al. RK1. # al[M60]: aristaless of Meyer origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Meyer, 60f. references: 1963, DIS 37: 50. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. May be variegated position effect. RK3A. discoverer: Associated with In(2LR)al[M60], inferred from suppression of crossing over in most of 2L and some of 2R. # al[v]: aristaless-variegated origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. phenotypeal[v]/al variegated for al. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)al[v] = In(2LR)21B-C1;41. # Ali[n]: Aliesterase-negative location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ogita. synonym: ali: aliesteraseless. references: 1961, Botyu-Kagaku 26: 93-97. 1962, DIS 36: 103. phenotypeHomozygotes practically unable to hydrolyze methyl butyrate, whereas wild type shows high activity; Ali[n]/+ exhibits intermediate activity. Homozygotes shown by Beckman and Johnson to lack a normally present esterase that migrates slowly on starch gel (their band F). RK3. # alo: alopecia location: 1-38.3. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1958, DIS 32: 67. phenotypeAbdominal hairs much reduced in number; pigmentation frequently lighter and patchy. Effect very pronounced in females reared at 25[o]C but overlaps wild type in both sexes when reared at a low temperature. Viability and fertility good in males but reduced in females. RK3. # alr: alarless location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Steinberg, 40b. references: 1940, DIS 13: 51. phenotypeOuter postalar bristle always missing; posterior supra-alar missing in about 80% of the flies. Anterior scutellars, humerals, and notopleurals frequently duplicated. Never overlaps. Viability and fertility excellent. RK3. # Alu: Alula location: 2-54.9 (Muller places Alu to the left of pr and spindle attachment). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38a12. references: Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 45. phenotypeHeterozygote has alula fused to main wing; wings often bent, broader. May overlap wild type but intensified by cold and by heterozygous ds with buckling effect increased. Homozygote at 19[o]C shows extreme buckling owing to rotation of wing and alula. Homozygote viable and resembles heterozygote. RK2. # Alu[56c] origin: Spontaneous (arose with lt[56c]). discoverer: Meyer, 56c. references: 1956, DIS 30: 77. phenotypeSimilar to Alu. RK2. # alw: arclike wing location: 2- (near b). discoverer: Sturtevant, 1948. references: 1948, DIS 22: 55. phenotypeWings evenly bent downward at tips. Overlaps wild type. RK2. # amb: amber location: 1-6.8. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1950. references: 1958, DIS 32: 67. phenotypePale yellow body color; bristles very thin and short; hairs less affected. Eyes slightly brighter red. Males sterile. Viability 10-50% wild type. RK2. origin: One allele each induced by CB. 1246, CB. 3007, CB. 1506, CB. 1414. Two alleles induced by CB. 3034. # amb[2] origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 67. phenotypePale yellow body color; bristles slender and only slightly shortened. Male viability and fertility good; females viable and sterile. RK2. # amx: almondex location: 1-27.7 [to the left of lz (Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21)]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ball, 32k20. phenotypeEyes slightly reduced, narrower below. Trident pattern stronger than in lz. Homozygous females highly infertile; all progeny that do occur are daughters. Infertility does not resemble that of lz females because amx has no effect on the genitalia [Anderson, 1945, Genetics 30: 280-96 (fig.)]. lz/amx is wild type. RK2. cytology: Located in 8D (region 8D4 through 8E2) by Green and Green (1956). # amy: amethyst location: 2- (not located). discoverer: Bridges. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 218. phenotypeTransparent, light-purplish eye color. RK3. # Amy[1]: Amylase-1 location: 2-77.3 (Doane, 1963, DIS 38: 32). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Kikkawa, 1957. synonym: Amy[+]. references: Kikkawa and Abe, 1960, Annotationes Zool. Japon. 33: 14-23. Kikkawa, 1960, Japan. J. Genet. 35: 382-87. Kikkawa and Ogita, 1962, Japan. J. Genet. 37: 394-95. Kikkawa, 1963, DIS 37: 94. 1964, Japan. J. Genet. 39: 40l-11 (fig.). phenotypeSpecifies amylase isozyme system having, in agar gel electrophoresis, one major and one minor component. The major isozyme moves rapidly toward the anode and occupies position 1. The minor component migrates immediately behind it to position 2. Heterozygotes of Amy alleles contain isozymes of both parents. RK3. # Amy[1.2] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Doane, 64e6. phenotype# Major &agr;amylase isozymes occupy positions 1 and 2 in acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis (corresponding to positions on agar gel). A minor component is present at position 0. (In acrylamide gels, minor components migrate more rapidly to the anode than major isozymes. In agar gels # they migrate less rapidly). The total &agr;amylase activity is quite high, being intermediate between Amy[4.6] and Amy[1.3]. RK3. # Amy[1.3] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Kikkawa. references: 1964, Japan. J. Genet. 39: 401-11 (fig.). phenotypeSpecifies major amylase isozymes that occupy positions 1 and 3 after agar gel electrophoresis and minor components at positions 2 and 7. RK3. # Amy[1.4] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Kikkawa. synonym: Amy[wh]; Amy[4] references: 1963, DIS 37: 94. 1964, Japan. J. Genet. 39: 401-11 (fig.). Doane, 1966, DIS 41: 93. phenotypeSpecifies major amylase isozymes that occupy positions 1 and 4 and a minor component at position 5 after agar gel electrophoresis. The isozyme at position 1 was originally considered to be minor, but Doane considers it major; most pronounced in young flies. RK3. # Amy[1.6] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Kikkawa. references: 1964, Japan. J. Genet. 39: 401-11 (fig.). phenotypeSpecifies major amylase isozymes that occupy positions 1 and 6 and minor components at positions 2 and 7 after agar gel electrophoresis. RK3. # Amy[2.6] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Kikkawa. synonym: Amy[s]. references: Kikkawa and Abe, 1960, Annotationes Zool. Japon. 33: 14-23. Kikkawa, 1960, Japan. J. Genet. 35: 382-87. Kikkawa and Ogita, 1962, Japan J. Genet. 37: 394-95. Kikkawa, 1963, DIS 37: 94. Kikkawa, 1964, Japan. J. Genet. 39: 401-11 (fig.). phenotypeSpecifies major amylase isozymes that occupy positions 2 and 6 and minor components at positions 3 and 7 after agar gel electrophoresis. RK3. # Amy[3.6] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Kikkawa. references: 1964, Japan. J. Genet. 39: 401-11 (fig.). phenotypeSpecifies major amylase isozymes that occupy positions 3 and 6 and minor components that occupy positions 4 and 7 after agar gel electrophoresis. RK3. # Amy[4.6] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Kikkawa. synonym: Amy[ad]. references: 1963, DIS 37: 94. 1964, Japan J. Genet. 39: 401-11 (fig.). phenotypeSpecifies major amylase isozymes that occupy positions 4 and 6 and minor components at positions 5 and 7. RK3. # an: ancon location: 2-44 (34-54). discoverer: Bridges, 30e3. phenotypeWings and legs somewhat short. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # an[2] discoverer: Bridges 30c25. phenotypeWings broad and short. Legs short and gnarled. Bristles on abdomen straggly; sclerites etched. Eyes small and roughish. an[2]/an is like an[2]. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # ang: angle wing location: 2-10.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mittler and Goldberg, 48i16. references: Mittler, 1950, DIS 24: 61. phenotypeWings held up from dorsal surfaces and extended outward 15-90[o] from the mid-dorsal line. Longitudinal dorsal median muscles 5 and 6 fused (Goldberg, 1954, Ph.D. Thesis, Ill. Inst. Technol.). No increase in expressivity with temperature. Does not overlap wild type. RK2. # ano: anomogenitals location: 1-35.7. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. synonym: Originally symbolized ang, but this symbol was preoccuppied. references: 1958, DIS 32: 67. phenotypeMany bristles on head and thorax either reduced in size or absent. Thoracic and abdominal hairs appreciably fewer. External male genitalia invariably abnormal, sometimes completely absent. Melanized exudate frequently present in furrow between mesonotum and scutellum near anterior scutellar bristles. Males sterile; viability less than 10% wild type. RK3. # ant: antennaless location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gordon, 1936. references: 1941, DIS 14: 39. 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th. p. 131. Gordon and Sang, 1941, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 130: 151-84 (fig.). Vogt, 1947, Biol. Zentr. 66: 388-95 (fig.). phenotypeAntennae missing on one or both sides. Expression affected by residual genotype, nutritional environment, and temperature. Time of action about 70 hours after hatching [Begg and Sang, 1945, J. Exptl. Biol. 21: 1-4 (fig.)]. Used in experiments to locate chemoreceptors [Begg and Hogben, 1946, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 133: 1-19] and in studies of mating behavior (Begg and Packman, 1951, Nature 168: 953). RK3. # Antp[49]: Antennapedia location: 3- (to the left of p; probably to the right of st; determined for Antp[50] by Hannah). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Piternick, 1949. synonym: Antp[4703]. phenotypeAntennae transformed into second legs plus some differentiation toward first legs (Hannah-Alava). Lethal in combination with Antp[Yu], Antp[B], Antp[50], and Scx. Possibly lethal with Pc but semilethal with Pc[2] (Hannah-Alava). Quite variable. Homozygous lethal. RK3A. cytology: Probably in region 84A (or 83F), based on Lewis's analysis of Antp[B] and Antp[Yu]. Ant[49] associated with small cytological abnormality of undetermined nature in 83EF-84AB (Hannah-Alava). # Antp[50] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Piternick, 1950. synonym: Antp[4715]. phenotypeVariable transformation of entire antenna into a leg may occur, but effect is often limited to slight elongation of third antennal segment. In compounds with Pc and Pc[2], the rather well-developed antennal second legs show some transformation into first legs (Hannah-Alava). Homozygous lethal and lethal in combination with Antp[B], Antp[Yu], Antp[49], and Scx (Hannah-Alava). RK3A. # Antp[B]: Antennapedia of Bacon origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bacon, 50g. references: Lewis, 1956, DIS 30: 76. phenotypeAntenna partially leglike but less extreme than Antp[Yu] and may overlap wild type. Enhanced by Pc (and Pc[2]). Antp[B] ss[a]/+ ss[a] has virtually complete antennal leg including coxa, tibia, femur, and tarsus but no sex comb in the male (B. Holloway). The antennal second leg with some transformation into a first leg completely developed only in Pc (or Pc[2]) ss[a]/Antp[B] ss[a] compounds. Lethal with Antp[Yu], Antp[49], Antp[50], and Scx (Hannah and Stromnaes, 1955, DIS 29: 121-23 and Hannah-Alava). RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)Antp[B] = In(3R)84A;85E, but apparently mutant and inversion are separable (Hannah-Alava). # Antp[LC]: Antennapedia of Le Calvez origin: Neutron induced. discoverer: Le Calvez. synonym: Ar: Aristapedia; ss[Ar]. references: 1948, Compt. Rend. 226: 123-24. 1948, Bull. Biol. France Belg. 82: 97-113 (fig.). 1948, Arch. Anat. Microscop. Morphol. Exptl. 37: 50-72. phenotypeArista tends to be transformed into tarsus; third antennal segment hypertrophied and deformed. Ocelli reduced in size and number. Cephalic capsule deformed. Head bristles reduced in number. Wings held at 45[o] angle from midline. Expression variable. Homozygous lethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)Antp[LC] = In(3R)84A5-6;92A5-6. # Antp[R]: Antennapedia of Rappaport origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Rappaport, 1963. synonym: ss[A]: spineless-Aristapedia Dominant. references: Falk, 1964, DIS 39: 60. phenotypeSegments added to antennae, usually distal to aristae. Claw occasionally at end of antenna. Asymmetry pronounced. Rarely an antenna-like organ on sternopleura. Variable expression but expressivity 100% in combination with D. Homozygous lethal; lethal in combination with Antp[B] (Von Halle). RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)Antp[R] = In(3R)83F;86C (Ben-Zeev). # Antp[Yu]: Antennapedia of Yu origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Yu, 1948. references: 1949, Ph.D. Thesis Calif. Inst. Technol. Lewis, 1956, DIS 30: 76. phenotypeAntenna transformed into second leg plus some differentiation toward a first leg but with recognizable arista usually present; not like ss[a], in which main effect is that the arista becomes tarsuslike. Strongly enhanced by Pc and Pc[2]. Pc +/+ Antp[Yu] has a pair of excellent antennal legs complete with tarsae and with sex combs in the male. Lethal with Antp[B], Antp[49], Antp[50], and Scx (Hannah and Stromnaes, 1955, DIS 29: 121-23; Hannah-Alava). RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Antp[Yu] = T(2;3)22B;83E-F + T(2;3)38E;98A. # ap: apterous location: 2-55.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 13h. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 236 (fig.). Metz, 1914, Am. Naturalist 48: 675-92. phenotypeWings and halteres reduced to traces. Bristles eliminated from area around wing base (including posterior notopleurals, anterior and posterior supra-alars, and anterior postalars); posterior scutellars erect when present but missing in first counts; dorsocentrals smaller and fewer; hairs on thorax sparse and irregular. Sutural furrow reduced; thorax disproportionately small. Flies small, pale, weak, and very short lived. Viability about 70% that of wild type but erratic. Both sexes sterile. RK2. cytology: Placed in salivary region 41B-C (Schultz). # ap[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16j20. synonym: ap-c. references: 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 28: 370. Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 237. Medvedev and Bridges, 1935, Tr. Inst. Genet. Akad. Nauk SSSR 10: 199-209. phenotypeLike ap but less viable. RK2. # ap[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 23a. synonym: no-wings; later, ap-c. references: 1929, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 399: 183. phenotypeLike ap. RK2. # ap[4] discoverer: Medvedev, 32a15. references: Medvedev and Bridges, 1935, Tr. Inst. Genet. Akad. Nauk SSSR 10: 199-209. Beatty, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B 63: 249-70 (fig.). King and Sang, 1958, DIS 32: 133. synonym: ap-d. phenotypeWings mostly less than 10% normal length and lacking veins and specific hairs. Halteres less than 25% normal length and frequently absent. Scutellar and dorsocentral bristles sometimes missing (Butterworth and King). Adults become paralyzed with age and die within 4 days. Larval adipose cells persist in imago, and adult adipose tissue fails to develop. Female sterile with underdeveloped ovaries; nurse cell nuclei become pycnotic after stage 7, and yolk formation is never initiated (King and Burnett, 1957, Growth 21: 263-80). ap[4] ovaries develop normally when transplanted into a normal host (King and Bodenstein, 1965, Z. Naturforsch. 20b: 292-97). Male sterile, but testes appear normal with motile sperm (King and Sang, 1958). ap[4]/M(2)S2[4] adult has nearly normal complement of bristles but otherwise resembles ap[4] homozygote (Butterworth and King). RK2. # ap[5] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Byers, 49f. references: Meyer, Edmondson, Byers, and Erickson, 1950, DIS 24: 59. phenotypeCompared with ap[4] and very similar. Almost lethal. RK2. # ap[6] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Faulhaber. references: 1963, DIS 37: 48. phenotypeWings vary from clublike to straplike, seldom exceed 30% of normal length, and lack veins and specific bristles. Halteres 25-50% normal length. Postalar, scutellar, and dorsocentral bristles missing. Hind legs sometimes deformed. Few ap[6]/ap[6] or ap[4]/ap[6] females survive past 5 days; those that do are slightly fertile, the remainder are not (Butterworth and King). ap[6]/M(2)S2[4] more extreme than ap[6]/ap[6] but some females fertile and thoracic chaetotaxy more nearly normal. RK2. # ap[49j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ritterhoff, 49j. references: Glass, 1951, DIS 25: 76-77. phenotypeAppears to be somewhat less extreme than ap[4], with which it was compared. Wings and halteres reduced to vestiges. Bristles and hairs on sides absent, including posterior notopleurals, anterior and posterior supra-alars, and anterior postalars; dorsocentrals not reduced in size and number; one or a pair of pre-anterior dorsocentrals may be present. Posterior scutellars not erect when present. Sutural furrow normal; thorax of normal size. No adults live longer than 3 days; larval adipose cells persist in adult, and adult adipose tissue fails to develop. ap[49j]/M(2)S2[4] adult sterile, short lived, and has abnormal adipose tissue and short wing rudiments (Butterworth and King). Both sexes sterile. RK2. origin: Interacts with ap[Xa] but not tested in combination with ap[4] or ap[blt]. # ap[56f] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Thompson, 56f. references: Burdick, 1956, DIS 30: 69. phenotypeWings club shaped, 10-30% normal length, and lack veins and certain types of hairs. Scutellar and dorsocentral bristles missing (Butterworth and King). Rear and middle legs occasionally twisted, more frequently in female than in male. Both sexes fertile when homozygous and in combination with other ap alleles. ap[56f]/M(2)S2[4] have normal complement of dorsocentral and scutellar bristles (Butterworth and King). RK2. # ap[blt]: apterous-blot origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Groscurth, 31b1. synonym: blt. phenotypeWings blistered, inflated, and often dark because of dried blood. In extreme cases, a small mirror image wing forms by partial twinning of wing in third posterior wing cell. According to Waddington (1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 25: 299-307), the fundamental effect is partial twinning of wing blade, which leads to difficulties in clearance of hemolymph after inflated stage. Much overlapping with wild type. RK3. # ap[blt2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Whittinghill, 44h. synonym: blt[2]. references: 1947, DIS 21: 71. phenotypeMore extreme than ap[blt]. Wings always shorter than normal and inflated. Strong tendency for unequal bifurcation of wing. Wings often break off and remain attached to pupa cases, hence a wingless phenotype. Viability about 20% of wild type in both sexes. Males fertile but females sterile. RK2. # ap[blt3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Semenza, 49k. synonym: blt[S49k]. references: Barigozzi, 1950, DIS 24: 54. phenotypeWings uniformly inflated, more extreme than ap[blt]. Does not overlap wild type. RK2. # ap[T60]: apterous of Thomas origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Thomas, 60g. references: Meyer, 1963, DIS 37: 50. phenotypeWings straplike, about 30% normal length. Adult survives past fifth day. ap[T60]/M(2)S2[4] female lays eggs (Butterworth and King). RK2. # ap[Xa]: apterous-Xasta origin: X ray induced in In(2R)Cy; In(3R)P. (The first X-ray-induced mutation recovered in the USSR.) discoverer: Serebrovsky, 28a. synonym: Xa. references: Serebrovsky and Dubinin, 1930, J. Heredity 21: 259-65. phenotypeWings reduced in length to about 70% normal, irregular in outline with a V-shaped incision with apex at L2, and uniformly present, giving wing a mitten-like shape with the thumb between marginal vein and L2. Excellent dominant with no overlap. Fertile and fully viable in heterozygote. Usually lethal in homozygous conditions but occasionally ecloses very late as pale dwarf with wings and balancers like vg. Waddington reports deep notch visible in tip of wing fold in prepupa [1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 25: 299-307; 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)]. In homozygotes and in combination with ap[4], ap[6], or M(2)S2[4], wings are straplike and 30-70% normal length, and haltere length is 25-50% normal; longevity and fertility like ap[4]/ap[4] except for an occasional long-lived ap[Xa]/M(2)S2[4] female that may be fertile (Schultz, Butterworth, and King). ap[Xa]/ap[blt] has combined phenotypes of ap[Xa]/+ and ap[blt]/ap[blt] (Schultz). RK1A. cytology: Shown by Sturtevant (1934, DIS 2: 19) to be associated with T(2;3)ap[Xa] = T(2;3)41F; 89E8-F1, which is superimposed on In(2R)Cy and In(3R)P (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1936, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 35: 294; Lewis, 195l, DIS 25: 109). # apb: apterblister location: 2-44.7. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 49K. references: Meyer, Edmondson, Byers, and Erickson, 1950, DIS 24: 59-60. phenotypeWings always notched, nearly always spread, and usually blistered but expression somewhat variable. Homozygous imagos live less than 24 hr, owing to intestinal constrictions that prevent defecation. Abdomens characteristically turn dark grey before death because of accumulation of digested food products. Although not at same locus as ap, apb +/+ ap[4], flies show slight notching of wings and many die within a day; those that survive are fertile. ap[5] gives a similar heterozygous effect. RK2. # Aph[0]: Alkaline phosphatase deficient location: 3-46.3 (MacIntyre). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Johnson. references: 1966, DIS 41: 157-58. 1966, Science 152: 361-62. phenotypeHomozygous larva has no detectable alkaline phosphatase activity. Aph[0]/Aph[F] larva has alkaline phosphatase, which migrates in starch gel electrophoresis to same position as the band in Aph[F] homozygote. Aph[0]/Aph[S] larva has bands of activity at the Aph[S] position and at a position slightly faster than the Aph[F]/Aph[S] hybrid band. RK3. # Aph[F]: Alkaline phosphatase-Fast origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Beckman and Johnson. references: 1964, Nature 201: 321 (fig.). 1964, Genetics 49: 829-35 (fig.). phenotypeAph[F]/Aph[F] larvae produce an alkaline phosphatase that migrates rapidly in starch gel electrophoresis under conditions described by Beckman and Johnson (1964). Alkaline phosphatase produced by pupae migrates faster than larval enzyme. No enzyme demonstrable in adults. RK3. # Aph[S]: Alkaline phosphatase-Slow origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Beckman and Johnson. references: 1964, Nature 201; 321 (fig.). 1964, Genetics 49: 829-35 (fig.). phenotypeAlkaline phosphatase of Aph[S]/Aph[S] migrates more slowly in starch gel electrophoresis than that of Aph[F]/Aph[F]. Aph[F]/Aph[S] larvae produce a hybrid enzyme of intermediate mobility as well as the fast and slow forms. RK3. # app: approximated location: 3-37.5. discoverer: Curry, 34a25. references: 1935, DIS 3: 6. phenotypeCrossveins close together; veins diverge at greater angle than wild type; effect visible in prepupal wing [Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)]. Legs short with four-jointed tarsi; the penultimate joint characteristically swollen [Waddington, 1939, Growth Suppl. 37-44 (fig.)]. Thickset body. Posterior scutellars farther apart than normal. Eyes smaller and flatter than normal, also bumpy. Spread wings; thickened veins. RK1. # app[61e] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Puro, 61e. references: 1964, DIS 39: 64. phenotypeSlightly more extreme than app. RK1. # Apt: Apart location: 3- (between h and p). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Belgovsky, 34e23. references: 1935, DIS 3: 27. phenotypeWings spread widely. Viability, fertility, and separability good. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3L)Apt - no salivary analysis. origin: Apt/D survive; therefore not an allele of D. # apx: apexless location: 1-11.3. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 83. phenotypeSlightly larger fly with large eyes containing various numbers of deranged ommatidia. Wings broad and blunt; in many flies, margin removed to various degrees, from a small incision of inner margin to removal of entire inner margin, costal vein, and parts of the membrane as far as L3. Region from L3 to costal cell unaffected. Rarely L4 and 5 are interrupted. Males viable and fertile; female fertility reduced. RK3. # ar: abdomen rotatum location: 4- (proximal to bt; Fung and Stern, 1951, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 37: 403-4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Beliajeff, 1926. references: 1931, Biol. Zentr. 51: 701-8 (fig.). Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. Marengo and Howland, 1942, Genetics 27: 604-11 (fig.). phenotypeAbdomen twisted clockwise through 45[o] to 60[o]. No overlapping with wild type. Male external genitalia often missing. Males usually sterile; females partially fertile. Puparia not so smooth as normal; larval segmentation remains. Puparia have deep constriction near posterior end just anterior to spiracles. Existing chromosomes marked ar also carry 1(4) and, in combination with Df(4)M, show counterclockwise rotation of male abdomen (Hochman). RK2. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 101E through 102B16 on basis of its inclusion in Df(4)M = Df(4)101E-F;102B6-17. # ar[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 34e17. references: Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401:20. phenotypeAbdomen twisted; male genitalia often missing. RK2. # ar[57d] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor, 57d. phenotypeAbdomen twisted counterclockwise as viewed from behind. RK2. # ar[57g] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor, 57g. phenotypeAbdomen twisted counterclockwise as viewed from behind. RK2. # arch: arch location: 2-60.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 36g3. references: 1937, DIS 7: 5. phenotypeWings curved evenly downward, both longitudinally and transversely; sometimes shorter and blunter; rarely divergent. RK2. # as: ascute location: 3-46. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16j21. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 170. phenotypeFront of scutellum elevated, with partial obliteration of transverse furrow; deep chested. Bubble in scutellum or midline of thorax; dried black exudate, often at each side of scutellum, may appear at any of the sutures of head and thorax; black deformed lump behind cheek. Wings droop at sides. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # as[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 18116. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 172. phenotypeSame as as. RK3. # as[hg]: ascute-hangende origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Franke. references: 1934, DIS 2: 9. Gottschewski, 1935, DIS 4: 15. phenotypeWings held laterally downward, ends occasionally resting on legs; eyes small and knobby. RK2. # ast: asteroid location: 2-1.3 (0.02 unit to right of S). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 38b. synonym: S[r]: Star-recessive. references: 1938, DIS 10: 55. 1942, Genetics 27: 153-54. 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74 (fig.). phenotypeEyes small and rough. Veins L2, L3, L4, and L5 do not always extend to margin. Overlaps wild type rarely. S +/+ ast has very small eyes with fused facets; veins L2 to L5 incomplete at tip. S ast/+ ast has slightly larger eye than S +/+ ast. S ast/+ + resembles S +/+ +. S +/+ ast and ast/ast partially suppress px and net. Eyes of ast/E(S) rough. RK2. cytology: Placed in the 21E1-2 doublet on the basis of its being included in the synthetic deficiency derived by combining the Y-centric portion of T(Y;2)21E = T(Y;2)21D4-E1 and the 2-centric portion of T(2;4)ast[v] = T(2;4)21E2-3;101 (E. B. Lewis, 1945). # ast[2] origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)Cy. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. phenotypeSimilar to ast but wing veins normal. S/ast[2] lethal. Heterozygote strongly enhanced by E(S). RK2A. cytology: Normal except for presence of In(2L)Cy = In(2L)22D1-2;33F5-34A1. # ast[3] origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)Cy. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. phenotypeSimilar to ast but wing veins normal. S/ast[3] hatches late, has normal wing veins, and small eyes, similar to but slightly larger than S/ast. RK1A. cytology: Same as ast[2]. # ast[4] origin: Spontaneous recombinational derivative of ast/ast. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. phenotypeast[4]/ast[4] is usually wild type. S/ast[4] has smaller eye than S/+; resembles ast/ast in wing phenotype. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. origin: Recovered as an ast[4] ho single recombinant from an al ast ho/ast female. # ast[5] origin: Spontaneous nonrecombinational derivative of ast/ast. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. phenotypeResembles ast[4]. RK3. # ast[rv1]: asteroid-reverted origin: X ray induced in al ast ho. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1942. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 158. phenotypeWild type in most combinations except that Df(2L)S4/ast[rv1] slightly more extreme than DF(2L)S4/+; S[L] and S[M] slightly less extreme when heterozygous with ast[rv1] than with wild type. Homozygous lethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)ast[rv1] = T(2;3)21E2-3;68C2-3;88D8-9. # ast[rv2] origin: X ray induced in al ast ho. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1942. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 158. phenotypeLike ast[rv1]; ast[rv2]/S[M] overlaps wild type. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(2L)ast[rv2] = In(2L)21E2-3;31. # ast[rv3] origin: X ray induced in net ast dp cl. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1942. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 158. phenotypeWild type in all combinations except that S/ast[rv3] is slightly more extreme than S/+. Lethal homozygous and in combination with Df(2L)S4 = Df(2L)21C3-4;22B2-3. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)ast[rv3] = T(2;3)21E2-3;61C2-3. # ast[v]: asteroid-variegated origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. phenotypeast[v]/ast and ast[v]/S more variable than but similar to ast/ast and ast/S, respectively; suppressed in X/X/Y female. Homozygous lethal. ast[v]/Df(2L)S2 lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;4)ast[v] = T(2;4)21E2-3;101. # ast[X]: asteroid from X irradiation origin: X ray induced simultaneously with S[X]. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. phenotypeast[X]/ast[X] is wild type but behaves as a very slight ast allele in compounds with S and S[X] ast[X]. RK3. origin: Separated from S[X] by crossing over in a S[X] ast[X]/ast[4] ho female. # asx; ascutex location: 1-26. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 24b14. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 218. phenotypeFurrow between scutellum and thorax much shallower; scutellum inflated. Body color pale. Legs have blackened leaky joints. Character less extreme in old dry cultures. Viability 60% wild type. RK3. # at: arctus oculus location: 2-60.l. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Fernandex Gianotti, 42g28. synonym: bar eye; arctops. references: 1943, DIS 17: 48. 1944, DIS 18: 45. 1945, Rev. Inst. Genet. Fac. Agron. Vet. Univ. Buenos Aires 2(14): 171-77. 1948, DIS 22: 53. phenotypeEyes similar to B but with more facets. Classification, fertility, and viability excellent. RK1. # At: Attenuated location: 1- (in the B region). origin: Induced with soft X rays in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+d1-49, sc[S1] sc[8]B; associated with loss of B phenotype. discoverer: Valencia and Valencia, 1949. references: 1949, DIS 23: 64. phenotypeIn At/+ females, wings incised medially and laterally, usually have one large central blister. At/At females have badly crumpled, blistered, and sometimes poorly developed wings. Wings of At males tend to be more like those of At/+ females, although many fall somewhere between At/+ and At/At in phenotype. Thus there is evidence for only a slight dosage compensation for At. This mutant is similar to some Beadex alleles, but allelism with Bx is difficult to determine and has not been tested. Both males and homozygous females viable and fertile. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)At = In(1)16A4-5;18C4-6;20A2-3. # Ata: Arista location: Not located. origin: X ray induced discoverer: Krivshenko, 1949. synonym: At (symbol preoccupied). references: 1954, DIS 28: 74-75. 1955, DIS 29: 73. phenotypeLateral branches of aristae reduced, especially branches extending upward from central axis and situated at base of arista. Axis of arista often abnormal. Wings have small transparent spots distally. Homozygous lethal. Heterozygous viability and fertility comparatively high. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Ata = T(2;3)40;66F-67A + T(2;3)47;81. # aw: awry location: 1-32 (not allelic to wy). origin: Induced by ingested radiophosphorus. discoverer: Bateman, 1949. references: 1950, DIS 24: 54. 1951, DIS 25: 77. phenotypeWings upcurled, slightly wavy, convex, opaque, or vestigial-like. Variable; overlaps wild type. Viability about 50% wild type. Not enhanced in presence of y, as is dvr (1-28.1). RK3. # aw-b: awry-b location: 1-38 to 39. origin: Induced by ingested radiophosphorus. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. synonym: aw[2]. references: 1950, DIS 24: 54. 1951, DIS 25: 77. phenotypeLike aw. Good expression at 25[o]C. Viability 10% that of wild type. Most males fail to eclose. RK3. # awu: augenwulst location: 2-57. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Rosin, 1951. references: Volkart, 1959, DIS 33: 100. phenotypeEyes deformed; in most extreme expression, deeply indented at middle of anterior margin where invaginating integument forms a pad-like swelling with bristles. Expression variable, often asymmetrical. Overlaps wild type. Heterozygote occasionally has minor effects. Good viability. RK3. # Ax: Abruptex location: 1-3.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nazarenko, 28a. references: 1930, Biol. Zentr. 50: 385-92 (fig.). Mohr, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th, Vol. 1: 190-212 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygous female and male show shortened L5 vein, usually also L4, L2, and sometimes L3. Wings shortened, arched, and thin. Costal bristles clumped and frayed; costal veins thickened. Thorax shows midfurrow with rearranged hair directions; hairs on thorax and head fewer, with clear patches and streaks. Male genitalia often rotated. Ax/+ female shows short L5 in half of the flies and sparse hair pattern on thorax. Lower temperature (19[o]C) markedly decreases expression, and higher temperature enhances it. Ax/N[8] approaches wild type in all characteristics. Enhanced by H so that Ax/Y; H/+ and Ax/Ax; H/+ are nearly lethal at 26[o] (House, 1959, Anat. Record 134: 581-82). RK2 in males. cytology: A single-band duplication, presumably for 3C7 (Schultz in Morgan, Schultz, and Curry, 1941, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 40: 283). origin: Probably a member of the Notch pseudoallelic complex. # Ax[42g] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 42g1. references: Oliver, 1944, DIS 18: 44. phenotypeSimilar to Ax, except male lethal. RK2. # b: black location: 2-48.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 10j. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278:144 (fig.). phenotypeBlack pigment on body and tarsi and along wing veins, darkening with age. Heterozygote shows a somewhat darker trident but is never confused with homozygote. Puparium usually somewhat lighter than wild type and newly emerged flies not clearly distinguishable from wild type (Waddington, 1941, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Ser. A 111: 173-80). Tyrosinase formed in adult (Horowitz). RK1 in aged flies. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal. Placed in region between 34E5 and 35D1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # b[36f] discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 36f1. references: 1937, DIS 7:5. phenotypeLike b. RK1A in aged flies. cytology: Inseparable from T(2;3)dp, possibly position effect or deficiency caused by break distal to 34D. Leads to some ambiguity regarding cytological location of b. # b[50d] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 50d. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25:71. phenotypeSomewhat lighter than b. RK2. # b[51f] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 51f. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25:71. phenotypeLike b[50d]. RK2. # b[D]: black-Dominant origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1945. synonym: b[B]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:504, 520. phenotypeb[D]/b darker than b[D]/+ or e/e. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2L)b[D] = Df(2L)35C;35D. # B: Bar location: 1-57.0. origin: Spontaneous in a female. discoverer: Tice, 13b. references: 1914, Biol. Bull. 26:221-30 (fig.). Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237:66 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet.2: 29-33. phenotypeEye restricted to narrow vertical bar of about 90 facets in the male and 70 facets in the female, as contrasted with normal numbers of about 740 for males and 780 for females [Sturtevant, 1925, Genetics 10:117-47 (fig.)]. Homozygous female fully viable. B/+ female has about 360 facets and shows indentation terminating in horizontal fissure on anterior margin of eye, producing a kidney-shaped eye. B/B and B/+ completely separable from wild type; in some genetic backgrounds, B/B overlaps B/+ slightly. Classifiable in single dose in triploids by slight anterior nick in eye (Schultz, 1934, DIS 1:55); is useful in the recognition of triploids. Eyes of female heterozygous for a deficiency for B and a normal X are normal (Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:97-107). Log of facet number inversely proportional to temperature of development (Hersh, 1930, J. Exptl. Zool. 57:283-306). Nonautonomous over short distances (Sturtevant, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th, Vol. 1:304-7). Facet development enhanced in organ culture by addition of wild type cephalic complexes [Kuroda and Yamaguchi, 1956, Japan J. Genet. 31:97-102 (fig.)]. Facet number can be increased by addition of a number of compounds to the medium; probably not a specific inhibition of effect of B (see work of Chevais, Khouvine, Kaji, Abd-El-Wahab, and DeMarinis). Embryological studies [Chen, 1929, J. Morphol. 47:135-99 (fig.); Steinberg, 1941, Genetics 26:325-46 (fig.); 1942, Genetics 27:171-72; Power, 1942, Genetics 27:1961; DeMarinis, 1952, Genetics 37:75-89 (fig.)] indicate that phenotype results from reduced number of cells in optic disk and reduced rate of cell division in anterior part of eye. Facet development responds strongly to environmental factors around 60 hr after oviposition (Luce, Quastler, and Chase, 1951, Genetics 36:488-99). Pigmented but nonfaceted part of eye shows retinulae and dioptic apparatus lacking, but rudimentary ommatidia present, consisting of hypertrophied accessory cells (Wolsky and Huxley, 1936, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 485-89). RK1A. cytology: Located in 16A1-2. Associated with Dp(1;1)B = Dp(1;1)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1. origin: Since B is a tandem duplication, B homozygotes may give rise to a nonduplicated chromosome (reversal to normal phenotype) and a triplicated chromosome (i. e., double Bar = BB) as reciprocal products of unequal crossing over (Sturtevant and Morgan, 1923, Science 57:746-47). From successive unequal crossovers in attached X's, Rapoport (1940, Zh. Obshch. Biol. 1:235-70; 1941, DIS 15: 36-37) has been able to accumulate as many as 7 or 9 Bar regions in a single chromosome. Bar is the first recorded instance of position effect. Presumably results from the new band association 16A7-16A1 and can be reversed by rearrangements that separate these bands. Also the first case of cis-trans position effect, two 16A7-16A1 associations in the same chromosome producing greater facet reduction than two associations in homologous chromosomes, e. g., facet number in B/B is greater than in BB/+ (Sturtevant, 1925). # B[3] origin: Spontaneous partial reversion of B. discoverer: Stern, 1926. phenotypeEye reduced less than in B and eye surface rougher. RK1(A). # B[4] origin: Spontaneous partial reversion of B in a male. discoverer: Bridges, 31a15. references: Dobzhansky, 1932, Genetics 17:369-92. phenotypeVery slight Bar, merely nick in anterior margin of eye in males (no overlap) and in homozygous females. B[4]/+ shows slight nick in 10% of cases only. RK2(A). # B[36b] origin: Spontaneous as BB[36b] in BB chromosome of BB/In(1)AM female. discoverer: Bridges, 36b2. phenotypeMale resembles standard B; BB[36b]/+ female has smaller eye than B/+ but larger and of different shape than BB/+. Poor fertility both sexes. RK2A. origin: Homozygous females produce wild type and extreme Bar unequal recombinants. # B[36d] origin: Spontaneous derivative of B in ClB. discoverer: Dempster, 36d9. references: 1937, DIS 8:8. phenotypeNarrow Bar resemblng BB. B[36d]/+ easy to separate with unaided eye. RK1A. # B[36j] origin: Spontaneous in B[+]. discoverer: L. V. Morgan, 36j20. references: 1937, DIS 7:5. phenotypeSlight B, usually stronger than B[4] but shows greater fluctuation and may overlap wild type. RK3. # B[48g] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[4]. discoverer: Yu, 48g. references: 1949, DIS 23:65. phenotypeEyes wider and more variable in width than B. Male sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)B[48g] = T(1;2)15F-16A1;33B superimposed on In(1)sc[4] = In(1)1B3-4;19F-20C1. # B[58l] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 58l4. references: Ogaki, 1960, DIS 34:97. 1960, Japan J. Genet. 35:282. phenotypeAt 25[o]C, male eyes have about 5 facets fused into a vertical strip; B[58l]/+ female eyes have about 35. Higher temperature decreases facet number. Addition of 2.5% lactamide to medium increases facet number to almost 540 in heterozygous female. Male sterile. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)B[58l] = T(1;3)16A;88F. # B[263-28] origin: X-ray-induced partial reversion of B[i]B[i] in male. discoverer: Demerec, 34b. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:97-107. phenotypeResembles B[i]. Viable. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Dp(1;1)B[263-28] = Dp(1;1)15F9-16A1;16A3-4;16A6-7;16A7-B1, which was derived by deletion of 16A4 of leftmost region through 16A6 of middle region of B[i]B[i] triplication. origin: May be considered to be B[i] derived by deletion of one of the regions in the B[i]B[i] tandem triplication. # B[263-34] origin: X-ray-induced reversion of B[i]B[i] in male. discoverer: Demerec, 34c. references: Demerec, 1934, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 2: 110-17. Sutton, 1943, Genetic 28:97-107. phenotypeEyes wild type. Lethal and cell lethal. RK2A as lethal. cytology: B[263-34]/+ resembles B[i]B[i]/+ (Sutton, 1943). # B[263-38] origin: X-ray-induced reversion of B[i]B[i] in male. discoverer: Demerec, 34f. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:97-107. phenotypeEyes wild type. Lethal. RK2A as lethal. cytology: B[263-38]/+ resembles B[i]B[i]/+ (Sutton, 1943). # B[263-47] origin: X ray induced in B[+] male. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:97-107. phenotypeEyes Bar-like but larger than Bar. Not lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)B[263-47] = In(1)16A2-4;20A2-3. # B[263-48] origin: X ray induced in B[+] male. discoverer: Bishop, 39i26. references: 1939, DIS 12:61. 1940, DIS 13:48. phenotypeEye reduction in male and heterozygous female between B and B[i]; size constant in males, variable in females. Homozygous females viable and fertile, show a distinct bb effect. Wings usually leathery and warped at 19[o]C, normal at 25[o]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Tp(1)B[263-48] = Tp(1)3E2-3;15F9-16A1;20A2-3. # B[263-49] origin: X ray induced in BB male. discoverer: Sutton, 41b. references: 1943, Genetics 28:97-107. phenotypeEyes vary in male from BB to wild type, in homozygous female from BB to B/+. RK2A. cytology: No change in the BB triplication detectable in salivaries.(Sutton, 1943). # B[263-51] origin: X-ray-induced reversion of BB in male. discoverer: Sutton, 1940. references: 1943, Genetics 28:97-107. phenotypeEyes wild type. Viable. cytology: B[263-51]/+ resembles BB]/+ (Sutton, 1943). # B[bd]: Bar-baroid origin: X ray induced in B[+] male. discoverer: Dobzhansky, 31b5. references: 1932, Genetics 17:369-92. phenotypeRecessive. Eye of male has slight indentation of anterior margin, with some reduction in size and roughening of remainder. Male sterile; heterozygous female fertile. Interpreted as position effect (Dobzhansky, 1936, Biol. Rev. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 11:364-84). RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)B[bd] = T(1;2)16A1-2;48C2-3 + In(2R)41A;47A. # B[DG];Bar of Dubinin and Goldat origin: X ray induced in B[+] chromosome in male. discoverer: Dubinin and Goldat, 1936. references: 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5:881-84. phenotypeEye not described. Lethal when hemizygous and homozygous (seems likely that latter claim inferred from former). RK2A as lethal. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)B[DG] = T(1;2)4;15F-16A;20;40-41. # B[i]: Bar-infrabar origin: Spontaneous partial reversion of B that occurred in a male. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1923. references: 1925, Genetics 10:117-47 (fig.). phenotypeEye reduction about halfway between B and +; B[i] male has 478 facets, B[i]/B[i] has 320, and B[i]/+ has 716. Facet development inversely proportional to temperature; effective period for temperature treatment is 60% through larval life or about 60 hr at 25[o]C (Luce, 1935, J. Exptl. Zool. 71: 125-47). RK1A. cytology: Apparently no change in Dp(1;1)B, in which B[i] arose. # B[i40b] origin: Spontaneous in BB male. discoverer: Steinberg, 40b. references: 1940, DIS 13:51. phenotypeSimilar to B[i] both in male and B[i]/+ female. RK1A. cytology: No change from original BB triplication (Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:97-107). # B[M1]: Bar of Muller origin: X ray induced in B[+] chromosome. discoverer: Muller, 34e. references: 1935, DIS 3:29. phenotypeWeak allele of B; always has at least a derangement of facets on anterior margin of eye. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)B[M1] = In(1)16A2-5;20A3-B (Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:97-107). # B[M2] origin: X ray induced in B+ chromosome. Occurred simultaneously with a reverse mutation of v. discoverer: Muller, 34e. references: 1935, DIS 3:29. phenotypeWeak allele of B. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)B[M2] = In(1)16A2-5;20E (Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:97-107). # B[par]: Bar-partial origin: X-ray-induced partial reversal of B in male. discoverer: Bishop, 1940. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:97-107. phenotypeEyes intermediate between B and +. RK2A. cytology: B duplication unchanged (Sutton, 1943). origin: Six independent partial reversions fitting this description found by Bishop. # B[R]: Bar of Rapoport origin: X ray induced in normal chromosome. discoverer: Rapoport, 1935. synonym: B[Z]: Bar of Zuitin. references: Zuitin, 1935, DIS 4:6, 16. 1936, DIS 5:6. phenotypeMore extreme than B. B[R]/+ resembles BB/+. RK1(A). origin: Shows normal crossing over and reverts to wild type. # B[rev-1]: Bar-reversed origin: X ray induced in B male. discoverer: Bishop, 1940. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:97-107. phenotypeEyes and viability normal. cytology: B[rev-1]/+ resembles B/+ (Sutton, 1943). # B[S]: Bar of Stone origin: X-ray-induced derivative of B. discoverer: Stone, 1931. phenotypeExtreme Bar; produces narrower eye than B, both in males and heterozygous females. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)B[S] = T(1;4)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1;102F (Griffen, 1940, Genetics 26: 154-55; Lewis, 1956, DIS 30:130). # B[S3i]: Bar-Super inserted in chromosome 3 origin: Neutron induced in X-Y[S], sc w B chromosome. discoverer: Norby. synonym: B[S2]; Super-Bar. references: Muller and Norby, 1949, DIS 23:61. phenotypeExtreme Bar resemblng B[S]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)B[S3i] = T(1;3)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1;19-20;Y;66B13-C1 (Muller; Lindsley). # ba: balloon location: 2-107.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 10k. references: Marshall and Muller, 1917, J. Exptl. Zool. 22:457-70 (fig.). Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No.278:148 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:212 (fig.), 218. Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeWings at first inflated with hemolymph to produce blisters and vesicles; venation weak, plexus like; wings smaller, warped, discolored, and divergent. Effect caused by inadequate contraction of epithelium after inflated state of pupal wing [Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41:75-139 (fig.)]. Sensitive to temperature. RK3 above 25[o]C; RK2 at 19[o] or below. cytology: Located between 60C5 and 60D2 based on inclusion within Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2 and within Df(2R)Px[2] = Df(2R)60C5-6;60D9-10 (Bridges, 1937). origin: May be part of a pseudoallelic complex with bs and Px. # ba[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Banerjee, 58i30. references: Ray-Chaudkuri, 1959, DIS 33:99. phenotypeWings blistered at one or two places, affecting quite a broad area either on the inner margin or centrally; both wings usually affected. Wings generally glossy and contracted. Classification good; viability slightly reduced. RK2. # bal: bandy legged location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stroher, 1958. references: Mainx, 1958, DIS 32:82. phenotypeLegs extremely shortened and crippled. All parts of legs from femur to tarsi shortened, broadened, and irregularly curved. Deformities most extreme in metathoracic legs. Movement unsteady and tottering. Manifestation increased by selection. Viability poor, especially in males; fertility good. RK2. # bar-3: bar on chromosome 3 location: 3-79.1 (not an allele of ro). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 49j20. references: 1950, DIS 24:58. phenotypeLike B/B without significant variation under standard conditions. Viability good. RK1. # bat: bat location: 2-71.0. discoverer: Bridges, 22j26. synonym: ext-b: extended-b. phenotypeWings extended and bent backward. RK2. # baton: baton location: 2-52. phenotypeAbdomen elongated with defective plates; eye resembles L[4]. Extremely inviable; most homozygotes die in larval and pupal stages, appearing as elongated corpses. Heterozygote shows some eye effect. RK3. # bb: bobbed location: 1-66.0 (Bridges). discoverer: Sturtevant, 20b. synonym: bb[5]. What is now referred to as bb was derived from fifth finding of bb. First allele found was lost and is here omitted from consideration. phenotypeBristles of homozygous females decreased in both length and thickness. Tergites etched at sides. Considerable variability of bristle character with some overlapping; abdominal character extremely erratic. X/0 male has phenotype similar to, but more extreme than, homozygous female. X/Y male is wild type, owing to presence of normal allele of bb in Y[S]; X/X/Y female similarly normal in phenotype. bb/bb[l] is extreme bb in phenotype. Viability variable. Ritossa, Atwood, and Spiegelman (1966, Genetics 54:819-34) showed that bb contains about half as much ribosomal RNA-complementary DNA as bb[+]. They conclude that the bb locus is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis. On the basis of calculations that suggest that there is enough DNA in bb[+] to specify approximately 130 molecules each of 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA, these authors view the bb locus as highly redundant and perhaps composed of a very large series of tandem duplications. They interpret bb mutations as partial deletions of the locus. They postulate that in bb flies the rate of protein synthesis is limited by the amount of ribosomal RNA and the bb phenotype results in part because normal bristle production represents maximum protein synthesis on the part of the trichogen cells during a particular interval in development. RK2. cytology: Judged to be in 20C2 (or 20C1) by Cooper (1959, Chromosoma 10:535-88) based on extensive consideration of published cytology of base of X chromosome. The bb locus lies in proximal heterochromatin of X, probably proximal to and very close to nucleolus organizer in heterochromatic region hB (Cooper, 1959). Ritossa, Atwood, and Spiegelman (1966), on the other hand, postulate that the nucleolus organizer is the cytological counterpart of the bb locus. Presence of a normal allele of bb on Y chromosome postulated by Burlingame and demonstrated by Stern [1927, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 44: 187-231 (fig.)]. This bb[+] allele almost certainly in Y[S] (see Cooper, 1959). origin: bb stocks show marked tendency to accumulate modifiers that suppress the phenotype. Outcrossing generally brings about return of bb phenotype. Ritossa, Atwood, and Spiegelman (1966), however, doubt that this is the case and postulate that the level of tandem redundancy of the locus is subject to frequent stepwise increases or decreases by unequal crossover types of events. Many laboratory stocks can be shown by crossing to bb[l] to carry bb alleles of unknown origin. # bb[11] origin: Spontaneous in attached X's. discoverer: Gabritschevsky, 1926. phenotypeWhen first found, this was a very extreme bb with small bristles and very scaly abdomen; it gradually became a weak bb. Enhances expression of gt. RK3. # bb[20] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30b24. phenotypebb[20]/bb is strong bb. bb[20] is homozygous lethal. RK2. # bb[28l] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 28l10. synonym: bb[x]. references: 1935, DIS 3:29. phenotypeLike bb. RK2. # bb'' origin: Thought by Stern and Ogura to be an extreme bb allele normally occurring on Y[L] in addition to the normal allele occurring on Y[S]. discoverer: Stern. references: Stern and Ogura, 1931, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 58:81-121. phenotypeOnly observable evidence of existence of bb'' is that, when added to other bb genotypes, it apparently causes them to become slightly less extreme. This could be simply a suppressing effect of Y[L] rather than a dosage effect attributable to a mutant allele of bb. RK3. origin: Inviability of bb[l]/R(Y)L renders existence of b'' unlikely. # bb[D]: bobbed-Dominant origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lefevre, 48g28. references: 1949, DIS 23:58. phenotypePronounced etching of abdominal tergites; bristles only slightly reduced. Male genitalia directed posteriorly rather than ventrally. Viable in both sexes; fertility of females fair, of males extremely low. Homozygous females not produced. Viability and classification good in combination with bb and bb[Y]. RK2. origin: Allelism with bb not definitely established. # bb[ds]: bobbed-deficiency sensitive origin: The allele present in some stocks marked bb. synonym: bb'. phenotypeFemales homozygous for bb[ds] or heterozygous for bb[ds] and a mutant allele of bb are bb in phenotype. bb[ds]/Df(1)bb females are lethal. bb[ds]-like alleles have been reported by Stern and Ogura (1931, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 58: 81-121) and by Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle (1960, Genetics 45:1649-70). Presumably, this difference between bb and bb[ds] is a property of the bb locus and bb is not equal to bb[ds]. RK2. # bb[G1]: bobbed of Goldschmidt origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bb[a px sp]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:391-93. phenotypeHomozygote normal; bb[G1]/bb[G2] shows extreme bristle reduction and abdominal etching. For interaction with other bb alleles, see Goldschmidt, 1945, table 75. RK2 in some combinations. origin: Claimed by Goldschmidt to recur in both X and Y chromosomes of certain lines. # bb[G2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bb[a px sp hi]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:391-93. phenotypeAlmost completely lethal homozygous. Shows extreme bristle shortening and abdominal etching in combination with bb[G3]. RK2. origin: Claimed by Goldschmidt to recur frequently in certain lines. # bb[G3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bb[poi]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:390-93. phenotypeWeak bobbed allele. Extreme in combination with bb[G2]. RK2 in some combinations. origin: Claimed by Goldschmidt to recur repeatedly in certain X chromosomes. # bb[G4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bb[poi 47]. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104:197-221. phenotypeBristle effect irregular; no abdominal etching. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hannah-Alava). # bb[G5] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: bb[poi hi]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:387, 390-93. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. bb[G5]/bb produces shortening of bristles and abdominal etching. RK2 as lethal. # bb[l]: bobbed-lethal origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1926. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1926, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 25:308-12. Stern, 1929, Biol. Zentr. 49:261-90. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. bb[l]/bb is extreme bb, very late hatching, and invariably classifiable. bb[l]/bb[l]/Y = bb[l]/Y = normal. bb[l]/0 is lethal. Shown by Ritossa, Atwood, and Spiegelman (1966, Genetics 54:819-34) to contain approximately one-fourth as much ribosomal RNA-complementary DNA as bb[+]. RK2A. origin: Segregation from Y chromosome normal. Crossing over reduced in right end of X in bb[l]/+ females. # bb[l-2] origin: Spontaneous in X.Y[L], bb (X.Y[L], bb.bb'' produced X. Y[L], bb[l-2]. bb'' according to Stern and Ogura). discoverer: Stern, 28k. references: Stern and Ogura, 1931, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 58:81-121. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. bb[l-2]/bb is bobbed. RK3A. # bb[l-3a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45:1649-70. phenotypeLethal as X/0 male and in combination with In(1)sc[4L]sc[8R] and with bb[ds]. bb[l-3a]/bb is bobbed. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(1)bb[l-3a] inferred from irregular segregation from y[+]Y in males. # bb[l-74] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45:1649-70. phenotypeLike bb[l-3a]. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(1)bb[l-74] inferred from irregular segregation from y[+]Y in males. # bb[l-158] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45:1649-70. phenotypeLike bb[l-3a]. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(1)bb[l-158] inferred from irregular segregation from y[+]Y in males. # bb[l-452] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45:1649-70. phenotypeLike bb[l-3a]. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(1)bb[l-452] inferred from slightly irregular segregation from y[+]Y in males. cytology: Association with Df(1)bb[l-452] inferred from slightly irregular segregation from y[+]Y in males. # bb[l-456] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45:1649-70. phenotypeLike bb[l-3a]. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(1)bb[l-456] inferred from irregular segregation from y[+]Y in males. # bb[l-481] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45:1649-70. phenotypeLike bb[l-3a]. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(1)bb[l-481] inferred from grossly abnormal segregation from y[+]Y in males. In(1)481 = In(1)12E-F;14B induced simultaneously. # bb[Of]: bobbed of Offermann origin: X ray induced in T(1;4)A1. discoverer: Offermann, 1935. references: 1935, DIS 3:27. phenotypeLike bb. RK2A. # bb[Of-2] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[8]. discoverer: Offermann. references: 1935, DIS 3:28. phenotypeLike bb. RK2A. # bb[Y]: bobbed on the Y chromosome origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1926. synonym: Y[bb]. phenotypebb/bb[Y] male has slight bb phenotype; usually separable in crosses, but stock bb/bb[Y] male tends to change to nearly normal phenotype. bb[l]/bb[Y] male is good bb, always separable and fertile. RK2 as bb[l]/bb[Y]. origin: Chromosome with bb[Y] described as Ybb in subsection on Y derivatives. # bb[Y-20] origin: Spontaneous. Arose in combination with bb[20]. discoverer: Bridges, 30b24. synonym: Y[bb-20]. phenotypeSlightly less extreme but otherwise like bb[Y]. RK2. # bb[Y-21] origin: Spontaneous. Arose in combination with bb[21]. discoverer: Sturtevant, 31c26. synonym: Y[bb-21]. phenotypeLike bb[Y]. RK2. # bb[Y-22] origin: Spontaneous. Arose in combination with bb[22]. discoverer: Curry, 37l18. synonym: Y[bb-22]. phenotypeLike bb[Y]. RK2. # Bb: Bubble location: 1- (not located) or 3-48. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: R. L. King, 32d. synonym: Balloon. phenotypeWings of heterozygous female smaller, trimmed, and inflated. Bubble in first posterior cell. In extreme cases and usually in males, the wing is a small inflated sac. Sexual difference in expression may indicate that Bb is on the X. Female fertile; male entirely sterile. Therefore, homozygous females not obtainable. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)Bb = T(1;3)13E;84F (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301). # BB: Bar + Bar origin: Spontaneous through unequal crossing over in B/B (see description of B). discoverer: Zeleny. synonym: Bar double; Ultra-bar; double Bar. references: 1920, J. Exptl. Zool. 30:292-324 (fig.). Sturtevant, 1925, Genetics 10:117-47 (fig.). phenotypeEye more reduced than in B. Facet numbers are 25, 29, and 45 in BB/BB female, BB male, and BB/+ female, respectively. Median ocellus lacking or strongly reduced (Lefevre, 1941, DIS 14:40). Optic glomerulus reduced (Power, 1942, Genetics 27:161). RK1A. cytology: Associated with a tandem triplication of the region duplicated in Dp(1;1)B = Dp(1;1)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1 [Bridges, 1936, Science 83:210-11 (fig.)]. # BB[i]: Bar + Bar-infrabar origin: Spontaneous through unequal crossing over in B/B[i]. discoverer: Sturtevant. references: 1925, Genetics 10:117-47. phenotypeLike BB. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Dp(1;1)BB = Dp(1;1)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1, a tandem triplication. origin: B is to the left of B[i] and both types can be recovered as recombinants. # B[i]B: Bar-infrabar + Bar origin: Spontaneous through unequal crossing over in B/B[i]. discoverer: Sturtevant. references: 1925, Genetics 10:117-47. phenotypeLike BB[i]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Dp(1;1)BB = Dp(1;1)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1, a tandem triplication. origin: B[i] is to the left of B and both types can be recovered as recombinants. # B[i]B[i] origin: Spontaneous through unequal crossing over in B[i]/B[i]. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1923. synonym: Bar-infra double. references: 1925, Genetics 10:117-47 (fig.). phenotypeLess reduction in eye than BB. Facet numbers are 38, 46, and 200 in B[i]B[i]/B[i]B[i] female, B[i]B[i] male, and B[i]B[i]/+ female, respectively. Median ocellus lacking or strongly reduced (Lefevre, 1941, DIS 14: 40). RK1A. cytology: Associated wth Dp(1;1)BB = Dp(1;1)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1, a tandem triplication. origin: B[i] can be recovered as recombinant from B[i]B[i]/+. # B[i40b]B[i40b] origin: Spontaneous, presumably through unequal crossing over in B[i40b]/B[i40b]. discoverer: Steinberg, 40b. references: 1942, DIS 16:53. phenotypeMore extreme reduction in eye size than B[i40b]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Dp(1;1)BB = Dp(1;1)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1, a tandem triplication. # Bd: Beaded location: 3-93.8. discoverer: Morgan, 10e. references: Dexter, 1914, Am. Naturalist 48:712-58 (fig.). Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 37, 152 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 45. phenotypeWings reduced by marginal excision both anteriorly and posteriorly. Extremely variable and overlaps wild type. Expression and interaction studied by Goldschmidt and Gardner (1942, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:103-24). Almost entirely suppressed by H. In combination with many different Minutes, causes incomplete development of anal and genital imaginal discs in males and less frequently in females (Goldschmidt, 1948, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 34: 245-52; Sturtevant, 1949, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 35: 311-13). Homozygous lethal. RK2 as lethal, RK3 as dominant. origin: Bd/In(3R)C, l(3)a was the first described case of a balanced lethal [Muller, 1918, Genetics 3:422-99 (fig.)]. # Bd[49] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ohnishi, 49l16. references: 1950, DIS 24:61. phenotypeLike extreme Bd. Variable, overlaps wild type. Homozygous lethal. RK2 as lethal; RK3 as dominant. # Bd[G]: Beaded of Goldschmidt origin: Found among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1934. references: Gottschewski, 1935, DIS 4:14, 16. phenotypeLike Bd but more extreme; not overlapping wild type in stock. Balancers also reduced with no overlap. Partially suppressed by H. Schultz and Curry report recurrent small or welt-like eye effect that is not well understood but is in chromosome 3 and may be an effect of Bd[G]. Lethal homozygous and in combination with Bd. RK1. # Bd[G45] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:520. phenotypeLike Bd but with more extreme scalloping effect. RK3. # Bd[P]: Beaded of Piternick origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Piternick, 1949. references: Goldschmidt, 1953, J. Exptl. Zool. 123:79-114. phenotypeLike Bd but more highly penetrant.30-40% Bd[P]/+ are phenotypically Bd. Penetrance 100% when heterozygous for third chromosome inversions, e. g., In(3L)P + In(3R)P. Interactions with other genes discussed by Goldschmidt (1953). Homozygous lethal. RK2 as lethal; RK3 as dominant. # Bd[W]: Beaded of Wallace origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 15i10. phenotypeLike Bd but more extreme; ends of L3 and L4 split or disturbed. Overlaps wild type. Least extreme recognizable phenotype is nick opposite L3. Homozygous lethal. RK2 as lethal. # be-3: benign tumor in chromosome 3 location: 3-25. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stark, 16k. references: 1919, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S., 5:573-80 (fig.). Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 179 (fig.). Stark and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11:249-66. Stark, 1935, DIS 4:62. phenotypeMelanotic tumors appear in larvae and persist in adults. Subject to modification by genetic factors. Nonlethal. RK3. # ber: berrytail location: 1-52.4. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32:67. phenotypeAbdomen narrow, ending in a berry-like protrusion carrying defective genitalia. Wings opaque, with areas of deranged hairs (some with cut inner margins and interrupted or abnormally positioned longitudinal veins). Anterior scutellars often acutely bent; eyes occasionally misshapen. Males sterile and viability about 40% wild type. RK3. # bf: brief location: 3-95. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 38i3. references: 1939, DIS 12:45. phenotypeFly small; bristles Minute like. Classification perfect; viability fair. Male completely sterile; female with low fertility. RK3. # Bg: Bag location: 1-51.6 (to the right of sd). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33d22. phenotypeHeterozygous female with wings shorter and blunter, shortened L5, extra veins or gaps near anterior crossvein, and inflated bag centering in first basal cell. Frequently overlaps wild type. Lethal in male. RK2 as a lethal; RK3 as a dominant. cytology: Probably in 13C, based on Bg-like variegation of T(1;3)ras[v] = T(1;3)9E;13C;81F. # Bg[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Somme. synonym: Uw: Uneven wing. phenotypeHeterozygous females with inner wing margin frequently nicked or uneven; longitudinal veins sometimes shortened; one wing often shorter than the other. Some delay in eclosion. Overlaps wild type. Viability and fertility fair. Reduces size of B eye and is itself exaggerated in combination with B. Male lethal. RK2 as lethal; RK3 as dominant. # Bg[49h] origin: Induced by ingested radiophosphorus. discoverer: R. C. King, 49h. references: Poulson and King, 1949, DIS 23:62. phenotypeHeterozygous female has wings with no crossveins; L5 shortened. Wings asymmetric in size and blistered. L3 very thick; gaps in L3 and L4. Extra veinlets; veins may fork at wing edge. Wings often excised terminally and along inner margin. Phenotype very variable, overlaps wild type. Viability 65% normal. Male lethal. RK3. # Bg[52c] origin: Thermal neutron induced, discoverer: R. C. King, 52c. references: 1952, DIS 26:65. phenotypeLike Bg[49h]; overlaps wild type. Male lethal. RK3. # bi: bifid location: 1-6.9. discoverer: Morgan, 11k. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237:28 (fig.). phenotypeLongitudinal veins fused at base of wing into bifid stalk. L3 delta-like at tip; L4 often incomplete at tip. Wing margins often excised at tip of L4. Wings spread in proportion to their shortness. High temperature enhances and low temperature produces overlapping of wild type. Stronger in male than in female. Enhances Bx alleles as well as sd, cp, and vg[np] (Waletzky). RK1. # bi[35] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gottschewski, 1935. phenotypeLike bi, but males show 100% expression at 25[o]C and females show 0-3%. RK1 in male; RK3 in female. # bis: bistre location: 1-20.1. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32:67. phenotypeVery dark brown eye color; ocelli also dark. Wings frequently unexpanded. Males sterile. Viability varies from less than 10% to 70% wild type. RK2A. cytology: In bands 7B6 and 7; associated with Df(1)bis = Df(1)7B5-6;7B7-8. # Bit: Bitten location: 3- (not located; crossing over between ru and th almost completely suppressed). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lefevre, 48g5. references: 1949, DIS 23:58. phenotypeInner margin of wing indented. Wings, normally folded, appear to have had a bite taken out of the back. Marginal hairs present unlike N and ct. Flight is impeded, although little wing area lost. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(3L)Bit; breakpoints not determined. # bk: buckled location: 1-59.8. origin: Induced by p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylethylamine (CB. 3034). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33:83. phenotypeWings slightly altered in shape and frequently divergent; membranes warped between longitudinal veins. Veins slightly thickened at wing margins. Eye shape slightly altered. Scutellar bristles frequently abnormal, either inserted in base atypically, bent, or duplicated. Males viable and fertile. RK3. # bk[2] origin: Induced by s7Ls8-l:6-dimethanesulfonyl mannitol (CB. 2628). discoverer: Fahmy, 1960. references: 1964, DIS 39:58. phenotypeFly small. Legs shortened; posterior pair frequently deformed or absent. Wings shortened, abnormally shaped, with varying amounts of marginal vein incised. Sex combs may be enlarged. Bristles stiff, occasionally an extra scutellar bristle. bk[2]/bkl normal. RK3. # Bkd: Blackoid location: 2-65 (Braun). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1938. phenotypeBody color black in homozygote, distinctly darker than wild type in heterozygote. RK2. # bkl: buckledlike location: 1-59.9. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33:83. phenotypeWings slightly divergent with membranes warped between longitudinal veins, which themselves are often slightly thickened. Abnormally-shaped eyes, frequently compressed dorsoventrally. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK3. origin: Probably a complementing allele of bk. One X-ray-induced allele. # Bl: Bristle location: 2-54.8 (crossing over may be reduced). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: R. L. King, 25d11. references: 1927, Biol. Bull. 53:465-68. phenotypeBristles one-half to two-thirds normal length, blunt, thicker, and beaded in outline. Posterior scutellars often cross and adhere to body. Eyes somewhat larger and rougher. Probably affects nature of bristle secretion, particularly outer layer [Lees and Waddington, 1942, DIS 16:70; Lees and Picken, 1945, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 132:396-423 (fig.)]. Viability of heterozygote is good but erratic; homozygotes usually lethal; survivors female and sterile with roughish eye character. RK1 as dominant. # Bl[30] origin: Recovered among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Plough, 1930. synonym: Sy[30]: Stubby-30. references: Plough and Ives, 1935, Genetics 20:42-69. phenotypeLike Bl. RK1. # Bl[31l] origin: Recovered among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Ives 31l19. synonym: Sy[31l19]. references: Plough and Ives, 1935, Genetics 20:42-69. phenotypeLike Bl. Bl[31l]/Bl like Bl/Bl and poorly viable. Bl[31l] regularly homozygous lethal. RK1. # bla: bladderwing location: 1-43.2. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32:67-68. phenotypeWings grossly deformed, small, and normally full of fluid. Eyes slightly abnormal in shape. Males fertile; females sterile. Viability about 50% wild type. RK3. # Bld: Blond location: 1- or 2- (associated with rearrangement). origin: Spontaneous in chromosome containing In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Burkart, 1930. references: 1931, Rev. Fac. Agron. Vet. Univ. Buenos Aires 7:393-491. Burkart and Stern, 1933, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 64:310-25 (fig.). phenotypeBristles of heterozygote are gleaming yellow at tips and for varying lengths of more basal regions. Hairs not much paler and bristles of abdomen only slightly affected. Larval mouth parts wild type. No overlap. Viability and fertility of male and heterozygous female excellent. Formerly viable as a homozygous female; in lines now available, the homozygote is lethal, presumably owing to a lethal mutation closely linked to breakpoint of translocation in chromosome two. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)Bld = T(1;2)1C3-4;60B12-13. origin: Bld phenotype associated with the 2R[D]X[P] element of the translocation. # Ble: Barlike eye location: 3-94. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Crowell, 57i. references: Meyer, 1958, DIS 33:97. phenotypeEye shape indistinguishable from Bar. Expression of Ble/+ varies, best at 26[o]C. Excellent expression in homozygote at all temperatures. Ble/Ble in combination with B results in an extremely narrow eye. RK1. origin: If Ble represents a transposition of the Bar locus to chromosome 3, the flanking loci of f[+] and od[+] have not been transposed. Also against transposition is absence of sexual dimorphism that dosage compensation of B should produce in such a case. # bleg: black leg location: 3- (near p). discoverer: Bridges, 16b23. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327:158. phenotypeLegs black; body color pallid; wings flimsy. RK3. # blo: bloated location: 2-58.5. origin: Recovered among descendants of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Ives, 33f26. synonym: Originally referred to as ba[2]: balloon and ba[33f26]. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1:33. 1934, DIS 2:10. 1935, DIS 3:6. Bridges, Skoog, and Li, 1936, Genetics 21:788-95. phenotypeWings spread, crumpled, and vesiculated; wing shows irregular plexus of extra veins. In extreme cases, wings unexpanded. Occasional hooked or wavy bristles. Developmental studies by Waddington [1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 25:299-307 and 1940, J. Genet. 41:75-139 (fig.)] show intervein material spongy and veins swollen with inadequate contraction after inflated stage of pupal wing. Droplets of hemolymph often become clothed with cells liberated from epithelium and remain along basal processes. Does not overlap wild type but has poor viability and hatches later. RK2. cytology: Not included within and does not recombine with (0/1098) Df(2R)Np = Df(2R)44F1-2;45E1-2 (Bridges, Skoog, and Li, 1936). # blt: ballet location: 1- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Iyengar. references: 1962, DIS 36:38. phenotypeWings one-third the normal length, stretched outward and slightly upward; wing tip broadened; venation markedly altered as in fused. Male viability impaired; females almost completely lethal. RK2. # blu: blunt location: 3- (near ru). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Walbrunn, 46j23. references: 1947, DIS 21:71. phenotypeWings slightly shorter and broader than normal, giving a squared appearance. Sometimes difficult to classify. RK3. # bn: band location: 3-72. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 12g. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327:79 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:215 (fig.), 218. phenotypeTrident pattern and scutellum darker with dark transverse band across anterior portion of mesonotum. Thorax vacuolated; hairs on thorax sparse and directed medially in bowed lines. RK2. # bo: bordeaux location: 1-12.5. discoverer: Nazarenko. phenotypeEye color dark wine; not completely separable from wild type. Red pigment 67% wild-type level; brown pigment normal (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53:1-10). Transplantation indicates bo may be nonautonomous (Ephrussi and Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22:65-75). Larval Malpighian tubules bright yellow (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22:587-611). RK3. # bod: bowed location: 3-48.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 35b20. references: 1937, DIS 7:6. phenotypeWings bowed downward over abdomen with curvature along both axes; curvature occasionally reversed. Wings somewhat smaller than wild type. Whole fly smaller and humpy; eyes slightly bulged. Overlaps wild type slightly. Viability 75% wild type. RK3. # bord: bordered location: 1-70. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1916. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:220. phenotypeWings smaller and slightly extended; venation ragged; veins bordered by darker bands. Viability poor; classification unreliable. RK3. # bos: bordosteril location: 3-0.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Fabian, 1941. references: 1948, Arch. Julius phenotypeEye color dark brownish red, darkens with age. Malpighian tubules and testis sheaths colorless. Male fertile; female sterile. RK2. # bow: bow wings location: 1- (not located). discoverer: Bridges, 12h15. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237:46 (fig.). phenotypeWings curved downward over abdomen and also sideways, like bowl of a spoon. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # br: broad location: 1-0.6. discoverer: Bridges, 15i26. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:145, 220 (fig.). phenotypeWings somewhat broader than and about 80% of length of normal, with round full tip; crossveins closer together. Shape difference visible in middle prepupal stage immediately after eversion, probably an influence on cell division [Waddington, 1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 25:299-307; 1940, J. Genet. 41:75-139 (fig.)]. RK1. cytology: Located between 1C5 and 2C10 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41:191). # br[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 31e1. references: 1935, DIS 3:7. phenotypeWings like br but more often arc like and crumpled. RK2. # br[59j] origin: Induced by DNA. discoverer: Fahmy, 1959. phenotypeExtreme expression of br[uq] phenotype. br[59j]/br and br[59j]/br[uq] have mutant phenotype. RK1. # br[D]: broad-Dominant origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 19h. references: Muller and Altenburg, 1921, Anat. Rec. 20:213. Muller, 1935, DIS 3:29. phenotypebr[D]/+ resembles br/br. br[D]/br and br[D]/Y are lethal. RK1. # br[l-a]: broad-lethal-a origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 19h. synonym: 1(1)br[a]. references: Muller and Altenburg, 1921, Anat. Rec. 20:213. Muller, 1935, DIS 3:29. phenotypebr[l-a]/br female is phenotypically br. br[l-a] male dies. RK2. # br[l-b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 19h. synonym: 1(1)br[b]. references: Muller and Altenburg, 1921, Anat. Rec. 20:213. Muller, 1935, DIS 3:29. phenotypeLike br[l-a]. RK2. # br[sh]: broad-short origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 14g20. references: 1916, Genetics 1:151. phenotypeWings one-half to two-thirds normal length, often arc like and crumpled. Crossveins closer together than normal and slight plexus effect. Legs gnarled. RK2. # br[uq]: broad-unequal wings origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. synonym: uq. references: 1958, DIS 32:77. phenotypeWings short and very broad, often unequal in length, more extreme at 25[o]C. Occasionally, one wing blistered or grossly deformed. Thoracic hairs irregularly distributed and sparse. Occasional abnormality in bristle position or size. Eyes smaller. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. br[uq]/br is wild type. RK1. origin: One X-ray-induced allele. # Br: Bridged location: 1- (right half; crossing over suppressed to the right of v). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 27l3. references: 1935, DIS 3:29. phenotypePlexus-like wings with extra crossveins bridging longitudinals. L4 bent. Wings arched. Male lethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(1)Br. # brb: broad abdomen location: 1-52.9. origin: Induced by styrylquinoline (CB. 3086). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33:83. phenotypeFly with broad abdomen and slightly shortened thorax and wings. Wings frequently slightly divergent. Eyes small and dull red with reflection spots. Bristles slightly shortened and lying flatter on thorax. Males and females viable and fertile. RK2. origin: One allele induced by CB. 3025. # brc: brachymacrochaetae location: 1-0.0 (no recombinants with sc among 6746 sons). origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1958, DIS 32:68. phenotypeOne or more thoracic bristle much reduced in size; scutellars and dorsocentrals most frequently affected. Occasional bristles duplicated. Good viability and fertility in both sexes. RK2. origin: One allele each induced by CB. 3025, by CB. 1246, and by X rays. # brd: broadened location: 1-33. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l27. references: 1935, DIS 3: 29. phenotypeWings expanded. Viability 20% wild type. RK3. # bre: bright eye location: 1-24.6. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32:68. phenotypeEye color brighter red. Wings shorter, often crumpled or waved. Abdomen disproportionately large. Male viability and fertility good; females have reduced fertility. Not easily classified. RK3. origin: One allele induced by CB. 1540. # bri: bright location: 2-54.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 34b23. references: Beadle and Ephrussi, 1937, Am. Naturalist 71:91-95. phenotypeEye color bright red, like cn[2] or v[2]; difficult to separate from wild type. Malpighian tubules pale yellow (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22:587-611). RK3. # brw: broader wing location: 1-39.8. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33:83. phenotypeWings broad and rounded at the tips. Males show reduced viability and are sterile. RK3. # bs: blistered location: 2-107.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 11k16. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No.278:155 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:219 (fig.). phenotypeWings blistered, small, pointed; venation thick and plexus like with branches from and parallel to L5 beyond second crossvein, where there is a semidominant free vein effect. Eye color softened. Temperature sensitive. RK2 at 19[o]C; RK3 at 25[o]C. cytology: Located between 60C5 and 60D2, based on its inclusion within Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2 and within Df(2R)Px[2] = Df(2R)60C5-6;60D9-10 (Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2:745-55). origin: May be part of a pseudoallelic complex with ba and Px. # bs[2] discoverer: Bridges, 25k24. phenotypeMore extreme allele of bs. bs[2]/Df(2R)Px easily separable from +/Df(2R)Px, especially at or below 19[o]C. Wing effect caused by same mechanism as that of px [Waddintgon, 1940, J. Genet. 41:75-139 (fig.)]. RK2. # bs[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Swigert, 31d. synonym: balloon wing; px[31d]; and px[bs]. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1:33. 1935, Genetics 20:42-69. phenotypeExtremely blistered wing. Classification easy in most stocks.+ bs[3]/px + shows wing effect owing to additive semidominance; was originally interpreted to indicate allelism. RK2. # bs[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104:197-221. phenotypeMore extreme allele of bs. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hannah). # bs[52d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Strangio. phenotypeMore extreme allele of bs with variable expression, but wing generally converted to one large blister. Fully penetrant at 20[o], 25[o], and 30[o]C; blistering effect most marked at 20[o]C. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Strangio). # bs[54j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohler, 54j7. references: 1956, DIS 30:78. phenotypebs[54j]/bs[54j] = bs[54j]/bs[2] more extreme and less variable at 25[o]C than bs[2]/bs[2]. Viability good in uncrowded cultures. RK2. # bs[bl] origin: Spontaneous derivative of bs. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 38i. synonym: bs[38i]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:408-9, 416-17. phenotypeStronger allele than bs[2] but of low viability and fertility. Wing shows very extended web, near the crossvein, which reaches margin of wing; above web a blister is formed. RK2. # bs[cy]: blistered-curly origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: King and Poulson, 46l references: Poulson and King, 1948, DIS 22:54. phenotypeHeterozygotes show venation abnormalities with tiny free veins usually in the third posterior cell and occasionally in the second in about 50% of males and 90% of females. Less often, extra veinlets project from posterior crossvein. Homozygotes have bizzare networks of wing veins. Wings of freshly emerged adults inflated with hemolymph, producing large blister in middle of one or both wings just posterior to the anterior crossvein. Blisters cover one-fourth to one-half of total wing area. Lymph later dries, leaving wing vesiculated and curled upward. Condition more pronounced in females. Flight restricted. bs[cy]/bs[2] females are like weak bs[cy] and males like bs[2]. Viability nearly normal. RK1. # bs[p] origin: Spontaneous derivative of bs. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:409-18. phenotypeStronger allele than bs. Sensitive to genetic modification. Females show broad chitinous mass of extra veins; males show extra veins branching from L2. RK2. # bs[pp] origin: Spontaneous derivative of bs. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:409-18, 433-39. phenotypeStronger allele than bs. RK2. cytology: Frequently associated with short deficiency to the right of ba (or bs ?) within Df(2R)Px[2]? origin: Claimed by Goldschmidt frequently to recur by mutation in certain lines. # bsc: bent scutellars location: 1-1.1. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32:68. phenotypeOne or more scutellars bent on themselves in form of inverted V. Other bristles irregularly bent. Eyes slightly smaller. Wings slightly abnormal in shape. Male viability about 50% wild type; fertility much reduced. RK3. origin: One allele each induced by CB. 3025 and CB. 3026. # Bsl: Blisterlike location: 2-104 (but located 3.2 units from bw, which is at 104.5). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 29b1. references: 1939, DIS 11:47. phenotypeExtra veins and blister centering in region of posterior crossvein, which is usually absent. Fluctuation in expression from thickening of veins to blister covering entire wing. Vein L5 may be short. Homozygous lethal. RK3. cytology: Not done, but Bridges has suggested that this is probably a Plexate deficiency. # bsp: brown spots location: 2-40.6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Di Pasquale. references: 1959, DIS 33:128. Di Pasquale and Zambruni, 1963, DIS 37:73 (fig.). 1966, DIS 41:119. phenotypeSpots of brown pigment appear in integument of bsp/bsp females only after they have mated. Di Pasquali and Zambruni (1963) showed that copulation with any male, sterile or fertile, triggers formation of brown spots. Courtship without copulation ineffective; virgin females never show brown spots. No phenotype in males. Penetrance of 60-80%; viability excellent. RK3. # bt: bent location: 4-1.4 [mapped in diplo-4 triploids by Sturtevant (1951, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 37:405-7)]. origin: Spontaneous. First mutant found on chromosome 4. discoverer: Muller, 1914. references: 1914, J. Exptl. Zool. 17:325-36. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:216 (fig.), 219. Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4:401-20. phenotypeWings held out at base and bent sharply backward. Rear legs often lumpy at first tarsal joint. May have one to four preleg or first ventral bristles on ventral surface of thorax anterior to first pair of legs, in space otherwise devoid of bristles or hairs. Overalaps wild type at 25[o]C, very much at 19[o], and little if any at 29[o]C (Metz, 1923, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 20:305-10). RK2 at 28[o]C. # bt[D]: bent-Dominant origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a11. references: Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4:401-20. phenotypeWhen found, bt[D]/+ showed regularly divergent wings with some angular bend near base. Legs lumpy at low temperature. Preleg bristles present as in bt. Homozygous lethal. RK3 as lethal. origin: Balanced stocks in existence today show only preleg bristle character and recessive lethality (Lewis). # Bt: Branchlet location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. references: 1950, DIS 24:54. 1951, DIS 25:77. phenotypeHeterozygous female has posteriorly directed branchlet on posterior crossvein as well as other extra venation. Abdominal segments often poorly chitinized. Male lethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with Dp(1;1)Bt = Dp(1;1)3B2-C1;6F6-7. origin: Phenotype may be Co. # bu: bulging location: 1-58. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l8. references: 1935, DIS 3:29. phenotypeEyes rough and bulging. Semilethal. RK3. # bul: bulge location: 3-43.6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 36d28. references: 1937, DIS 7:6. Curry, 1939, DIS 12:45. phenotypeEyes very large and bulging; facets rounded, in irregular rows, and some quite large. Wing margin heavy; end of wing somewhat squared off to L3. RK3. # bul[bp]: bulge-bumpy origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 1955. synonym: bp. references: 1955, DIS 29:72. phenotypeAbout one-half the eye surface erupted into irregular yellowish blisters. Facets larger than normal in nonblistered areas. Homozygotes occur with 1% of expected frequency. Surviving homozygotes vigorous and male fertility high; females lay eggs abundantly, but only rarely does an egg hatch. RK3. # buo: burnt orange location: 2-57.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: T. Hinton and Kleiner, 1941. references: Hinton, 1942, DIS 16:48. phenotypeEye color bright orange-brown. Malpighian tubules colorless in larva (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6:351-56). RK2. origin: Not an allele of cn. Allelism with ltd (2-56) apparently never tested. # bur: burgundy location: 2-55.7. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson and Meyer, 49c. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1949, DIS 23:60. phenotypeEye color dull, darkish brown (like pr), brilliant orange in combination with cn. Classification and viability excellent. Fertility of females good; of males, variable. RK1. origin: Not allelic to lt, ltd, or pr. # bur[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hall, 60h. references: Meyer, 1960, DIS 34:52. phenotypeEye color reddish brown, brilliant orange in combination with cn. Good viability. RK1. # bv: brevis location: 3-102.7 (recalculated from Sturtevant, 1956, Genetics 41: 118-23). discoverer: Bridges, 33e25. phenotypeBristles uniformly short and stubby. Body chunky. Hatches late but viability excellent. RK1. # bw: brown location: 2-104.5. discoverer: Waaler, 19j15. references: 1921, Hereditas 2:391-94. Sturtevant and Beadle, 1939, An Introduction to Genetics, Saunders, p. 64 (fig.). phenotypeEye color light brownish wine on emergence, darkening to garnet. Red pigments lacking; ommochromes at 87% normal level (Nolte, 1954, J. Genet. 52:111-26). Adult testes and vasa colorless. Larval Malpighian tubules pale yellow (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22:587-611). Produces white eyes in combination with v, cv, or st. Eye color autonomous when transplanted into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21:230). RK1. cytology: Placed betweeen 59D4 and 59E1 by Bridges [1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2:745-55] on the basis of its exclusion from the inner inversion of In(2LR)bw[V1] = In(2LR)21C8-D1;60D1-2 + In(2LR)40F;59D4-E1 and its inclusion in In(2R)bw[VDe2] = In(2R)41A-B;59D6-E1. Based on the study of bw rearrangements, Slatis (1955, Genetics 40:5-23) tentatively places bw in 59D9, 10, or 11. origin: Separable into at least two subunits by recombination with bw and bw[75] about 0.001 units to the left of bw[59] and bw[81] (Divelbiss, 1961, Genetics 46:861). # bw[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: P. R. Sturtevant, 1921. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:220. phenotypeDarker and redder than bw. RK1. # bw[2b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 28d13. phenotypeLike bw[2]. RK1. # bw[2c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Emerson, 32d19. phenotypeLike bw[2]. RK1. # bw[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 31k28. phenotypebw[4]/bw[4] is wild type. bw[4]/bw[5] is purpleoidlike. bw[4]/bwlike bw but darker. RK3. origin: bw[4] originally found in bw[4]/bw[5] combination and called purpleoidlike. bw[4] and bw[5] separated by Bridges. # bw[5] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 31k28. phenotypebw[5B]/bw[4] is purpleoidlike (see bw[4]); bw[5]/bw is light yellowish brown; bw[5]/+ is wild type; bw[5]/bw[5] is lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with a deficiency or an inversion involving 59E1 to 59F1 (Schultz). # bw[24] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis, 1950. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeWild type in combination with bw[59] and bw[75] but shows intermediate phenotype in combination with bw and bw[81]. Studied only in males (see cytology). RK3A. cytology: Associated with but presumably separable from T(Y;2)R24 = T(Y;2)45A;51E. # bw[37g] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Clancy, 37g26. references: 1938, DIS 10:55. phenotypeEye color like bw but darker (like bw[2] ?). Produces yellowish pigment in combination with v. RK1. # bw[45a] origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy, Cy cn[2] sp[2]. discoverer: Ives, 45a. references: 1945, DIS 19:46. Ives and Scott, 1948, DIS 22:71. Ives and Evans, 1951, DIS 25:107. phenotypebw[45a]/bw is brown; bw[45a]/bw[4] is wild type; therefore, bw[45a] behaves like bw[4]. Homozygote has not been tested because bw[45a] has not been separated from Cy. RK3A. origin: Probably occurred simultaneously with or[45a]. # bw[47j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 47j. references: Ives and Scott, 1948, DIS 22:71. Ives and Evans, 1951, DIS 25:107. phenotypeBrown in combination with In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy, Cy cn[2] bw[45a] sp[2] or[45a]. Homozygous normal. RK3. origin: Several alleles of this type with varying degrees of expression found by Ives in a natural population from South Amherst, Mass. # bw[53i] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Clancy, 53i. references: 1960, DIS 34:48. phenotypeIntermediate between bw and bw[37g] both alone and in combination with v. RK1. # bw[59] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis, 50f16. references: 1951, DIS 25:75. 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeHomozygote not clearly distinguishable from wild type. Also wild type in combination with bw[24] and bw[75]. Produces a phenotype intermediate between bw and wild type in combination with bw and bw[81]. RK3. origin: Shown to lie to right of bw and bw[75] by recombination; nonrecombinant reversions recovered from bw[59]/bw[81] (Divelbiss, 1961, Genetics 46:861). # bw[69] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeLike bw. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # bw[72] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeLike bw. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # bw[75] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis, 50f25. references: 1951, DIS 25:75. 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeIntermediate allele of bw. bw[75]/bw[75] darker than bw[75]/bw; about 1% of bw[75]/bw flies show twin spots in eye. RK1. origin: Located to the left of bw[81] and bw[59] by recombination (Divelbiss, 1961, Genetics 46:861). # bw[81] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis, 50h1. references: 1951, DIS 25:75. 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeIntermediate allele; more extreme than bw[75]. RK1. origin: Located to the right of bw and bw[75] by recombination; bw[81]/bw[59] produces nonrecombinant reversions (Divelbiss, 1961, Genetics 46:861). # bw[+21] origin: Isoallele of bw recovered from an X-ray-induced, brown-Variegated mosaic. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40;5-23. phenotypeNormal but gives less pigment in combination with variegating alleles than other bw[+] alleles. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # bw[a]: brown-amber origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: R. C. King, 48f15. references: Poulson and King, 1948, DIS 22:54. phenotypeEye color light brownish yellow. Adult testes and vasa colorless. Larval Malpighian tubules slightly paler yellow than wild type. bw[a]/bw gives eye color slightly lighter than bw. RK1. # bw[A]: brown-Auburn origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dubinin. synonym: A; Pm[D1]. references: Dubinin and Heptner, 1935, J. Genet. 30:423-46 (fig.). Dubinin, 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5:851-74. phenotypeNearly uniform brown but with extra Y chromosome shows strong variegation. Homozygote usually lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[A] = In(2R)41;59D. # bw[AD]: brown of A. Das origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Das, 63a7. synonym: bw[ad]. references: Sarkar, 1963, DIS 38:28. phenotypeEye color light brown, darkening with age. RK1. # bw[CB]: brown-Chester Beatty origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Reddi. references: 1960, DIS 34:53. phenotypeLethal allele of bw. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Slizynska). # bw[D]: brown-Dominant origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: T. Hinton, 1940. references: 1940, DIS 13:49. 1942, DIS 16:48. Slatis, 1955, Genetics 40:246-51. phenotypeEye color varies with age from purple to brown. Shows slight variegation in combination with st (Slatis, 1955). Wings pebbled. Variegation suppressed by extra Y chromosomes (Brosseau, 1959, DIS 33:123). Homozygote viable and fertile. Larval Malpighian tubules bright yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6:351-56). RK1A. cytology: Schultz reports an extra band in 59E that tends to pair with a band in the homolog, suggesting a duplication of one band from 59E. Slatis (1955) reports insertion of three or four bands, probably of heterochromatic origin. Reverts to wild type when extra bands separated from bw locus (Hinton and GoodSmith, 1950, J. Exptl. Zool. 114:103-14). # bw[M58]: brown of Meyer origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Meyer, 58k. references: 1959, DIS 33:97. phenotypeIntermediate allele. Reddish-brown eyes (like g) of somewhat reduced size. May overlap wild type in old crowded cultures. Testis sheath light yellow in young but dark in old males. Good viability and fertility. RK2. # bw[Mi59]: brown of Mischaikow origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mischaikow, 59e. references: 1959, DIS 33:97. phenotypeLike bw except testis sheath pale yellow in older males. Gives some pigmentation of eyes in combination with v. RK1. # bw[R3]: brown-Rearranged origin: X-ray-induced derivative of bw. discoverer: Slatis, 48k16. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeHeterozygotes with bw[+] strongly variegated. Homozygous lethal; lethal or semilethal in combination with other bw rearrangements. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)bw[R3] = In(2LR)40F;51F,55E;57E;58D8-9. # bw[R4] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of bw. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeExpression in bw[R4]/+ varies from moderate to strong, depending on origin of bw[+]. Homozygote brown and almost completely lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[R4] = T(2;3)59E2-3;80-81. # bw[R12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeWeakly mottled in bw[R12]/+ heterozygote; bw[R12] homozygote somewhat more extreme. Homozygote semilethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[R12] = T(2;3)59D;80C. # bw[R14] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation intermediate. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[R14] = T(2;3)59E2-3;80. # bw[R15] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation intermediate. Homozygote lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[R15] = T(2;3)59D;80C. # bw[R18] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation intermediate. Homozygotes lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2)bw[R18] = In(2)40F-41A;59E4-F1. # bw[R20] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation weak. Homozygote lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)bw[R20] = In(2LR)40D;59D5-6. # bw[R25] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of bw. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation not described. Homozygote like bw. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;4)bw[R25] = T(2;4)59D;101E. # bw[R27] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of bw. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation intermediate; brown in combination with bw. RK1A. discoverer: Associated with T(Y;2)bw[R27] = T(Y;2)59D11-E1. # bw[R32] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation intermediate to slight. Homozygote shows extreme variegation and reduced viability. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[R32] = In(2R)41A;59D. # bw[R33] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[R33] = In(2R)41;59D-E. # bw[R35] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation intermediate to slight; homozygotes show more extreme variegation and reduced viability. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2)bw[R35] = In(2)40F-41A;59D11-E1. # bw[R40] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeShows slight dilutation of eye pigment in bw[R40]/+ heterozygote. Homozygote presumably lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)bw[R40] = Df(2R)59C5-6;59E2-3. # bw[R45] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of bw. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation of bw[R45]/+ slight. Homozygote lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2)bw[R45] = In(2)40F-41A;59E3-4. # bw[R47] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis, 50d16. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegated in heterozygotes with bw[+]; strongly variegated in homozygotes and in heterozygotes with bw and other variegated browns. Homozygotes show melanotic clots of dried hemolymph. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2)bw[R47] = In(2)40-41;59D11-E1. # bw[R50] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. cytology: Analysis incomplete; one break at 59D2-3. # bw[R55] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis, 50d23. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypebw[R55]/+ and bw[R55]/bw usually show small amounts of variegated eye tissue but, occasionally, entire eye nearly lacks red pigment. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)bw[R55] = In(2LR)24E1-D;42E + In(2R)40F-41A;59D4-5. # bw[R56] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation intermediate in heterozygote, extreme in homozygote. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2)bw[R56] = In(2)40F-41A;59D-E. # bw[R57] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation weak in heterozygote. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(Y;2)bw[R57] = T(Y;2)59D5-6. # bw[R58] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation in heterozygote weak. Homozygote lethal. RK1A. discoverer: Associated with T(2;3;4)bw[R58] = T(2;3;4)59D;65;101C. # bw[R67] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeVariegation in heterozygote moderate to strong. Homozygote lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2)bw[R67] = In(2)40F-41A;59E4-F1. # bw[R68] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5:23. phenotypeLike bw. RK1A. cytology: Associated with complex rearrangement with one break near 58F; mutation and rearrangement presumably independently induced. # bw[R73] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. cytology: Associated with In(2)bw[R73] = In(2)40F-41A;59E4-F1. # bw[R79] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis, 50g26. references: 1955, Genetics 40:5-23. phenotypeStrongly variegated in combination with either bw or bw[+]. Homozygous lethal and lethal or semilethal with most other brown-Variegateds. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2)bw[R79] = In(2)40F-41A;59F2-3. # bw[V1]: brown-Variegated origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 1929. synonym: Pm: Plum. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22:299-334 (fig.). Glass, 1934, J. Genet. 28:69-112 (fig.). 1934, Am. Naturalist 68:107-14. Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2:745-55. phenotypeEye color like bw or pr, mottled with darker spots that deepen in red color with age. With st or v, has pale orange ground with dark orange spots. Extra Y chromosome, as with other variegated browns, suppresses brown color, giving red eye sparsely speckled or splotched with darker spots. Larval Malpighian tubules normal (Glass, Brehme). Generally lethal homozygous and in combination with other brown-Variegateds. Heterozygotes fully viable and fertile. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)bw[V1] = In(2LR)21C8-D1;60D1-2 + In(2LR)40F;59D4-E1 (Schultz and Bridges). # bw[V2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Harris, 1929. synonym: Discolored. references: Muller, 1930, J. Genet. 22:299-334 (fig.). Glass, 1934, J. Genet. 28:69-112 (fig.). 1934, Am. Naturalist 68:107-14. phenotypeEye color similar to bw[V1] but less purplish. v; bw[V2] has yellower ground color and browner spots than bw[V1]; st. Homozygote nearly always lethal. Malpighian tubules of larvae normal (Glass, Brehme). RK1A. cytology: Not studied. Shown genetically to be associated with In(2R)bw[V2]. # bw[V3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 1929. synonym: Tarnished. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22:299-334 (fig.). Glass, 1934, J. Genet. 28:69-112 (fig.). 1934, Am. Naturalist 68:107-14. phenotypeEye color like bw[V1] but with browner ground and numerous discrete very dark granular spots; more variable. Larval Malpighian tubules normal (Glass, Brehme). Homozygote generally lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[V3]. # bw[V4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Patterson, 1929. synonym: Rosy. references: Glass, 1934, J. Genet. 28:69-112 (fig.). 1934, Am. Naturalist 68:107-14. phenotypeEye color yellow-brown ground with numerous dark granular spots. Homozygous lethal in 95% of cases; survivors have pale rose-brown eye color with few darker spots, which change to white and yellowish in combination with st. Larval Malpighian tubules normal (Glass, Brehme). RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[V4]. # bw[V5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Patterson, 1929. synonym: 143a. references: Glass, 1934, J. Genet. 28:69-112 (fig.). 1934, Am. Naturalist 68:107-14. phenotypeLike bw[V3] and bw[V4] but browner ground color. Rare homozygous survivors. Larval Malpighian tubules normal (Glass, Brehme). RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[V5]. # bw[V6] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of bw. discoverer: Moore, 1929. synonym: A34. references: Glass, 1934, J. Genet. 28:69-112 (fig.). 1934, Am. Naturalist 68:107-14. phenotypeLike bw[V5]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[V6]. origin: Lost by reversion. # bw[V7] discoverer: Winchester, 1932. phenotypeEye color like bw[V5]. Homozygote moderately viable; eye color of pale rose-brown ground with few spots. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[V7]. # bw[V8] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Levy, 1932. references: 1935, DIS 3:7. phenotypeLike bw[V4]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[V8]. # bw[V29l] origin: Radium induced. discoverer: Van Atta, 29l. synonym: Cream; Dilute-1. references: Hanson and Winkelman, 1929, J. Heredity 20:277-86. Van Atta, 1932, Genetics 17:637-59. phenotypeLike bw[V1]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)bw[V29l]. # bw[V30a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 30a. phenotypeAlmost homogeneous brown eye color. RK3(A). # bw[V30k1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Van Atta, 30k1. synonym: Dilute-2. references: 1932, Genetics 17:637-59. phenotypeLike bw[V1]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)bw[V30k1]. # bw[V30k10] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Van Atta, 30k10. synonym: Dilute-3. references: 1932, Genetics 17:637-59. phenotypeEye color blotched heavily with large patches of red and brown. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[V30k10]. # bw[V30k12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Van Atta, 30k12. synonym: Dilute-4. references: 1932, Genetics 17:637-59. phenotypeEye color mostly red with a sprinkling of spots and facets of brown, appearing as dark spots. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[V30k12]. # bw[V30k13] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Van Atta, 30k13. synonym: Dilute-5. references: 1932, Genetics 17:637-59. phenotypeEye color mostly red with brown spotting. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[V30k13]. # bw[V30k18] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Van Atta, 30k18. synonym: Dilute-6. references: 1932, Genetics 17:637-59. phenotypeEye color mostly red with sprinkling of dark (brown) facets. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3;4)bw[V30k18]. # bw[V32g] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dobzhansky, 32g6. synonym: Pm[2]. references: Schultz and Dobzhansky, 1934, Genetics 19:344-64. Schultz, 1936, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 22:27-33. phenotypeDominant eye color like brown but flecked with darker spots. Shows 18% normal red pigment and 88% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1954, J. Genet. 52:127-39). bw[V32g]/bw is like bw with very few spots. bw[V32g]/+ is easily separable from wild type except in the presence of an extra Y. bw[V32g]/lt shows variegation for light (Schultz, 1936). Viability excellent. Homozygous lethal except for rare survivors with light eye color and somatic abnormalities. Larval Malpighian tubules somewhat lighter than wild type but not useful in classification (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6:351-56). RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)bw[V32g] = In(2LR)40F;59E. # bw[V34k] origin: X ray induced in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Oliver, 34k22. synonym: Var[34k22]. references: 1937, DIS 7:19. phenotypeEye color nearly homogeneous brown, slightly mottled. Larval Malpighian tubules normal (Glass, Brehme). RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[V34k] = In(2R)41;59E, which carries as an included inversion In(2R)Cy = In(2R)42A2-3;58A4-B1. # bw[V40b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: T. Hinton, 40b. references: Atwood, 1942, DIS 16:47. phenotypeEye light brown with some darker variegation. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[V40b] = In(2R)41A-B;59D-E. # bw[V54a] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Mickey, 54a6. references: 1963, DIS 38:29. phenotypeVariegated for bw. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[V54a] = In(2R)41A-B;59D4-9. # bw[V54b] discoverer: Mickey, 54b12. references: 1963, DIS 38:29. phenotypeVariegated for bw. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[V54b] = In(2R)41A;60D9-11. # bw[V54c] origin: Neutron induced. discoverer: Yanders, 54c5. references: Mickey, 1963, DIS 38:29. phenotypeVariegated for bw. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[V54c] = In(2R)41;59E1. # bw[V57e] origin: X ray induced in In(2LR)SM1, al[2] Cy cn[2] sp[2]. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 57e. references: Hochman, 1961, DIS 35:85-86. Welshons, 1962, Genetics 47:743-59. phenotypeEyes brown and mottled. Viability of bw[V57e]/bw[V1] about 40% at 26[o]C and 20% at 23.5[o]; body tends to be small; wings divergent and often not expanded; patches of unpigmented microchaetae. RK2A. cytology: Salivary chromosomes not examined but likely that bw[V57e] is the result of a rearrangement superimposed on SM1. # bw[VD]: brown-Variegated Dichaete linked origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 29k24. synonym: Ic D. references: 1932, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 61:447-88. phenotypeLike bw[V1] but redder and more variable. Homozygous lethal except in combination with other brown-Variegateds. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[VD]. origin: Irradiated third chromosome carried D. # bw[VDe1]: brown-Variegated of Demerec origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33i28. references: Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2:745-55. phenotypeEye color variegated brown and red; extreme dominant brown with pebbled wing. Lethal when homozygous and in combination with bw[5]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[VDe1] = In(2R)41B2-C1;59E2-4. # bw[VDe2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j14. references: Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2:745-55. phenotypeEye color mosaic of brown and dark brown patches. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[VDe2] = In(2R)41A-B;59D6-E1. # bw[VDe3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j14. phenotypeEye color variegated brown and red. In bw[VDe3]/bw[5], wings fail to expand; joints and sutures weak with melanotic clots. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[VDe3] = T(2;3)59D;81F. # bw[VDe4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k22. phenotypeEye color red with brown spots; bw[VDe4]/bw and X/0; bw[VDe4]/+ are brown. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)bw[VDe4] = T(2;3)59D2-4;80. # bw[VI]: brown-Variegated of Ives origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 38l13. references: 1950, DIS 24:58. phenotypeLike bw[D]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)bw[VI] = In(2R)41A;59D (T. Hinton). # bw-b: brown-b location: 3- (between 97.0 and 104.2). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. L. Smith, 34f. references: Robertson, 1935, DIS 4:15. Smith and Robertson, 1938, Genetics 23:167. phenotypeLike bw in young flies but much darker than bw in old individuals. RK1. origin: Apparently never tested for allelism with ca (3-100.7). # bwl: bow-legged location: 1-21.9. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 83. phenotypePoorly viable with shorter divergent wings. Bristles thinner and shorter. Legs shortened and either femur or tibia, or both, bow shaped. Males sterile. RK3. # bx: bithorax location: 3-58.8. discoverer: Bridges, 15i22. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327:137, 152 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:79, 214 (fig.). Lewis, 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16:159-74 (fig.). 1963, Am. Zoologist 3:33-56 (fig.). phenotypeAnterior half of metathorax becomes mesothoracic and posterior half remains unchanged. This results in the appearance, between the scutellum and the first abdominal segment, of rudimentary anterior mesothoracic elements (i. e., mesonotum and scutellum) with the proper bristles and hairs. Balancers directed ventrally, enlarged, vesiculate or winglike, with typical but rudimentary wing venation and bristles. Metathoracic tibia has a mesothoracic tibial bristle. Variable, overlapping wild type at 25[o] and more so at 19[o]C. Dorsal metathoracic disk of mature larva is 60% larger than wild type [Chen, 1929, J. Morphol. 47:135-99 (fig.)]. Thoracic musculature studied by El Shatoury [1956, J. Embryol. Exptl. Morphol. 4:228-39 (fig.)] and Pantelouris and Waddington [1955, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 147:539-46 (fig.)]. Bristle patterns studied by Waddington (1962, New Patterns in Genetics and Development, Columbia University Press). Slight expression in combination with bw[34e] and bw[W] (Hollander, 1937, DIS 8:77), and no interaction as trans heterozygote with bxd or Ubx (E. B. Lewis). RK3. cytology: Located close to, if not within, the 8E1-2 doublet (Lewis, 1951). origin: The leftmost member of a pseudoallelic series including, from left to right, bx, Cbx, Ubx, bxd, and pbx. # bx[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 25b2. references: 1935, DIS 3:29. Lewis, 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16:159-74 (fig.). 1955, Am. Naturalist 89:73-89. 1963, Am. Zoologist 3:33-56 (fig.). phenotypeExtreme expression of bx metathoracic effect. Little variability. Viability low but can be maintained homozygous. Balancers enlarged in heterozygote. Interactions with other bx pseudoalleles described by Lewis (1951, 1955, 1963). Almost completely suppressed by su(Hw)2. RK3. # bx[34e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Schultz, 34e20. references: 1935, DIS 4:6. Lewis, 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16:159-74. 1955, Am. Naturalist 89:73-89. 1963, Am. Zoologist 3:33-56 (fig.). phenotypeMetathoracic outpushing is a uniform, narrow, hairy band. Balancers depressed, inflated, with elongated pointed tip and heavy line of costal bristles. Base of third leg shows sternopleural bristles like those of normal second leg. Metathoracic development of bx[34e]/bx[34e] > bx[34e]/bw[W] > bx[34e]/bx (Hollander, 1937, DIS 8:77). bx[34e]/Ubx has round, flat, wing-like halteres; bx[34e] Ubx/+ + = Ubx/+ (Lewis). Complements bxd. Reasonable viability and fecundity. Highly constant expression and easy separability. Expression increased slightly at 29[o]C, decreased at 15[o]C (Villee, 1943, Anat. Record 87:475). RK2. # bx[51j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gunson. references: 1952, DIS 26:63. phenotypePenetrance 0.5% at 16[o], 1% at 20[o], and 29% at 25[o]C. RK3. # bx[W]: bithorax-Wisconsin origin: Spontaneous; recovered in one third chromosome of the female in whose other third chromosome Ubx was first recovered. discoverer: Hollander, 1934. references: 1937, DIS 8:8, 77. phenotypeMetathorax developed more than any other bx allele and strongly bristled. Halteres directed ventrally, large, flat, and winglike with veins and bristles. Mesothorax shows clear stripe or bifida condition. Wings usually spread, often dragging. Sternopleural and tibial and ventral bristles of third leg resemble those of normal second leg. bx[W]/bxd = +. Viability and fertility fair. RK2. # Bx: Beadex location: 1-59.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23a3. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:219. Green, 1953, Genetics 38:91-105 (fig.). phenotypeMale and homozygous female with Beaded-like wings; long, narrow, and excised along both margins. Male and homozygous female fully viable. Heterozygous female less extreme and overlaps wild type. Some venation abnormality. Development studied by Goldschmidt [1935, Biol. Zentr. 55:535-54 (fig.)]. According to Waddington (1940), embryological effect is same as that of vg. RK2 ( RK3 as Bx/+). discoverer: Locus in salivary region 17A, B, or C, based on limits of Dp(1;1)Bx[r49k] (E. B. Lewis). Salivary chromosomes of Bx normal.(Lewis). # Bx[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 24l29. references: 1927, Nyt Mag. Natur. 65:265-74. Green, 1953, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Verebungslehre 85:435-49. phenotypeWings of males and homozygous females narrowed by marginal excision. Wings often bubbly and ragged. Homozygous female fully viable. Bx[2]/+ less extreme; overlaps wild type. Classifiable in a single dose in triploids (Schultz, 1934, DIS 1:55). RK1 ( RK3 as Bx[2]/+). # Bx[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gershenson, 1927. references: Gaissinovitsch and Gershenson, 1928, Biol. Zentr. 48:385-87 (fig.). phenotypeExtreme allele usually without the bubbles in the wing. Shortened L5 a constant character (few Bx[2] show this). Wings more pointed than Bx[2] and hairs at tip of wing clumped. Scalloping visible in prepupal wing bud [Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41:75-139 (fig.)]. Bx[3]/+ fully separable. RK1. # Bx[59h] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: T. J. Lee, 59h. references: 1964, DIS 39:60. phenotypeLike Bx. RK2. # Bx[C]: Beadex of Catcheside origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Catcheside, 39c3. references: 1939, DIS 12:49. phenotypePosterior wing margin excised as far as and including most of L5; end of wing notched and anterior margin weakly excised. Wings blistered, especially basally. Bx[C]/+ is like Bx[C]/Y. RK1. # Bx[J]: Beadex of Jollos origin: Induced by heat treatment. discoverer: Jollos, 1930. synonym: Ptd: Pointedoid. references: 1933, Naturwissenschaften 21:831-34. Gottschewski, 1935, DIS 4:7, 14, 16. Jollos and Waletsky, 1937, DIS 8:9. phenotypeWings reduced to slender strip; only posterior cell present at tip. Femur shortened or legs otherwise abnormal, especially third pair. Homozygous female viable. Interacts with bi to give more nearly normal wings. Embryology like Bx [Goldschmidt, 1935, Biol. Zentr. 55:535-54; Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41:75-139 (fig.)]. RK1. # Bx[r]: Beadex-recessive origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 35k. references: 1937, DIS 7:6. Green, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 38:949-53. 1953, Genetics 38:91-105 (fig.). phenotypeBx[r]/+ is normal. Male and homozygous female show less extreme narrowing of wings than Bx. Anterior crossvein short and thickened and that region blistered. May overlap wild type in old crowded cultures at 25[o], more extreme at 19[o]C. RK3A. cytology: Associated with Dp(1;1)Bx[r] = Dp(1;1)17A;17E-F (Green, 1953, determined by E. B. Lewis). origin: Bx/Dp(1;1)Bx[r] produces recombinants of genotype Bx[+]Bx and BxBx[+], which are more extreme than Bx. Same holds for Bx[2]/Dp(1;1)Bx[r]. # Bx[r49k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 49k22. synonym: Bx[r2]. references: 1950, DIS 24:61. Green, 1953, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 85:435-49 (fig.). phenotypeSlight scalloping of posterior wing margin only; overlaps wild type. RK3A. cytology: Associated with Dp(1;1)Bx[r49k] = Dp(1;1)17A;17C (E. B. Lewis). origin: This duplication undergoes unequal crossing over readily and forms triplications and quadruplications. Duplication is recessive; triplication is dominant. Phenotypic interaction with Bx same as for Bx[r]. # bxd: bithoraxoid location: 3-58.8. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 19l27. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 225 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 214 (fig.), 219. Lewis, 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16:159-74 (fig.). 1955, Am. Naturalist 89:73-89. 1963, Am. Zoologist 3:33-56 (fig.). phenotypePosterior portion of metathorax becomes mesothoracic; anterior metathorax unaffected. Enlarged metathoracic postnotum forms two wedges of tissue, devoid of hairs and bristles, meeting at the mid-dorsal line. Balancers enlarged into circular disks that are cupped and bent downward and show venation but are bare of bristles except for weak ones at rear margin. Stalk of balancer wide and flat. First abdominal segment shows thoracic modification (modification of anterior portion is metathoraciclike; posterior portion is partially mesothoraciclike). Rudiments of a first pair of abdominal legs and, in certain combinations, of partially wing-like first abdominal halteres may occur. Interactions with other bithorax pseudoalleles described by Lewis (1951, 1955, 1963). RK3. cytology: Locus probably 89E3-4 (E. B. Lewis). # bxd[100] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16:159-74. phenotypeMore extreme bithoraxoid phenotype than bxd. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Tp(3)bxd[100] = Tp(3)66C;89B5-6;89E2-3. bx[+] but not bxd included in transposed section. # bxd[101] origin: X ray induced in ss bx Su(ss)[2]. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. phenotypeLike bxd[100]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(3;4)89E = T(3;4)89E2-3;101F. # bxd[110] origin: X ray induced in p[p] bx sr e[s]. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. phenotypeLike bxd[100]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Tp(3)bxd[110] = Tp(3)89E2-3;91C7-D1;92A2-3. # bxd[121] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16:159-74. 1963, Am. Zoologist 3:33-56 (fig.). phenotypebxd[121]/bxd shows infrequent development of abdominal wing-like halteres as well as abdominal legs. RK2. # Bxd: Beadexoid location: 1-45. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Caif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:507, 520. phenotypeLike a strong Bx. RK2. # by: blistery location: 3-48.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Glass, 33a. references: 1934, DIS 2:8. Wings blistered in subterminal region; wing surface dusky and warped. Thorax humpy. RK1. # by46h origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 46h15. references: 1948, DIS 22:53. phenotypeLike by but without thoracic effect. RK1. # c: curved location: 2-75.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 11l24. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 164 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 211 (fig.). phenotypeWings thin textured, divergent, uplifted at base, and curved downward throughout their length. RK1. # C-K: Curved of Krivshenko location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 55l3. references: 1956, DIS 30: 74. synonym: C[K]. phenotypeWings are thin textured, slightly divergent, uplifted basally, and then curved downward. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)C-K = T(2;3)52;76;81;86. # C( ): Crossover suppressor The terminology originally used for dominant suppressors of crossing over. These effects were found to be rearrangements and are so treated here. The symbol C in this context has been dropped except where included under synonymy. # c(1)a recessive crossover suppressor for chromosome 1 location: One factor in X and probably several autosomal modifiers. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1916. references: Bonnier, 1923, Hereditas 4: 81-110. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 220. phenotypeReduces recombination between v and f from 23 to 15% and between w[e] and v from 31% to 10%. c(1)a was probably the cause of a secondary nondisjunction frequency of 15-30%. RK3. other information: Validity of phenotypic description seems dubious. # c(3)G recessive crossover suppressor in chromosome 3 of Gowen location: 3-57.4 (1.0 to the left of sbd[2], 4.0 to the right of cv-c). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gowen and Gowen, 1917. synonym: cx (Gowen, 1928, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 14: 475-77). references: 1922, Am. Naturalist 56: 286-88. 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 2: 69-70. 1933, J. Exptl. Zool. 65: 83-106. phenotypeIn homozygous females, crossing over in entire chromosome complement reduced to a small fraction of normal. Production of triploids and intersexes 300-500 times normal. Nondisjunction increased; egg hatching very low, probably owing to aneuploid zygotes. Core structures characteristic of electron microscope preparations of normal oocyte nuclei absent in c(3)G/c(3)G oocytes (Meyer, 1964, Proc. Eur. Reg. Conf. Electron. Microscop. 3rd, pp. 461-62). Somatic crossing over normal (Le Clerc, 1946, Science 103: 553-54). Increased recombination observed in c(3)G/+ females (Hinton, 1962, Genetics 47: 959; 1966, Genetics 53: 157-64). Meiosis in males not affected. RK3. cytology: Included within Df(3R)sbd[105] = Df(3R)88F9-89A1;89B4-5 (Lewis, 1948, DIS 22: 72-73). # ca: claret location: 3-100.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 19l12. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 219 (fig.). phenotypeEye color ruby. Red and brown pigments 27% and 29% of normal levels, respectively (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53: 1-10). With cn, eye color is deep reddish yellow; with bw, translucent brownish yellow (Mainx, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 75: 256-76). Larval Malpighian tubes colorless (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). Eye color autonomous when larval optic disk from ca is transplanted into wild type or v. Wild-type disk in ca not entirely autonomous (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230); ca flies produce less v[+] substance than wild type (Clancy, 1942, Genetics 27: 417-40). Slightly narrow body and pointed wing. RK1. cytology: Judged to be in 99C-E, based on In(3R)ca[v] = In(3R)81F;99C-E (E. B. Lewis). # ca[2] origin: Spontaneous in In(3R)P = In(3R)89C2-3;96A18-19. discoverer: Bridges, 32f22. phenotypeEye color like ca. Same body and wing effect as ca. Larval Malpighian tubes colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1A. # ca[nd]: claret-nondisjunctional origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis and Gencarella. references: 1952, Genetics 37: 600-1. phenotypeEye color like ca, but homozygous females lay mostly inviable eggs; surviving progeny often show results of chromosome nondisjunction and loss; meiosis normal in ca[nd]/ca females. Similar in action to ca of Drosophila simulans (Sturtevant, 1929, Z. Wiss. Zool. Abt. A 135: 323-56). One experiment yielded 1373 progeny of females homozygous for ca[nd] and gave the following results: 42% regular offspring, 15.0% exceptional (X/X/Y and X/0), 32.0% haplo-4, 3.9% haplo-4 mosaics, and 5.4% gynandromorphs. The remaining 0.8% included a triploid female, triploid intersexes, probably supermales, and a few other kinds of mosaics. Causes nondisjunction and loss of major autosomes (Davis, D. G., 1963, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Georgia). Hinton and McEarchen (1963, DIS 37: 90) reported haploid-diploid mosaic. Crossing over between X chromosomes normal (Davis). ca[nd] ovaries transplanted into normal host behave autonomously (Roberts, 1962, DIS 36: 112). Chromosome segregation normal in ca[nd] males. RK3. # ca[v]: claret-variegated origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. phenotypeca[v]/ca slightly variegated. Can be confused with wild type. ca[v]/ca[nd] females produce normal progeny. Homozygous lethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)ca[v] = In(3R)81F;99C-E. # cal: coal location: 3-59.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Grout, 47l20. references: Ives, 1948, DIS 22: 53. phenotypeBlack body color similar to e[4]. Viability reduced slightly. RK2. # car: carnation location: 1-62.5. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Patterson, 28c20. references: 1934, DIS 1: 31. phenotypeEye color dark ruby. Body shape and proportions seem rounded. With st, eye color is yellow-brown; with bw, brownish yellow to brown (Mainx, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 75: 256-76). Malpighian tubes pale yellow in mature larva (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611) but hard to dintinguish from wild type before third instar. Eye color autonomous in transplant into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Contains 33% wild-type red pigment and 47% brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). RK1. cytology: Shown to lie in doublet 18D1-2 by deficiency analysis (J. I. Valencia). # car[2] discoverer: Nolte, 1952. references: 1954, DIS 28: 77. phenotypeVisually resembles car but contains only one-half the amount of red pigment of car, 16% of wild-type red pigment, and 48% of wild-type brown pigment (1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). RK1. # car[26-48] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels and Jansen, 57l. references: Sobels, 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeEye color darker than car and tends to resemble pn more than car. RK1. # cb: club location: 1-16.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 13e. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 69 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet 2: 78 (fig.). phenotypeWings clublike in about half the flies. Sternopleural bristles absent from all flies. RK3. # Cb: Curled blistered location: 1-13. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Villee, 40b. references: 1945, DIS 19: 47. phenotypeHeterozygous or homozygous Cb give curled and blistered wings only in presence of homozygous px[Cb]. RK3. # cbd: cluboid location: 3- (about 30 units to right or left of D). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16i15. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 169. phenotypeWings not expanded. Dwarfish. Low fertility. RK3. # cbf: clubfoot location: 1-45. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Cantor, 46d20. references: 1946, DIS 20: 64. phenotypeLeg segments greatly shortened; abnormally shaped tarsi and metathoracic legs. Wings slightly warped, wide in center, and tapering at ends. All flies emerging show both wing and leg effects but expression variable. Only about 3% of cbf flies eclose. RK3. other information: Not tested for allelism to p1. (1-47.9). # Cbx: Contrabithorax location: 3-58.8 (to the right of bx; to the left of Ubx). origin: X ray induced. Arose simultaneously with pbx. discoverer: Bacon, 49h. references: Lewis, 1954, DIS 28: 76. 1954, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 9th. 1: 100-5. 1955, Am. Naturalist 89: 73-89. 1963, Am. Zoologist 3: 35-56 (fig.). phenotypeCbx/+ and Cbx/Cbx virtually indistinguishable and have small wings. The posterior portion of the mesothorax transformed into a structure that resembles posterior portion of metathorax. Wings have veins L1, L2, and L3 only. In extreme cases, entire mesothorax resembles metathorax so that wings resemble halteres. Metathorax is wild type. Cbx acts as dominant suppressor of homozygous pbx and partial suppressor of bx and bxd. Interactions with other bx pseudoalleles described by Lewis (1955, 1963). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. Located close to if not within the 89E1-2 doubled (Lewis). other information: A member of the bithorax pseudoallelic complex (see bx). # cc: chlorotic location: 1-0.0 (0.1 to left of sc). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 19j18. references: 1923, Studia Mendeliana (Brunae): 266-87. phenotypeBody color greenish yellow. Flies small. Mortality 90%. RK3. # cc[y]: chlorotic-yellowish origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 21i. references: 1929, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 399: 190. phenotypeBody color pale yellow. Viability and fertility low. Like cc. RK3. # ccw: concave wing location: 1-23.4. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 68. phenotypeWings shorter and narrower with L3 and L4 shifted toward each other, occasionally truncated. Wing membrane depressed in center into slight concavity, giving slight scooped effect. Not easily classified. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3025. # cd: cardinal location: 3-75.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Johnson, 19k24. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 217 (fig.). phenotypeEye color yellowish vermilion, changing toward wild type with age. Brown pigment 15% of normal (Nolte, 1954, J. Genet. 52: 111-26). Ocelli white, showing no effect of age. Eye color autonomous in transplant of larval optic disk into wild type, ca, cn, st, or v larval host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes bright yellow; not distinguishable from wild type. RK2. # cd[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 32c30. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 34. 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69. phenotypeLike cd. RK2. # cd[63] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Clancy, 63a. references: 1964, DIS 39: 65. phenotypeLike cd. RK2. # Cd: Coildex location: 2-54.6 (0.1 unit to the right of pr). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bateman, 1954. synonym: Coiled. references: 1955, DIS 29: 69. phenotypeSimilar to Cy but wing curvature more extreme; wings opaque and greyish. Anterior margin of wing invaginated at point where L1 meets wing margin. When expresson is weakest, it appears only as a slight wave in the wing margin. In 10-15% of the flies, wings also curve downward over flanks before curling upward. In y; Cd flies, curvature reduced to a shallow spoon. Cd epistatic to Cy. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # Ce: Cell location: 4- (not located). discoverer: Glass, 39a28. references: 1939, DIS 12: 47. phenotypeVaries from almost complete fusion of veins L3 and L4 to wild type. Intermediate types have narrowing and closing of first posterior wing cell with extra veins in region of anterior crossvein and deltas at ends of L3 and L4. Expression is better above 25[o]C. Homozygous lethal. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 101E through 102B16, based on inclusion of Ce[2] within Df(4)M = Df(4)101E-F;102B6-17. # Ce[2] Spontaneous. discoverer: Green. references: 1952, DIS 26: 63. phenotypeOcelli reduced or absent; ocellar and scutellar bristles absent; wing veins L3 and L4 converge, giving wing phenotype much like fu although wing phenotype variable. Homozygous lethal; lethality occurs during embryonic period (Hochman). RK3. other information: Allelism based on phenotype and lethal interaction with Df(4)M (Hochman). # Ce[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 59c11. references: 1959, DIS 33: 94. phenotypeIdentical to Ce[2]. RK3. # cf: cleft location: 1-65.6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 14j28. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 55 (fig.). phenotypeWings smaller and somewhat spread. L3 split just beyond first crossvein; extra crossveins and branches. Gap in L4 beyond second crossvein. Males sterile. Viability good. RK2. # Cf: Confluent location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1916, Genetics 1: 151. Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 255. phenotypeVeins thickened and knotted, especially L2 opposite anterior crossvein and at costa. Wing smaller. Low fertility in heterozygote; good viability. Homozygous lethal. RK2. other information: May have been a Plexate. # cg: comb gap location: 2-71.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 25k16. phenotypeSex combs of male extremely large. Some distortion and shortening of legs. Wings show gap in vein L4 between posterior crossvein and margin. Wings slightly curved. Effects result from a combination of overgrowth and irregular folding of imaginal rudiments during the pupal period. Strong exaggeration in compound homozygotes with genes such as d, fj, ds, and ss[a]. Double heterozygote for cg and ci often shows gap in L4 (Waddington, 1952, J. Genet. 51: 243-58). Double heterozygote en cg/++ has slight degree of L4 interruption and thinning at low temperature. Triple heterozygote en cg/++; ci/+ has L4 interruption in half the flies (House, 1961, Genetics 46: 871). ci[W] interacts strongly with cg. cg/+; ci[W]/+ resembles ci[W]/ci[w] (House, 1953, Genetics 38: 669-70). Females sterile. Oogenesis highly irregular (Beatty, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh B 63: 249-70). RK2. # ch: chubby location: 2-72.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17j26. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 222. phenotypeAdults, pupae, and larvae thickset and short. Difficult to distinguish from wild type. Chubby larvae shorter than wild type at hatching [Dobzhansky and Duncan, 1933, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 130: 109-30 (fig.)]. RK3. # ch-b: chilblained-b location: 1-23.8. discoverer: Moriwaki, 39e22. references: 1939, DIS 12: 50. phenotypeTarsi conglutinated. RK3. # che: cherub location: 2-62.0. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 48g. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 71. phenotypeWings short, papery, and downcurved with short, broad alulae. Males sterile. Homozygotes short lived and balanced stock cn che bw sp/In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy, al[2] Cy cn[2] L[4] sp[2] has a generation time 30% longer than normal. RK3. # che[2] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer and Edmondson, 481. references: 1951, DIS 25: 71. phenotypeSimilar to che in wing characteristics and male sterility. RK3. # che[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Meyer, 60g. references: 1963, DIS 37: 50. phenotypeWings curved, spread, and short. Less extreme than che. che[3]/che sterile in both sexes. che[3]/che[3] not tested for sterility because fs(2)B and ms(2)2 on same chromosome. RK2. # chl: chaetelle location: 2-60.8. discoverer: Bridges, 33a4. references: Beatty, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh B 63: 249-70. phenotypeBristles very small. Wing venation slightly plexuslike, exaggerates px when combined with it. Body size small. Rotated genitalia in many males. Blunt-tipped abdomen. Females infertile, but ovary and oocytes appear normal. RK2. # cho: chocolate location: 1-5.4 (left of ec). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Weigle, 1955. references: Sturtevant, 1955, DIS 29: 75. phenotypeEye color brown with whitish highlights. Paler than se, less purplish than pn. Malpighian tubes of larvae and adults contain brown pigment like red. Larvae easily distinguished from wild type. Brown pigment of Malpighian tubes absent when cho is combined with v, cn, or st mutations, which prevent formation of brown eye pigment. Eye color of cho v is yellowish, but cho g cannot be distinguished from g. Separability, viability, and fertility excellent. RK1. other information: Not included in Df(1)N[8] = Df(1)3B4-C1;3D6-E1. # cho[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green, 1955. references: Sturtevant, 1955, DIS 29: 75. phenotypeDark brownish eye; indistinguishable from cho. RK1. # chr: chrome location: 1- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 13l15. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 74. phenotypeBody color brownish yellow or tan. Abdominal bands clear yellow. RK3. other information: Probably a tan allele. # chy: chunky location: 2- (between 8 and 28). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38b10. phenotypeBody short and heavy set. Wings shorter than wild type. Difficult to classify. RK3. Wings showing from no interruption (extreme left) to complete absence (extreme right) of the cubital vein. # ci: cubitus interruptus location: 4-0 (most proximal mutant in 4). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Tiniakov and Terentieva, 30b. references: Terentieva, 1931, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 7: 187-90 (fig.). Tiniakov and Terentieva, 1933, Genetics 18: 117-20 (fig.). Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. Sturtevant, 1951, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 37: 405-7. Stern and Kodani, 1955, Genetics 40: 343-73 (fig.). phenotypeVein L4 shows one or more gaps both distal and proximal to posterior crossvein, generally nonterminal. Anterior crossvein shortened or absent. Other gaps and scattered branch veins in region of crossveins. At 19[o]C, nearly all flies have a mutant phenotype; at 25[o]C, there is slight overlap with wild type; at 30[o]C, virtually all flies are wild type. Dosage effect such that ci/0 haplo-4's are more extreme than ci/ci diplo-4's, which are more extreme than ci/ci/ci triplo-4's. For interactions of ci with en, H, ve, and cg, see House, 1953, Genetics 38: 199-214, 309-27; 1955, Anat. Record 122: 471; 1959, Genetics, 44: 516; 1961, Genetics, 46: 871. Expression of ci sensitive to genetic background; selection possible for more and less extreme phenotypes (House and Yeatts, 1962, Genetics 47: 960). Phenotypic effect visible in prepupa by absence of the longer longitudinal vein. RK1 at 19[o]C and higher rank with higher temperatures. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 101F2-102A5, on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)M[63a] = Df(4)101F2-102A1;102A2-5. other information: The expression of ci[+] can be altered in direction of ci by certain chromosome rearrangments that have one break in vicinity of ci locus. Rearranged fourth chromosomes carrying a mutant allele of ci, R(ci), may also show altered expression of gene (Stern and Kodani, 1955). R(ci) and R(ci[+]) terminology not retained here; interaction with ci included in descriptions of aberrations involving chromosome 4. # ci[36l] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 36l. phenotypeLess extreme than ci. Ranges from appearance of a plexus in L4 between crossveins to gaps in L4 and L5 posterior to crossveins. RK3. # ci[+2]: cubitus interruptus-wild-type isoallele origin: On fourth chromosome carrying ey[2]. discoverer: Stern and Schaeffer, 1943. references: 1943, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 29: 361-67. phenotypeHomozygote wild type at 14[o] and 26[o]C. ci[+2]/Df(4)M wild type at 26[o]C; shows some thinning and interruption of L4 at 14[o]C. ci[+2]/ci wild type at 26[o]C; at 14[o]C, fewer flies show thinning or interruption of L4 than ci[+C]/ci. ci[+2]/ci[W] shows significantly greater amount of thinning and interruption of L4 than ci[+C]/ci[W]. RK3. # ci[+3] discoverer: Stern and Schaeffer, 1943. references: 1943, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 29: 361-67. phenotypeHomozygote wild type at 26[o] and shows some thinning of L4 at 14[o]C. About half of ci[+3]/ci heterozygotes are not wild type at 25[o] and about three-fourths are not at 14[o]C. Only a few ci[+3]/ci[W] individuals overlap wild type. RK3. # ci[+5] origin: A male of the Cockaponsett wild stock. discoverer: Hochman, 55l. references: 1961, Evolution 15: 239-46. phenotypeWild type at 25[o]C; at 17[o]C, a small fraction of flies display wing vein abnormalities (do not involve L4). Over 80% of ci[+5]/ci flies show gaps in L4 distal to posterior crossvein. RK3. # ci[+C] origin: Canton-S wild type. discoverer: Stern and Schaeffer, 1943. references: 1943, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 29: 361-67. phenotypeWhen homozygous, wild type at 14[o], 18[o], and 25[o]C. ci[+C]/Df(4)M wild type at 26[o]C; very few flies show thinning or interruption of L4 at 14[o]C. ci[+C]/ci wild type at 26[o]; some flies show thinning or interruption at 14[o]C. ci[+C]/ci[W] causes significant thinning or interruption of L4 at 26[o]C. RK3. # ci[D]: cubitus interruptus-Dominant origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ruch, 32a18. references: Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. phenotypeWings show interruptions of L4 in two places: proximal to and distal to anterior crossvein. L5 also shows distal interruption. L3 and L5 thick. Considerable plexus effect and knotting of veins. Wings broader, warped or concave upward, regularly extended, and bent backward. Alula fused with and in same plane as blade of wing. Black dried blood from axillary spiracle. Slight scalloping of inner wing margin, with hairs and tufts. Direction and extent of temperature effects depends on genetic background (Scharloo). In general, no overlapping wild type. H/+ inhibits scalloping of ci[D] but greatly enhances L4 interruption (House, 1959, Genetics 44: 516). Fully dominant in triplo-4's (Sturtevant, 1936, Genetics 21: 448). Homozygous lethal. Lethal acts in embryonic stage (Hochman). RK1. cytology: Salivary study by Bridges revealed no chromosomal aberration. other information: Not allelic, at least with respect to its lethality, since ci[D]/Df(4)M[63a] survives, whereas ci/Df(4)M[63a] is mutant (Hochman, 1965, DIS 40: 60). # ci[D-G]: cubitus interruptus-Dominant of Gloor origin: Obtained by recombination between chromosomes with ci[D] and spa[po1]. discoverer: Gloor. references: Scharloo, 1963, DIS 38: 32. phenotypeLess extreme than ci[D]. Interruption of L5 is infrequent. Usually a terminal interruption of L4 distal to second crossvein and a gap proximal to first crossvein. Wings neither spread nor warped. No black dots present in axillary spiracles but overlaps wild type at lower temperatures. Good expressivity at 25[o]C (Scharloo). RK1. # ci[W]: cubitus interruptus of Wallace origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 36d20. synonym: It: Interruptus. phenotypeHomozygote is extreme ci type. Wings sometimes almost twice normal width, arclike, and virtually lack veins. Often present is a well-organized pattern of venation in which the posterior crossvein flows smoothly into L5. Legs lumpy, sex combs larger than normal, antennae enlarged, eyes smaller, and extra bristles present. Heterozygote shows gap in L4 in 80% of flies. ci[W] enhanced by H, en, and Cy (House, 1953, Genetics 38: 669-70; 1959, Genetics 44: 516). Temperature effect described by House (1955, Genetics 40: 576). RK2. # ck: crinkled location: 2-53. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30c30. phenotypeWings flimsy, crinkled, or wavy. Irregular stubby or wavy bristle effect. Viability poor. RK3. # cl: clot location: 2-16.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 27a3. phenotypeEye color dark maroon to sepialike with age,is less extreme than sepia. Sixty percent more red pigment than wild type (Nolte, 1954, J. Genet. 52: 127-39). Eye color autonomous when larval optic disk is transplanted into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow, distinguishable from wild type (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 25E1 to 26C1 (E. H. Grell). # cl[2] discoverer: Terry, 1928. phenotypeEye color like cl but darker. Larval Malpighian tubes yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. # cld: cloudy location: 2-96 to -101. origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Wallbrunn, 61j6. references: 1964, DIS 39: 59. phenotypeWings opaque from fluid between upper and lower membranes; occasionally, fluid forms small blisters. Males sterile; females highly infertile. RK2. # Cli: Clipped wings location: 1- (to the left of f). discoverer: Agol. references: 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeDominant wing mutant (no description given). Viable in male and homozygous female. RK3. # clm: clumpy marginals location: 1-32.6. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3205). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 68. phenotypeIrregularly bent marginal hairs, especially on posterior border of wings. Bristles stiff and frequently bent or split. Viability and fertility of males good. Homozygous females reduced in viability and fertility. RK2. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1506 and CB. 3007. # clv-1: cloven thorax no. 1 location: 1-0.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 19h. references: 1935, DIS 3: 29. phenotypeThorax often has long cleft; partially dominant. Semilethal at low temperature; viable at high temperature. RK3. # clv-2 location: 1-42.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l11. references: 1935, DIS 3: 29. phenotypeThorax has longitudinal cleft, sometimes half thorax. One wing often reduced or like vg. Partially dominant. Semilethal. RK3. # clv-2[52b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bateman, 52b. references: 1953, DIS 27: 55. phenotypeLike clv-2. Some flies have no dorsal thorax at all. Viability 30%. Penetrance 50%. The apparently wild-type males are fertile, abnormal ones sterile. Completely recessive. RK3. other information: Allelism with clv-2 not tested. # cm: carmine location: 1-18.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 27d27. references: 1927, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 45: 403-5. phenotypeEye color translucent dark ruby. With st, eye color deep orange; with brown, slightly lighter than bw alone. Larval Malpighian tubes very pale yellow. RK1. cytology: Locus lies between 6A3-4 and 6F10-11 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). More precisely located by Hannah-Alava in 6E, probably in or near 6E6. # cm[28-4] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels, 57l. references: 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeEye color more translucent and rubylike than cm. RK1. # cm[R8aH4] origin: X ray induced in R(1)2. discoverer: Muller, Valencia, and Valencia, 1946-53. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. cytology: Associated with Df(1)cm[R8aH4] = Df(1)6E (J. I. Valencia). # Cm: Crimp location: 3-43.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 28a28. phenotypeHeterozygote has crimped wings ruffled on rear edge. Classification good in first 4 days' hatch, then Cm overlaps wild type progressively. Better at 25[o] than at 19[o]C. Homozygous lethal. RK2 as lethal, RK3 as dominant. # cmp: crumpled location: 3-93. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22d2. synonym: cm. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 247. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 223. phenotypeWings about two-thirds normal size and greatly crumpled or blistered. Marginal hairs irregularly clumped. Legs irregularly shortened and gnarled. Bristles somewhat short and thick. Posterior scutellars slightly divergent. Branches of aristae bent anteriorly near middle, with apices parallel to main axes of aristae. Viability and fertility may be low. RK3. # cn: cinnabar location: 2-57.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Clausen, 20i8. references: 1924, J. Exptl. Zool. 38: 423-36. phenotypeEye color bright red, like v or st. Ocelli colorless. Eye color darkens with age, but ocelli remain colorless. Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). Nonautonomous in development of pigment of transplanted eye disks (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230); cn blocks conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine, which has been identified as the cn[+] hormone (Butenandt, Weidel, and Schlossberger, 1949, Z. Naturforsch. 4b: 242-44). RK1. cytology: Proximal to 44C based on its inclusion in Dp(2;3)P32 = Dp(2;3)41A;42D-E;44C-D;89D7-E1 (E. B. Lewis). # cn[2] origin: Spontaneous in In(2R)Cy. discoverer: L. Ward, 1921. references: 1923, Genetics 8: 276-300. phenotypeEye color slightly brighter than normal and ocelli pale. cn[2]/cn bright scarlet, like cn/cn; has colorless ocelli; and darkens more rapidly with age. Malpighian tubes of cn[2]/cn pale yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK2. # cn[s]: cinnabar-sterile origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 40e18. phenotypeEye color like cn. Females sterile. RK2. other information: Possibility that sterility factor separable from cn not completely eliminated. Found in chromosome carrying In(2L)t = In(2L)22D3-E1;34A8-9. # Co: Confluens location: 1-3.0. origin: Recovered among progeny of cold-treated fly. discoverer: Gottschewski 34c. references: 1935, DIS 4: 7, 14, 16. 1937, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 73: 131-42. 1937, DIS 8: 12. phenotypeVeins irregularly thickened, especially toward tips, which are usually deltas and fused broadly to marginal vein. Stronger expression in males than in females. Co/N[8] wild type except for slightly thicker L3 vein. Co/Ax like Ax/+. RK1A. cytology: Associated with a tandem duplication, Dp(1;1)Co = Dp(1;1)3C4-5;3D6-E1 (Schultz, 1941, DIS 14: 54-55). Result of duplication of 3C7, deficiency for which gives Notch (Morgan, Schultz, and Curry, 1941, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 40: 283). other information: Reversion to wild type occurs in Co/Co by unequal crossing over. A member of the Notch pseudoallelic complex. # coc: collapsed ocelli location: 1-61.5. origin: Induced by D-1:6-dimethanesulfonyl mannitol (CB. 2511). discoverer: Fahmy, 1960. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotypeOcelli small and flat, deflated owing to lack of eye fluid. Anterior ocellar hairs frequently missing. Other slight alterations in body size and wing shape. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary region 18A4 through 18B8 on the basis of its inclusion within the deficiency carrying the left end of In(1)y[4] = In(1)1A8-B1;18A3-4 and the right end of In(1)sc[9] = In(1)1B2-3;18B8-9 (Norton and Valencia, 1965, DIS 40: 40). # Coi: Coiled location: 2-48.7. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Carlson, 57g. references: 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeCoi/+ has curled wings like Cy/+ or j. Coi/Coi viable, with strongly curled wings similar to Cy/+; D/+. Coi/j shows no interaction. Excellent viability and fertility. RK1. cytology: Not included in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # com: compressed location: 3-48.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 18k27. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 193. phenotypeHead flattened ventrally. Eyes small, displaced. Vibrissae tufted. Aristae crumpled. Humeral patches elevated. Wings droopy. Poor viability and fertility. RK3. # com-d: compressed-dilapidator location: 3-68.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 19c8. phenotypeFlies small, pale, weak, with defective legs and wings. RK3. # con: condensed location: 1-27.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 36d11. references: 1937, DIS 7: 6. phenotypeThorax and abdomen shortened; abdomen dilated, exposing ventral skin to side view. Eyes slightly roughened, occasionally kidney shaped, and somewhat dark. Wings short and bluntly rounded with crossveins closer together than normal. Bristles shortened and somewhat fine at 19[o]C, stubby at 25[o]C. Postscutellars semierect and crossed; posterior verticals shortened or missing. Male entirely sterile. Viability 50% wild type. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosome studies (Demerec, Kaufmannn, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191) show locus to lie between 7C4-5 and 8C1-2. Further restricted to 7E1 through 8C2 on the basis of its genetic location to the right of oc which is excluded from Df(1)sn = Df(1)7B2-3;7D22-E1 (Hinton and Welshons, 1955, DIS 29: 125-26). # cop: copper location: 1-43.3. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 68. phenotypeBrownish-red eye color. Best classification in newly emerged flies. Occasionally, wings show cutaway inner margins. Excellent viability and fertility in both sexes. RK2. other information: Two alleles induced by CB. 3025. # Cor: Corroded eye location: 3- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller. references: 1946, DIS 20: 66. phenotypeCor/+ shows slight irregular flecking of eye. In combination with v, expression enhanced, producing patchy diminution in color, especially near posterior margin of eye, giving impression that color was washed or eaten away, especially from deeper layers; regions of surface often blackened. Homozygote not described. RK2. # corr: corrugated wing location: 2-36. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mayeda, 61g. references: 1963, DIS 38: 31. phenotypeWings wrinkled and wavy, reduced to three-fourths normal size. Whole wing corrugated at 20[o]C, only posterior third at 25[o]. Good classification. RK2. # cp: clipped location: 3-45.3. discoverer: Mainx, 34g. references: 1936, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 71: 303-4 (fig.). Pollitzer, 1937, DIS 8: 91. phenotypeWing margins snipped, most often along marginal vein. At 19[o]C, character slighter but completely penetrant. RK1. # cpl: cupola location: 1-0.0 (no crossing over with sc in 584 males). origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33: 83-84. phenotypeSmall, inviable fly. Wings shorter and curved to form canopy over abdomen with tips converging toward mid-dorsal line. Head and eyes slightly deformed. Abdominal tergites abnormal; from irregular pigmentation to absence or gross deformation of the sixth and seventh tergites. Males sterile. RK3. # Cpt: Clipt location: 2-43.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 26b18. phenotypeBristles short, like those of Sb. Homozygous lethal. Male sterile. RK1. # cpw: canopy wing location: 1-2.5. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 69. phenotypeWings short and very broad; longitudinal veins frequently do not reach wing margin and often diverge. Eyes large and slightly rough. Head bristles reduced in number (ocellars most frequently affected). Thorax broad, one or more bristles occasionally absent; hairs more widely separated, with noticeable hairless areas. Males sterile. Viability 40% wild type. RK3. # cr: crisp location: 1- (not located). discoverer: Agol. references: 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeBristles like forked. RK2. other information: Not an allele of f or sn. # Cr-2: Cream in chromosome 2 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 13i15. references: 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 28: 337-84. Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 239 (fig.). phenotypeSpecific dilutor of w[e]. w[e]; Cr-2/Cr-2 has a pale-cream eye color. w[e]; Cr-2/+ has eye color between eosin and cream. RK3. # cr-3: cream in chromosome 3 location: 3-36.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 14b27. references: Bridges, 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 28: 337-84. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 112 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote has slightly diluted eye color. Eye color of w[e]; cr-3 cream. Larval Malpighian tubes of w[e]; cr-3 white, those of cr-3 bright yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK3. # cr-a: cream-a location: Autosomal, not located. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 13g15. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 147. 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 28: 337-84. phenotypeStrong specific dilutor of w[e]. RK3. # cr-b location: 2-24. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 14c10. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 149. 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 28: 337-84. Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 245 (fig.). phenotypeSpecific dilutor of w[e]. RK3. # cr-c location: 2- (near S). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16g13. phenotypeWeak specific dilutor of w[e]. RK3. # crip: cripple location: 2- (between pr and cn). discoverer: Komai, 1924. references: 1926, Genetics 11: 280-93. 1927, Mem. Coll. Sci. Univ. Kyoto, Ser. B 2: 211-57. phenotypeMiddle and hind legs twisted and shortened. Thirty percent penetrance. RK3. # crk: crooked setae location: 1-60.1. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 69. phenotypeBristles thin and slightly shortened; occasional missing scutellar. Acrostichals deranged. Abdominal hairs of female frequently missing; tergites occasionally abnormal. Classification difficult. Viability and fertility good. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3025. # crm: cramped location: 1-1.4 (based on crm[2]). origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman. synonym: sta[P]: stubarista from P[32]. references: 1951, DIS 25: 78. 1953, DIS 27: 55. phenotypeAntennae stumpy with shrunken, warped aristae, usually lying back on head. Initially showed narrowed and scalloped wings and eyes shaped like inverted pears, but these effects are variable. Viability low. Sterile. RK3. # crm[2] origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. synonym: cramped-like. references: 1958, DIS 32: 69. phenotypeAntennae stumpy and short, with reduced, abnormal aristae. Wings frequently abnormally held, with cuts on inner margins. Eyes pear shaped. Small extra sex combs on second tarsal segment. Not easily classified. Viability and fertility slightly reduced in males, greatly reduced in females. RK3. other information: Allelism to crm inferred from position of crm at 1:14 and phenotype. Seven other alleles: 1 each induced by CB. 1540, CB. 1592, CB. 3007, CB. 3025, CB. 3034, and 2 induced by CB. 1506. # crs: cru sterile location: 2- (between px and bw). discoverer: Muller. references: 1951, DIS 25: 119. 1955, DIS 29: 146. phenotypeMale sterile. RK2. discoverer: Located between 58E3 and 59A2 on basis of sterility in combination with Df(2R)P + Dp(2;Y)bw[+] = Df(2R)58E3-F1;60D14-E2 + Dp(2;Y)Y[L];58F1-59A2;60D14-E2 (Muller, 1955). other information: Male sterility formerly associated with but separable from cru. # crt: crumpled tips location: 1-40.3 (7.3 units from v, based on 3035 flies). origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1959, DIS 33: 84. phenotypeWing tips frequently shriveled, pleated, or crumpled and often turned up or down. Wings vary from completely unexpanded to wild type. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK2. other information: Twelve other alleles: 1 each induced by X rays, CB. 1246, CB. 1522, and CB. 3025; 2 induced by CB. 3034; 3 each induced by CB. 1592 and CB. 3007. # cru: cream underscored location: 2-52.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20a5. phenotypeSpecific dilutor of w[e] and P. Slight dominant but used as a recessive. Originally thought to be male sterile, but this was caused by a factor in 2R, crs. Larval Malpighian tubes of w[e]; cru colorless; those of +; cru bright yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK3. # cs: creased location: 1-56. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: K. C. Atwood, 41i. references: 1942, DIS 16: 47. phenotypeWings longitudinally creased in first posterior cell from distal end of L3 virtually to anterior crossvein. Fertility and viability good. RK1. # cs[53] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 53k5. references: 1956, DIS 30: 74. phenotypeWings longitudinally creased. Lateral edges of wings bent slightly downward distally. RK1. other information: According to crossover data of M. Aronson and description, this is an allele of cs, which was lost before this mutant was discovered. # csk: costakink location: 1-33.0 (no crossovers with v in 526 males). origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 69. phenotypeEyes smaller. Wings slightly reduced in size and abnormally held; costal vein frequently kinked near L2. Not fully penetrant. Male viability and fertility good; female viability and fertility reduced to about 50% wild type. RK3. other information: One X-ray-induced allele. # ct: cut location: 1-20.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15j12. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 35, 223 (fig.). phenotypeWings cut to points and edges scalloped. Eyes smaller and somewhat kidney shaped. Abdominal bands warped. Antennae often deformed. RK1. cytology: Placed in salivary gland chromosome bands 7B3-4 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Hannah-Alava agrees. # ct[2a2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th., pp. 558-89. phenotypeLethal. Shows cut phenotype in combination with viable ct alleles; lethal in combination with lethal ct alleles. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)ct[2a2] = Df(1)7B3-6;7B6-7. # ct[2a3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)ct[2a3] = Df(1)7B2-3;7C1-2. # ct[2c1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # ct[3] discoverer: Morgan, 17a22. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 35 (fig.). phenotypeExtreme ct allele. Wings short, dark, and crumpled, as well as cut and scalloped. Abdominal bands warped. Antennae flattened and embedded. Aristae concave forward. Eyes smaller and kidney shaped. Vibrissae gone. More extreme expression in females than in males; females have much poorer viability. 1 female:3 males in stock. RK3. # ct[3a2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLethal in male and homozygous female, as well as in combination with other lethal alleles of ct. Extreme ct phenotype in combination with ct[6]. Like ct[n] in combination with ct[n]. Phenotype reportedly suppressed by addition of Y chromosome material. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[3a2] = In(1)7B2-C1;19-20. # ct[3b1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLethal but, unlike other lethal ct alleles tested by Hannah, fails to survive in combination with Dp(1;3)sn[13a1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[3b1] = In(1)3A4-B1;7B2-5. # ct[4b1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated Df(1)ct[4b1] = Df(1)7B2-4;7C2-4. # ct[4c1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947, references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # ct[6] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20c20. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 35 (fig.). phenotypeWing character uniform and reliable; usually lacks the abdomen, antenna, arista, and eye effects of ct. Vibrissae gone or displaced downward to bottom of eye. Developmental study by Waddington [1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 25: 299-308; 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)] shows wing bud narrower than wild type as early as just after eversion of wing in early pupa. RK1. other information: Allele most used as genetic marker. # ct[6a1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLethal. Expression in combination with ct[6] suppressed by Y[L]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Tp(1)ct[6a1] = Tp(1)7B2-C1;19;20. # ct[7a1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLethal. ct[7a1]/Dp(1;3)sn[13a1] males show reduced viability and are probably sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ct[7a1] = T(1;2)7B. # ct[7a2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)ct[7a2] = Df(1)7A5-B1;7C4-9. # ct[7b2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # ct[7c1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[3a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ct[7c1] = T(1;2)7B2-3;8E2-3;25C. # ct[7c2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)ct[7c2] = Df(1)6F11-7A1;7B8-C1. # ct[9b1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeSimilar to ct[6]. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal but staining of 7B1-2 and 7B5 lighter and darker than normal, respectively. other information: Induced simultaneously with an independent but closely linked recessive lethal mutation. # ct[9b2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeSemilethal but semilethality not shown to be at ct locus; males appear rarely; sterile with small, yellowish-tan bodies. Margin notched from the costal cell around wings to base of inner margin. RK2A. cytology: Induced simultaneously with but apparently independently of a complex inversion and translocation between X and 3R. # ct[10a1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: DeFrank, 1947. references: Hannah, 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Possibly associated with Df(1)ct[10a1] = Df(1)7B3-4;7B6-7. # ct[10b1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. discoverer: Associated with Df(1)ct[10b1] = Df(1)6D8-E1;7B7-C1. # ct[10c1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: DeFrank, 1947. references: Hannah, 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeMales have notched but unexpanded wings; may have abnormal antennae and vibrissae. Males show very low viability, usually dying in larval stage. Surviving males sterile. Lethal in combination with other lethal ct alleles; heterozygous females made using Dp(1;3)sn[13a1]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # ct[11a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[3a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ct[11a] = T(1;3)1B;7B2-3;8E-F;84B. # ct[12a1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: DeFrank, 1947. references: Hannah, 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLethal in hemizygote and in combination with other lethal ct alleles. Expression variable in combination with viable ct alleles. ct[12a1]/Dp(1;3)sn[13a1] males show low viability and are sterile. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # ct[12a2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: DeFrank, 1947. references: Hannah, 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2] except that lethal not covered by Dp(1;3)sn[13a1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[12a2] = In(1)4E2-3;7B2-4. # ct[12c1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLethal. In combination with viable ct alleles, some flies show abnormal venation. ct[12c1]/Dp(1;3)sn[13a1] males viable but sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ct[12c1] = T(1;3)7B2-3;7D2-6;85. # ct[12c2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Possibly associated with Df(1)ct[12c2] = Df(1)7B2-3;7B6-7. # ct[13] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 21f7. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 25: 35 (fig.). phenotypeLike ct but females usually sterile. RK2. # ct[13a1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[13a1] = In(1)7B2-3;19-20. # ct[13a2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeSimilar to ct[6]. RK1. cytology: 7B1-2 show abnormal staining and ectopic pairing with heterochromatic regions. # ct[13b1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[3a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)ct[13b1] = T(1;4)1A;7B2-3;101A-D;102. # ct[14a1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeSlightly less extreme than ct[6]. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # ct[14a2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ct[14a2] = T(1;2)7B2-4;19-20;41E1-2. # ct[14a3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2], but ct[14a3]/Dp(1;3)sn[13a1] shows reduced viability. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[14a3] = In(1)7B2-3;20. # ct[14b1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)ct[14b1] = Df(1)7B2-3;7C3-4. # ct[14b2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[14b2] = In(1)3D2-5;7B2-4. # ct[14c1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)ct[14c1] = Df(1)7B3-4;7B6-9. # ct[15b1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: 1949, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 588-89. phenotypeLike ct[2a2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)ct[15b1] = Df(1)7B2-4;7B6-7. # ct[15B4] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+d1-49. discoverer: Muller, Valencia, and Valencia, 1946-53. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. phenotypeMale viable. RK2. # ct[36b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stalker, 36b28. references: Spencer, 1937, DIS 7: 20. phenotypeSlight nick at tip of one or both wings. Less than 50% penetrance at 19[o]C, 85% penetrance at 25[o], and 100% penetrance at 29[o]. RK3. # ct[43aH1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, Valencia, and Valencia, 1946-53. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. phenotypeMale lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[43aH1] = In(1)4B1-4;7B4-C1 + In(1)10D5-6;20B-C. # ct[46l] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: King and Poulson, 46l. references: Poulson and King, 1948, DIS 22: 54. phenotypeDistal edges of wings scalloped in area between L3 and L4 and, occasionally, lateral surface of wing toward L5 scalloped. Abdomen, antenna, arista, and eye effects of ct absent. Classification of males and females reliable. More extreme than ct[n] and more viable than ct[6]. ct[46l]/ct[6] flies have slightly nicked wing tips resembling ct[n]. RK1. # ct[50e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bakkum, 50e. references: Mickey, 1951, DIS 25: 74. phenotypeWings cut to points. Eyes slightly ovoid. Viability and fertility lowered, especially in females. RK2. # ct[62a] origin: Recovered among progeny of radio frequency-treated male. discoverer: Mickey. references: 1963, DIS 38: 28. phenotypeLike ct. RK1. # ct[62f] origin: Spontaneous in Basc. discoverer: Mickey, 62f8. references: 1963, DIS 38: 28. phenotypeLethal in male. RK2A. # ct[268-1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j. phenotypeLethal and cell lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hoover). # ct[268-2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k. phenotypeLethal but not cell lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hoover). # ct[268-3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k. phenotypeLethal but not cell lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hoover). # ct[268-5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ct[268-5] = T(1;3)7B2-3;90C4-D1. # ct[268-6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33l. phenotypeLethal but not cell lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hoover). # ct[268-13] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34f. references: Hoover, 1937, Genetics 22: 634-40. 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 74: 420-34. phenotypeLethal but not cell lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[268-13] = In(1)2E3-F1;2F2-3;7B2-3;7B4-5;19A4-5;19A6-B1. Salivary bands 2F1-2, 7B3-4, and 19A5-6 missing. # ct[268-15] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34g. phenotypeLethal but not cell lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Hoover). # ct[268-17] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34h. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ct[268-17] = T(1;2)7B2-5;41E2-4 (Hoover). # ct[268-18] discoverer: Demerec, 34i. references: Hoover, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 74: 420-34. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[268-18] = In(1)7B2-3;7B4-5;11D8-9. # ct[268-20] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 35g. references: Hoover, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 74: 420-34. phenotypeLethal and cell lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[268-20] = In(1)6F11-7A1;7B5-6;10B11-12. # ct[268-21] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 35i. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ct[268-21] = T(1;3)7B3-4;7B4-5;96F. # ct[268-23] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 35g. phenotypeLethal but not cell lethal. RK2(A). cytology: Salivary chromosomes show possible deficiency for 7B3. # ct[268-24] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 35i. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ct[268-24] = T(1;2)7B2-5;41F6-42A1. # ct[268-26] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 35j. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ct[268-26] = T(1;2)7B3-C1;36E. # ct[268-27] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 35j. references: 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 74: 420-34. phenotypeLethal but not cell lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ct[268-27] = In(1)3D6-E1;7B3-5. # ct[268-29] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. phenotypeLethal but not shown that lethality at ct locus. RK2A. cytology: Induced simultaneously with but presumably separable from T(1;3)1z[268-29] = T(1;3)8D8-9;81F. # ct[268-30] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 38d. phenotypeLethal and cell lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)ct[268-30] = Df(1)7B2-3;7C3-4. # ct[268-31] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ct[268-31] = T(1;3)3D2-3;7B2-5;84D4-5;86B4-C1;88F (Hoover). # ct[268-32] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38e. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ct[268-32] = T(1;2)1E-F;3D-E;7B2-5;46 (Hoover). # ct[268-33] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38e. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ct[268-33] = T(1;2)7B2-5;41E (Hoover). # ct[268-35] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38k. phenotypeLethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). # ct[268-36] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39j. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ct[268-36] = T(1;3)7B2-C1;66F. # ct[268-37] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39k. references: 1940, Genetics 25: 618-27 (fig.). Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ct[268-37] = T(1;3)5D2-3;7B2-3;80C-F. # ct[268-38] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39k. phenotypeLethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). # ct[268-39] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). # ct[268-40] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39k. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)ct[268-40] = T(1;2;3)7D2-3;10A5-6;21B-C;28-29;40-41;75B-C;87D;88C;92. # ct[268-41] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39l. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ct[268-41] = T(1;2)7B2-5;37C2-3. # ct[268-42] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1;2)ct[268-42] = Df(1)7A5-6;7B8-C1. # ct[do-vg]: cut-dominigene for vestigial discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1935, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 69: 36-131 (fig.). 1935, Biol. Zentr. 55: 535-54. Gardner, 1942, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 85-102. phenotypect[do-vg]/+ interacts with vg/+ to produce scalloped wings. RK3. other information: Presumed by Goldschmidt to enhance dominance of vg and thus termed a dominigene. # ct[K]: cut of Krivshenko origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Krivshenko. references: 1956, DIS 30: 74. phenotypeBoth margins, as well as tips, of wing are scalloped. Bristles of mesonotum and especially scutellum are fine, as in Minutes. Bristle abnormality cannot be separated from wing effect by crossing over. Viability and fertility of both sexes high. RK1. cytology: Salivary gland chromosomes appear normal. # ct[n]: cut-notch origin: Recovered among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Ives, 32c3. references: Plough and Ives, 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69. 1934, DIS 1: 31. phenotypeWings notched at tips. Classification of males reliable, of females harder, but perfect at higher temperatures. Viability excellent. RK1 in male. # ct[n4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mischaikow, 58g. references: 1958, DIS 32: 83. phenotypeWings notched at tips and inner margins, similar to ct[n]. Excellent viability and fertility. RK1. # ct[n63] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Datta, 63b11. references: Sarkar, 1963, DIS 38: 28. phenotypeWings cut to point and notched. Abdominal bands somewhat warped. Expression more extreme in females than in males. Classification, fertility, and viability excellent. RK1. # ct[So]: cut of Sytko discoverer: Sytko. references: Agol, 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeDeeply notched wing tips. Good expression and viability. RK1. # ctt: contorted location: 1-0.3. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 84. phenotypeWings shorter than normal and abnormally shaped, frequently curved either convexly or concavely. Eyes rough and slightly altered in shape. Bristles thinner and straggly; orbitals frequently reduced or absent. Male genitalia frequently slightly twisted and abnormal. Males fertile; females sterile. RK2. # cu: curled location: 3-50.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 15l15. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 152 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 215 (fig.), 223. Whittinghill, 1937, DIS 7: 22. phenotypeWings curved upward throughout length and slightly divergent. Body color dark. Postscutellars erect and crossed. Good nutrition of larvae enhances curled character as does high temperature in last day of pupal life. (Nozawa, 1956, Japan J. Genet. 31: 321-26). RK1. cytology: Shown to be in region 86D2 through 87B2 by its inclusion within the synthetic deficiency with 3R proximal derived from T(3;4)85D = T(3;4)86D2-3;101F and 3R distal derived from T(Y;3)P102 = T(Y;3)87B2-3 (Cleland). # cu[100.69] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeLike cu. RK1. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)cu[100.69] = T(1;3)6B1-C1;88A4-B1. # cu[100.384] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeCurled in combination with cu; homozygotes semilethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # cu[300.215] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeCurled in combination with cu; homozygous lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # Cu: Curl location: 2-55.2 (located using b and cn). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 48e3. references: 1948, DIS 22: 53. phenotypeDistal part of wing curled as in Cy; proximal part to just beyond alula maintains lateral compression and indentation fold of unfolded marginal wing. Usually an extra crossvein beyond posterior crossvein extending across L2, L3, and L4. Cu/+ and Cu/Cu identical; both have good viability. RK1. # Cu[A]: Curl-Argentine origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Fernandez Gianotti. synonym: Ac: Argentine Curly. references: 1948, DIS 22: 53. phenotypeWings curled more strongly than Cy, have waxy texture. Homozygous viable; viability and fertility good. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from similarity in phenotype and genetic location (2-56.6) to Cu. # Cu-3: Curl in chromosome 3 location: 3-66.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Erickson and Meyer, 51c. synonym: Cur: Curl preoccupied. references: Meyer, 1952, DIS 26: 66. phenotypeHeterozygote has curly wings with parchment-like texture resembling Cy. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # cu-X: curled-X location: 1- (not located but not allelic to cx). origin: Spontaneous in In(1)d1-49+B[M1], y sc v. discoverer: Krivshenko, 57j29. references: 1956, DIS 32: 80. phenotypeMales have wings that are bent upwards and diverge slightly. cu-X is never expressed in females. It represents a mutation whose phenotypic expression is sex limited. Expressed equally well in males with and without a Y chromosome. RK2. # cui: curvi location: 2-23.4 (1.4 to the right of Sp and 0.5 to the right of lys). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nicoletti. synonym: curved. references: 1957, DIS 31: 84. phenotypeDistal half of wing curved upward. Viability and expressivity very good. RK1. # cur: curvoid location: 3-30. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33c14. phenotypeWings divergent and curved down. Resembles c. Viability erratic. RK3. # cv: crossveinless location: 1-13.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 19l12. references: 1920, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 6: 660-63. Weinstein, 1920, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 6: 625-39 (fig.). phenotypeCrossveins absent or traces only present. Veins L3 and L4 slightly delta at tips. Classifiable in unexpanded wings. Wing effects due to excessive contraction in the pupal period, obliterating the cavity which should normally remain between the epithelia to form the vein (Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139). RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosome studies by Demerec and Sutton show locus to lie from 4F1-2 through 5D1-2 inclusive (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Region can be narrowed to 4F9 through 5D2 on basis of inclusion of cv[+] in Dp(1;1)y[b1] = Dp(1;1)1B2-3;4F8-9;5D4-5 (Lindsley). # cv-2: crossveinless on chromosome 2 location: 2-96.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nicoletti, 62j. phenotypeAnterior and posterior crossveins absent. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # cv-b: crossveinless-b location: 3-65. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 24k8. phenotypeCrossveins reduced or absent. May overlap wild type. RK3. # cv-c: crossveinless-c location: 3-54.1 (4.7 units to the left of sbd[2] by C. Hinton). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 25g13. references: 1934, DIS 1: 35,36. phenotypePosterior crossvein usually absent or greatly reduced. Anterior crossvein usually present but often detached. Eye flattened or with vertical shallow furrow. Legs weak, especially tarsal joints. Occasionally overlaps wild type. RK2. cytology: In region 88A through 88C, based on its inclusion in the synthetic deficiency with 3R proximal derived from T(Y;3)P102 = T(Y;3)87B2-3 and 3R distal derived from T(3;4)P86 = T(3;4)88B-C;101 (Bernstein) as well as in the duplication from T(1;3)O5 = T(1;3)4F2-3;62B-C;88A-C;92C-D (Lindsley and Grell, 1958, DIS 32: 136). # cv-d: crossveinless-d location: 3-65. origin: Appeared among progeny of ether-treated flies. discoverer: Duncan, 34c. references: 1935, DIS 4: 7. phenotypePosterior crossvein absent or reduced to an oblique fragment or bar parallel to L5. Anterior crossvein sometimes detached. RK2. other information: Possibly an allele of cv-b. # cvw: convex wing location: 1-58.2. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 69. phenotypeWings slightly shortened and arched convexly. Variable and may overlap wild type. Tergites in some females have serrated edges or are grossly deformed. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK2. # cx: curlex location: 1-13.6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: R. L. King, 1927. phenotypeWings bent upward for posterior two-thirds of length; anterior one-third warped; margin kinked. Wings not spread. RK2. cytology: Salivary analysis by Demerec and Sutton shows that locus lies from 4F1-2 through 5D1-2 inclusive (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # cx[tg]: curlex-twisted genitalia origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 37c19. phenotypeWings always divergent, usually 45[o] from axis. Basal one-third of wing wavy but less so than in cx; posterior two-thirds of wing curled slightly upward or downward. Genitalia of nearly all males rotated, usually 45[o] counterclockwise. Flies dwarfish. Viability irregular. Male sterile. RK2. # Cy: Curly location: 2-6.1 (removed from In(2L)Cy and located by Tinderholt). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: L. Ward, 20c. references: 1923, Genetics 8: 276-300 (fig.). phenotypeWings curled upward; rarely overlaps wild type at 25[o], but frequently overlaps at 19[o]C. Curvature caused by the unequal contraction of the upper and lower epithelia during the drying period following emergence from the pupa case (Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139). Classifiable in single dose in triploids. Usually homozygous lethal but may emerge as dwarf with more extreme wing character. RK1A. cytology: Ordinarily inseparable from In(2L)Cy = In(2L)22D1-2;33F5-34A1, although it has been separated by Tinderholt (1961, DIS 35: 47). other information: Cy removed from In(2L)Cy still causes a local reduction in crossing over in the ed-cl region (Sederoff). # Cyd: Curlyoid location: 3- (rearrangement). discoverer: Jollos. references: Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 46. phenotypeWings curled upward in heterozygote. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. other information: Associated with an inversion of 3R, possibly In(3R)P. # d: dachs location: 2-31.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan and Bridges, 12k22. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 216 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 212 (fig.), 223. phenotypeTarsi four jointed instead of five jointed. Legs short and held close to body. Leg effects enhanced by ss[a] and ss[aB] (Villee, 1945, Genetics 30: 26-27). Wings smaller than wild type, narrowed, with L2 and L3 joined near anterior crossvein; distance between crossveins smaller and crossveins sometimes absent. Angle between L2 and L5 greater than normal. Eyes small and rough. Posterior scutellar bristles erect. Viability erratic. Frequently sterile. RK2. # D: Dichaete location: 3-40.7 (40.4-41.0). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15a3. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 127 (fig.). phenotypeWings extended uniformly at 45[o] from body axis and elevated 30[o] above (occasionally sharply downcast and dragging). Alulae missing. Dorsocentrals and some other bristles reduced in number (Sturtevant, 1918, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 264; Plunkett, 1926, J. Exptl. Zool. 46: 181-244). Head often deformed or split in postvertical region. Halteres turned down. Homozygous lethal. Nearly lethal in combination with ey[D] (Sobels, Kruijt, and Spronk, 1951, DIS 25: 128). Partially suppressed by sc alleles that remove postverticals (sc, sc[4], sc[6], sc[7]) but not by others (sc[2], sc[5]) (Sturtevant). Classifiable in triploids. RK2A. cytology: Inseparable from In(3L)D = In(3L)69D3-E1;70C13-D1 (Bridges in Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301). # D[3] origin: Spontaneous; derivative of D. discoverer: Plunkett, 24f. references: 1926, J. Exptl. Zool. 46: 181-244. phenotypeLess extreme than D. Wings extended and lifted; alulae missing. Heat effect of D missing. Bristles usually wild type; occasionally outer verticals, upper humerals, presuturals, and anterior postalars absent. Viability of D[3]/+ better than D/+. RK2A. cytology: In(3L)D present as in D. # D[E]: Dichaete-Extended origin: Spontaneous in D/+ culture; probably a modified D. discoverer: Sturtevant, 16f11. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 165 (fig.). phenotypeWings divergent but not bent at base. Bristles and alulae normal. Overlaps wild type. Homozygous lethal; D/D[E] is lethal. RK3(A). # da: daughterless location: 2-39.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bell. references: 1954, Genetics 39: 958-59. 1954, DIS 28: 73. phenotypeHomozygous da females mated to any male produce normal sons but no daughters. Otherwise, da/da individuals appear wild type. Lethal action of da occurs in egg stage. Counce finds lethal female embryos show consistent abnormalities in midgut formation. In about half the abnormal embryos, shortening of germ band fails, and anus and posterior spiracles open on dorsal surface behind head segments. Differentiation of almost all other tissues surprisingly normal. RK3. # dar: darky location: 1-0 (no crossovers with sc in 547 flies). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. synonym: da; preoccupied. references: 1959, DIS 33: 84. phenotypeSmall, heavily melanized flies. Sometimes wings curl upward. Male sterile; viability about 15% wild type; late eclosing. RK2. # dark: darkener of white-eosin location: Autosomal. discoverer: Bridges, 13i23. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 148. 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 28: 347. phenotypeSpecific partial suppressor of w[e]. RK3. # db: dark body location: 3-44.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Chovnick and Talsma, 1965. references: 1966, DIS 41: 58. phenotypeBody color darker than normal. Male rarely survives, dies in late pupal stage. RK2. # dd: displaced location: 1-24.3. discoverer: Bridges, 31d7. phenotypeAntennae sunken into shortened head; eyes also deformed. Females often sterile. RK2. cytology: Locus lies between 7C4-5 and 8C1-2 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Further restricted to 7E1 through 8C2 on the basis of its genetic location to the right of oc which is excluded from Df(1)sn = Df(1)7B2-3;7D22-E1 (Hinton and Welshons, 1955, DIS 29: 125-26). # ddl: displacedlike location: 1-27.2. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. synonym: dd[3]. references: 1959, DIS 33: 84. phenotypeFrontal region with antennae sunken into shortened head. Eyes deformed. Thoracic bristles stiff and slightly shortened. Wings frequently misheld. Males sterile; viability slightly reduced. RK2. other information: One X-ray-induced allele. # de: deacon location: 1-56. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l12. references: 1935, DIS 3: 29. phenotypeBody and wings narrow and rectangular. Eyes slightly flattened with oblique cast. RK3. other information: Possibly an allele of sl (1-53.5). # De: Dented location: 2- (between dp and b). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Belgovsky, 36c. references: 1937, DIS 8: 7. phenotypeIn heterozygote, most flies show one or two indentations on thorax at front. Homozygote has two smaller, sharper dents. Wings often raised. RK3. # dep: depressed location: 1-18. discoverer: Bridges, 13d. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 67 (fig.). phenotypeWings turned down at tips, flat from side to side. Somewhat variable but does not overlap wild type. RK2. # depl: depressedlike location: 1-23. origin: Recovered among progeny of flies treated with Janus grass. discoverer: Muller, 28e20. synonym: dep[r]: depressed-roof. references: 1935, DIS 3: 29. phenotypeWings droop at sides. Flies dark and weak; bristles fine. Viability variable, about 20% wild type. RK3. # der: deranged location: 1-57.2. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 69. phenotypeThoracic hairs deranged, many point toward midline. Wings usually obliquely upheld and twisted, bringing inner margins together. Overlaps wild type. Good viability in both sexes, but female fertility reduced. RK3. # det: detached location: 3-72.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 35k27. phenotypePosterior crossveins detached from longitudinals at one or both ends and may be absent. Wings occasionally folded back under or folded flat at middle. Eyes sometimes rough and bulging. Wings slightly spread. Bristles tend to break; scutellars occasionally doubled. RK3. # df: defective location: 1-32.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15l3. phenotypeHead bristles around ocelli missing. Viability poor. RK3. # dfa: deformed antennae location: 1-13.9. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 84. phenotypeWings short, broad, either convex or concave, and abnormally held. Eyes small, dark, and rough. Bristles short, stiff, and occasionally bent. Trident pattern more pigmented. Abnormal antennae and aristae. Males viable and fertile. Females sterile. RK2. # Dfd: Deformed location: 3-47.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Cattell, 13g. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 93 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 223 (fig.). phenotypeEyes reduced ventrally and anteriorly, or furrowed. Vibrissae tufted. Extremely variable, often overlapping wild type, but usually excellent character with Ly or at 19[o]C. Classifiable in single dose in triploids (Schultz, 1934, DIS 1: 55). Homozygous lethal, although Muller reported an occasional homozygote as extreme dwarf with flimsy wings. RK2. cytology: Salivary gland chromosomes appear normal. # Dfd[38k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 38k30. references: 1939, DIS 12: 47. phenotypeLike Dfd. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # Dfd[r]: Deformed-recessive origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30l4. synonym: am: almond. phenotypeEyes small, narrow, and kidney shaped. Overlaps wild type in older cultures. Dfd[r]/Dfd more extreme than Dfd/+. RK2. # Dfd[r2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Pierce. references: 1945, DIS 19: 46. phenotypeEyes smaller and more constantly kidney shaped than in Dfd[r]. Wings thin, dull, uneven, slightly spread (about 60[o] from body axis), and drooping. Body slightly smaller and lighter colored than normal. Bristles shortened and delicate. Last abdominal segment of male may be rotated. Viability low. Dfd[r2]/Dfd[r] slightly more extreme than Dfd[r]/Dfd[r]. RK2. # Dfd[r57] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hollander, 1957. references: 1960, DIS 34: 51. phenotypeKidney-shaped eye. Penetrance and expressivity variable. RK2. # Dfd[r60] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kidwell. references: 1961, DIS 35: 46. phenotypeEyes reduced. Expression varies from absence of both eyes to wild type. Penetrance varies from 75 to 100%. Penetrance increased by selection for reduced eye. About 5% of Dfd[r60]/+; ey/+ flies exhibit deformed phenotype. RK2. # Dfd[rL]: Deformed-recessive of Luers discoverer: Luers. references: Vogt, 1946, Experientia 2: 313-15. 1947, Biol. Zentr. 66: 81-105 (fig.). phenotypeLike Dfd[r]. RK2. # dfi: deformed eye location: 3- (near D). origin: Recovered among descendants of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Ives, 32c. synonym: rough III. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 34. 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69. phenotypeEyes roughish, reduced, and misshapen. Overlaps wild type. Female sterile; poorly viable. RK3. # dft: deformed tergi location: 1-33.7. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 84. phenotypeSmall fly with small, slightly rough eyes. Wings slightly divergent or upheld, abnormally shaped with occasional incision of the inner margin. Bristles slightly thinner and shorter with one or both postscutellars frequently absent, and a dorsocentral occasionally missing. Abdominal segmentation deformed to various degrees; abdominal hairs fewer and deranged. Males poorly fertile; viability about 50% wild type. RK2. # dfw: deflected wing location: 1-21.6. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3205). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 84. phenotypeWings slightly divergent and upheld to various degrees, often twisted on their axes. Inner margins frequently incised; occasionally, wing membranes separated by fluid. Eyes slightly smaller. Males viable and fertile. Females sterile; viability reduced. RK2. other information: One X-ray-induced allele. # dg-a: degenerated spermatheca location: 3-75.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Collins, 21a. references: Wexelsen, 1928, Genetics 13: 389-400 (fig.). phenotypeAdult females show degeneration and pigmentation of epithelial cells of spermathecae 24 hr or more after eclosion. Viability and fertility good. Penetrance 100%. RK3. # di: dimorphos location: 1- (near spindle attachment). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Harnly, 32d10. references: 1935, J. Exptl. Zool. 72: 75-99 (fig.). 1940, DIS 13: 49. phenotypeSpecific lengthener of vg wings, especially in males (di; vg female much like vg). At higher temperatures, eyes small and rough, and wings of both sexes approach wild type. RK2 in vg male. # dil: specific dilutor location: 2-57. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 32f22. phenotypeDilutes bw to pale yellowish brown and we[e], w[e2], and w[b1] to paler grades. RK3. # dil-3: dilute in chromosome 3 location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Bridges, 15l9. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 151. phenotypeEye color like maroon, overlaps wild type. RK3. # dil-w[a]: dilutor of white-apricot location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Weinstein. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 218. phenotypeLightens w[a]. RK3. # Din: Dinty location: Unknown; associated with a rearrangement. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Braver, 55a. references: 1955, DIS 29: 70. Pollock, 1963, DIS 38: 50, phenotypeIn male and heterozygous female, central portion of vein L2 interrupted. Posterior supra-alar bristles absent in 95-99% of females and 97-99.5% of males. Anterior postalar bristles absent in 6-11% of females and 2-6% of males. Wings divergent. Viable and fertile in male and heterozygous female; homozygous lethal. RK2. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)Din = T(1;3)3C;63A + T(2;3)39D-73A. # dis: distorted eye location: 1-23. origin: Recovered among progeny of natural gas-treated fly. discoverer: Mickey, 49b5. references: 1951, DIS 25: 74. phenotypeWhole or part of eye roughened. Sometimes bristles absent or doubled. Wings may be roughened with nicked margins and plexus veins. Expressivity variable. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. # dk: dark location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Clausen, 20g. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 235. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 223. phenotypeEye color maroon. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # dkb: dark bubbly location: 2- (to the left of vg). discoverer: Bridges, 38d25. phenotypeThorax has dark bubbly longitudinal streak. RK3. # dke: dark eye location: 2-73. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38c11. phenotypeEye color soft, dull, and dark, like sf. sf/dke is wild type. Flies have 65% normal red pigment and 98% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53: 1-10). RK2. # Dke: Darkened eye location: 2- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hendrix, 1963. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotypeIn heterozygotes, eye facets roughened with black-spotted pigmentation, varying from light spotting near margin of eye to heavy pigmentation covering one-half of the eye. A bleached area sometimes appears adjacent to the pigmentation. Effect usually symmetrical. Homozygous lethal. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Peacock). # Dl: Delta location: 3-66.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 18k30. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 197-201 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 75 (fig.). phenotypeVeins thickened and broadened into deltas at junction with margin. Eyes somewhat small and slightly roughened. In extreme cases, ocelli run together into a crescent that encloses the ocellar bristles. Hairs on thorax straggly and more numerous. Body color dark. Wings small, dark, and somewhat spread. Effects of Dl neutralized by H. Dl and several of its alleles shown to interact synergistically with certain Minutes, producing extreme phenotype and drastically lowered viability (Schultz, 1929, Genetics 14: 366-419). Homozygous lethal. RK2. cytology: Located in region 91D1-92A2, inclusively, based on its inclusion within the transposed section of Tp(3)bxd[110] = Tp(3)89E2-3;91C7-D1;92A2-3 (E. B. Lewis) and in Df(3R)Dl[H] = Df(3R)91C6-D1;92A2-3 (Slizynski). Heterozygous deficiency for 91D1-92A2 produces the Dl phenotype since Tp(3)bxd[110]/+ is Dl[+], whereas Df(3R)bxd[110]/+ is Dl. # Dl[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 24l10. phenotypeLike Dl but deltas at margin are slight; longitudinal veins between anterior and posterior crossveins and crossveins themselves are thickened. Spreading of wing slighter than in Dl. Better viability than Dl. Homozygous lethal. RK1. # Dl[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 26g28. phenotypeSlight deltas at margin; posterior parts of L2 and L3 thickened to delta at margin; L4 and L5 slight. RK2. other information: Gives increased crossing over throughout the third chromosome. # Dl[5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: R. L. King, 32d. phenotypeResembles Dl, but deltas are slight. Wings occasionally vesiculated, only slightly spread. Homozygous lethal. RK3. other information: Heterozygote shows reduced crossing over. # Dl[6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a5. phenotypeExtreme Dl. Veins at basal part of wing thicker than Dl; thickening marked along entire L2 with a striking confluent delta at margin; L3 has basal and distal thickening and marginal delta; L4 extremely broad, especially beyond posterior crossvein ending in large delta. Posterior crossvein moderately thick. Wings blistered and wrinkled. Veins inhibited from narrow in late pupal period [Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)]. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # Dl[7] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a7. phenotypeLike Dl[5]. RK3. # Dl[7P]: Delta-7 of Panshin discoverer: Panshin, 1935. references: 1935, Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR 4: 85-88. phenotypeLike Dl[5]. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(3;4)Dl[7P]. # Dl[55k] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Clark. references: 1956, DIS 30: 71. MacDonald, 1957, DIS 31: 84. phenotypeSpreading of veins most marked for L2 and L5. Posterior crossvein thickened, coalescing with the delta of L5. L2 slightly thickened. Expression more extreme at higher temperature, especially in males. Spreading of veins apparent in the 40- to 41-hour-old pupa. Suppressed by H. Lethal homozygous and in combination with Dl[3]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # Dl[B]: Delta-Barish discoverer: Schultz, 1933. phenotypeDelta venation and eyes of a broad heterozygous Bar type. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)Dl[B] = In(3R)90A;91A (Schultz). # Dl[Cf-3]: Delta-Confluent origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Imaizumi. synonym: Cf-3. references: 1962, DIS 36: 38. phenotypeLike Dl. Homozygote dies as late embryo or early larva. RK2. # Dl[H] origin: Induced by unspecified chemical (probably mustard gas). discoverer: Auerbach. references: 1943, DIS 17: 49. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3R)Dl[H] = Df(3R)91C6-D1;92A2-3 (Slizynski). # Dl[l]: Delta-lethal origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38c10. synonym: 1(3)Dl. phenotypeHeterozygote normal; homozygote not tested, thought to die in combination with Dl[12]. RK3. other information: Presence of a recessive lethal allele of Dl on the H chromosome inferred from failure to observe Dl[12]/H progeny from cross of h cu H[2] ca/In(3R)P, Dfd ca times Dl[12]/? A recessive lethal allele of H on the Dl[12] chromosome seems an equally likely interpretation. # Dl[Of]: Delta-Overflow origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Tsukamoto, 1956. synonym: Of. references: 1956, DIS 30: 79. 1957, DIS 31: 85. phenotypeSlight deltas at margins; striking confluent effects on longitudinal veins, especially L2 and L5, and near posterior crossvein. Eyes nearly normal, but with spa[Cat], posterior half of eye surface resembles spa[po1]. Suppressed by H. Lethal homozygous and in combination with Dl[12]. RK1. # dlv: deltoid veins location: 1-25.9. origin: Induced by S-2-chloroethylcysteine (CB. 1592). discoverer: Fahmy, 1957. references: 1959, DIS 33: 85. phenotypeWings small, abnormal, with margin occasionally incised, and frequently either divergent or slightly upheld. Extra venation, especially at junctions between longitudinal and costal veins, giving Delta-like formations. In extreme cases, wings grossly deformed and blistered. Excess melanization throughout body. Eyes dark, small, and slightly rough. Total body size reduced. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK1. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1592. # dm: diminutive location: 1-4.6. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 33j9. references: 1935, DIS 3: 10. phenotypeBristles and body small and slender. Viability excellent. Females sterile. RK1. cytology: Locus placed between 3C9 and 3D2 by Slizynska (1938, Genetics 23: 291-99), at 3C9 by Schultz, and at 3D1-2 by Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome (1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # dm[264-58] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. references: 1940, Genetics 25: 618-27. phenotypeDescribed only as nonvariegated. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-58] = T(1;3)3B2-3;3D6-7;80D-F (Sutton). # dn: doughnut location: 3-50. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Wallbrunn. references: 1942, DIS 16: 54. Wright, 1946, DIS 20: 68. phenotypeEye of se dn has unpigmented spot (in middle or toward posterior) at emergence from puparium. Spot gradually darkens; after 2 days, eyes appear sepia. Difficult to detect with wild-type eye color, appears as slightly lighter red spot, which disappears after 2 days. Viability low; many die as pupae at 25[o]C. Viability nearly normal at 17[o]C but character not detectable. Both sexes highly infertile; testes about one-third normal length. Spermathecae very small. External genitalia of both sexes often abnormal. RK3. # dor: deep orange location: 1-0.3 [allelic to dor[l] (Redfield and Schultz; Clancy)]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. D. King. references: Merrell, 1947, Am. Naturalist 81: 399-400. Counce, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 443-61 (fig.). phenotypeEye color true orange at 25[o]C, red-orange at 18[o]. Chromatographic studies (Counce, 1957, Experientia 13: 354) indicate pteridine patterns differ from wild type. Red pigment reduced (but increased in heterozygous females); dor/dor and dor/+ females accumulate more isoxanthopterine than wild-type females, but dor males contain less than wild-type males. These differences detectable in prepupal stages. Ommochrome pigments also affected. Reciprocal transplantation experiments show that eye color is autonomous (Hadorn and Counce). Homozygous dor females exhibit same sterility effects as fu (Merrell, 1947) (i.e., dor progeny of dor mothers die, and dor females crossed with wild-type males produce some dor/+ daughters). Under certain conditions dor males sterile as result of excess accmulation of preadult fat, which mechanically prevents union of gonads with rudiments of rest of genital system (Counce). Post-blastulation development of dor progeny of dor females abnormal, leading to embryonic death (Hildreth and Lucchesi). Cellular degeneration begins before gastrulation is ended, and by 16 hr, degeneration of embryo is almost complete. Some embryos die at early cleavage regardless of sex. Eggs of dor females contain less than normal amounts of yolk (Counce, 1956). The double mutants dor; ry and dor; ry[2] are lethal (Lucchesi, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 169-70). RK1. cytology: Placed in region from 1F1 through 2A2 on the basis of its inclusion in Dp(1;f)1337 = Dp(1;f)1F4-2A3;19-20 but not in Dp(1;f)112 = Dp(1;f)1E4-F1;19-20 (R. F. Grell, Gersh). # dor[61e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hildreth, 61e. references: 1963, DIS 37: 48. phenotypeOrange eye color. Poor viability. RK2. # dor[l]: deep orange-lethal origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15a1. synonym: 1(1)7: lethal(1) 7. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 149. phenotypeMale larvae die 90-100 hr after hatching. According to Russell [1940, J. Exptl. Zool. 84: 363-79 (fig.)], a gut abnormality appears at 65 hr that results in obliteration of gut lumen and loss of all food material. Stark observed melanotic tumors [1918, J. Cancer Res. 3: 279-301 (fig.); 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 27: 509-29 (fig.)]. Oftedal studied histology of dor[1] larvae (1953, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 85: 408-22). Malpighian tubes nearly colorless except at base. dor[l]/dor has orange eyes like dor/dor as well as the sterility effects (Clancy; Redfeld and Schultz). RK2. # dor[l2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alikhanian. synonym: 1(1)76. references: Ardashnikov, 1941, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 30: 344-46. phenotypeLike dor[l]. Incidence of dor[l2]/Y larvae bearing melanotic masses reduced if one parent carries a free duplication carrying dor[+]. RK2. # dor[l3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: H. W. Lewis. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 235-75 (fig.). phenotypeLike dor[l]. Survival of larvae containing melanotic masses optimal at 25[o]C. dor[l3]/Basc female shows more rapid development and higher viability than +/Basc female. RK2. # double: double location: 1-0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1918. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 224. phenotypePostvertical bristles doubled. Wings very small. Viability somewhat low. RK3. # dow: downy location: 1-8.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 36c28. phenotypeBristles very short and slender, nearly as small as ss. Males entirely sterile; testis shape normal. Viability good. RK2. # dp: dumpy location: 2-13.0. references: Carlson, 1958, Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana Univ. 1959, Genetics 44: 347-73 (fig.). Southin and Carlson, 1962, Genetics 47: 1017-26 (fig.). phenotypeAlleles of dp produce three general phenotypes: oblique wings (o), vortices on thorax (v), and lethal (l). A specific allele may have one, two, or all of these phenotypes. For example, dp[o] (o) has oblique wings, no vortices, and is not lethal; dp[ov] (ov) has oblique wings, vortices, and is not lethal; and dp[olv] (olv) has all three attributes. The three recessive characteristics (o, l, and v) complement one another. Thus, dp[ol]/dp[v], dp[ov]/dp[l], and dp[o]/dp[lv] are phenotypically wild type; dp[o]/dp[ov], dp[ol]/dp[ov], and dp[o]/dp[olv] are o; dp[ov]/dp[v], dp[lv]/dp[ov], and dp[v]/dp[olv] are v; any two lethals are lethal in the trans heterozygote. cytology: Located between 24E2 and 25A2 based on its inclusion in Df(2L)M-z[B] = Df(2L)24E2-F1;25A1-2 (Morgan, Bridges, Schultz, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77). other information: The alleles at the dp locus are pseudoallelic and have been positioned by Carlson (1959) and Southin and Carlson (1962) (see map). Carlson often puts the superscripts on the line and has used an apostrophe instead of dp; dp[olv] may be written, therefore, as olv or 'olv. # dp[49] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fogel, 1949. references: 1950, DIS 24: 57. other information: A series of 13 alleles of diverse phenotype. Viability data given (Fogel, 1950). # dp[58] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Fradkin, 1958. references: 1958, DIS 32: 79. other information: A series of 14 alleles; not described or tested for viability. # dp[61d] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Thompson, 61d. cytology: Associated with T(Y;2)dp[61d]. # dp[cm]: dumpy-comma origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 13b5. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 228 (fig.). phenotypeSharply outlined depressions of comma shape at anterior edge of thorax. Penetrant in 20% of females but rarely in males. RK3. # dp[cm2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Meyer, 53c. references: 1955, DIS 29: 74. phenotypeHomozygotes nearly normal at 25[o]C with slightly oblique wings in some. Anterior edge of thorax usually shows a pair of comma-like depressions; wings may occasionally have blisters. dp[cm2]/dp[ov] shows good commas in all flies, vortices in most, and slightly oblique wings. dp[cm2]/dp[olv] is semilethal at 22[o]C, and survivors are similar in phenotype to dp[ov]/dp[olv]. Degree of viability of dp[cm2] when heterozygous with various dp[olv]-like alleles varies but is usually lower at low temperatures (Carlson and Falk, 1962, DIS 36: 59-61). RK3. # dp[D]: dumpy-Dominant origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1962. synonym: olv[D]. references: Del Campo, 1963, DIS 38: 32. phenotypedp[D]/+ has slightly oblique wing and moderate vortex and comma effects on thorax. dp[D]/dp[ov] has strong wing and thorax effects with reduced leg and body size. dp[D]/dp[olv] is lethal, and dp[D] resembles dp[olv] in several ways. dp[D]/dp[v] has strongly enhanced thorax effects, and dp[o]/dp[D] has reduced wings with possibly enhanced thoracic effect. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)dp[D] = T(2;3)25A;95B-D. # dp[G]: dumpy of Goldschmidt origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 511, 520. other information: Several alleles; not analyzed in detail for effect. # dp[h]: dumpy-humpylike origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Edmondson, 54g. references: 1955, DIS 28: 73. phenotypeAs homozygote, has strongly truncated wings; four marked, thoracic, hump-like vortices; strong comma effect; reduced body size; and small, weak legs. Because of weak legs, flies have difficulty walking and become stuck in food. No body or leg reduction in dp[h]/dp[v2] but vortices and commas present as in dp[v2]/dp[olv]. dp[h] viable with dp[olS], dp[olv], dp[lv], and dp[lM]. RK2. # dp[lM]: dumpy-lethal of Meyer origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 57f. references: 1958, DIS 32: 83. phenotypeHomozygous lethal and lethal in combination with dp[olS], dp[olv], and dp[lv]. Slight oblique effect in dp[lM]/+; Me/+ and dp[lM]+/+ ta. Phenotypically normal in combination with dp[o2], dp[v2], dp[ov], and dp[cm2]. RK2. # dp[lv]: dumpy-lethal vortex origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20c3. synonym: dp[tx]: dumpy-thoraxate. phenotypeHomozygous lethal; no abnormalities when heterozygous with wild type. dp[lv]/dp[ov] has strong, volcano-like dorsocentral mounds or pits with brown pigmentation; comma effects striking; sternopleural bristles turned down; wings normal. At higher temperature (28[o]C), two additional pits anterior to dorsocentrals occasionally appear. Lethal in compound with dp[ol], dp[olv], and dp[lM]. RK2. # dp[lv2] origin: Spontaneous within In(2L)Cy. discoverer: Muller. synonym: dp[2]. phenotypeSimilar to dp[lv]; slight oblique wing effect in dp[lv2]/dp[ov]; comma effects occasionally seen in dp[lv2]/+. RK2. # dp[lv51e] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 51e. synonym: dp[Th51e]: dumpy-thoraxate 51e. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 72. phenotypeSimilar to dp[lv]. Occasionally dp[lv51e]/dp[ov] shows blistering of wings but no oblique truncation. RK2. # dp[lvI]: dumpy-lethal vortex of Ives origin: Spontaneous within In(2L)Cy. discoverer: Ives, 39j. synonym: dp[txI]: dumpy-thoraxate of Ives; dp[Th]; dp[ThI]. phenotypeIdentical to dp[lv]. RK2. # dp[o]: dumpy-oblique origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17i24. phenotypeWings obliquely truncated but nearly full length; overlaps wild type at 25[o]C when homozygous and in combination with dp[ov]. RK3. # dp[o2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Laemmerts, 1926. synonym: clip wing. phenotypeWings truncated and shortened, as in dp[ov], but without vortex or comma effects. No overlap with wild type as homozygote. Overlapping frequent at 25[o]C in compound with dp[ov]. Mutant effect more pronounced in females than in males in dp[o2]/dp[ov]; sexual dimorphism less extreme in dp[o2]/dp[o2]. RK1. # dp[o50c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sobels, 50c7. synonym: dp[50c]. references: Sobels, Boterenbrood, Faber, and Oppenoorth, 1951, DIS 25: 76. phenotypeManifests oblique wing only when Me present. Best penetrance at 25[o]C, less at 28[o]C, and none at 16[o]C. Manifestation better in females than in males. Tests of allelism with dp[ov] have been inconclusive. RK3. # dp[o51e] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Byers and Meyer, 51e. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 72. phenotypeSlight wing effect in dp[ov]/dp[o51e]; no vortex effect. Wing effect in dp[o51e]/dp[olv] only slightly greater. RK3. # dp[obm]: dumpy-oblique from bilateral mosaic origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Carlson, 1957. references: Carson and Southin, 1959, Genetics 44: 502-3. phenotypeInviable as homozygote, perhaps from independent lethal nearby, because heterozygotes with dp[olv], dp[ol], and dp[lv] are viable. Heterozygous dp[ov]/dp[obm] has oblique wing, slightly reduced body size, and comma effects but normal dorsocentral region. RK2. other information: Arose in same fly as dp[olvbm]; dp[olvbm]/dp[obm] is virtually lethal. # dp[obw]: dumpy-oblique brown origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Honer, 1939. synonym: dp[bw]: dumpy-brown. references: 1939, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 77: 501-15 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygous females have moderately truncated wings, but males are only slightly affected. dp[olvH]/dp[obw] females have reduced body and leg size, but males are almost normal; variable expression in wing size. Some wings pointed in females. RK3. # dp[odef]: dumpy-oblique deformed origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Honer, 1939. synonym: dp[def]: dumpy-deformed. references: 1939, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 77: 501-15 (fig.). phenotypeMales normal; female wings slightly oblique. dp[odef]/dp[olvH] shows moderate wing reduction in females and slight reduction in about half the males. RK3. # dp[ol]: dumpy-oblique lethal origin: Spontaneous in dp[o]. discoverer: Muller, 1919, synonym: dp[L]: dumpy-Lopped. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. dp[ol]/dp[ov] shows small body and legs and drastically reduced wings; thorax normal but occasional comma effects at 26[o]C or higher; no vortex effect. dp[ol]/+ occasionally shows wing effect. RK2. # dp[olM]: dumpy-oblique lethal of Meyer origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 51b. synonym: dp[LM]: dumpy-Lopped of Meyer; dp[T51b]: Truncate[51b]. references: 1952, DIS 26: 66. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Similar to dp[ol] but has occasional slight vortex effect and good comma effect in compound with dp[ov]. RK2. # dp[olS]: dumpy-oblique lethal of Schalet origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Schalet, 1955. synonym: dp[LS]: dumpy-Lopped of Schalet; dp[LSch]. references: Carlson and Schalet, 1956, DIS 30: 70. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Heterozygote dp[olS]/dp[ov] shows small body and legs and drastically reduced wings; thorax normal but occasional comma effects at 26[o]C or higher; no vortex effect. Lethal with dp[olv], dp[lv], and dp[lM]. RK2. # dp[olv]: dumpy-oblique lethal vortex origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 1923. synonym: dp[T]: dumpy-Truncate. references: Altenburg and Muller, 1920, Genetics 5: 1-59 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygous lethal. dp[olv]/dp[ov] has reduced body and leg size; wings shortened to half length and obliquely truncated; thorax shows two and sometimes four vortices; comma effect strong; sternopleural bristles turned down; wings often elevated 45[o] and sometimes contain black blisters. Body reduction also seen in compound with dp[o2] but not with dp[v2]. Lethal in compound with dp[olS], dp[lM], and dp[lv]. RK2. # dp[olv2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 1913. synonym: dp[T2]; T[2]. references: Altenburg and Muller, 1920, Genetics 5: 1-59 (fig.). phenotypeSimilar to dp[olvM]. RK2. # dp[olv54d] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 54d. synonym: dp[T54d]. references: 1955, DIS 29: 74. phenotypeLike dp[olv]. RK2. # dp[olv55b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Meyer, 55b. synonym: dp[T55b]. references: 1955, DIS 29: 74. phenotypeSimilar to dp[olv]. RK2. # dp[olv55c] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 55c. synonym: dp[T55c]. references: 1955, DIS 29: 74. phenotypeLike dp[olv]. RK2. # dp[olv57g] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 57g. synonym: dp[T57g]. references: 1958, DIS 32: 78. phenotypeLike dp[olv]. RK2. # dp[olvbm] dumpy-oblique lethal vortex from bilateral mosaic origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Carlson, 1957. references: Carlson and Southin, 1959, Genetics 44: 502-3. phenotypeLike dp[olv]. RK2. other information: Recovered from same fly that produced dp[obm]. # dp[olvD]: dumpy-oblique lethal vortex of Duncan origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Duncan, 1914. synonym: dp[TD]: dumpy-Truncate of Duncan. references: 1915, Am. Naturalist 49: 575-82. phenotypeSimilar to dp[olvM]. RK2. # Duncan: dumpy-oblique lethal vortex of Honer origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Honer, 1931. synonym: dp[H]: dumpy of Honer. references: 1939, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 77: 501-15 (fig.). 1939, DIS 11: 45-46. phenotypeSimilar to dp[olv]. dp[olvH]/+ may show some wing truncation. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # dp[olvM]: dumpy-oblique lethal vortex of Morgan origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 10h. synonym: dp[T0]: dumpy-Truncate zero. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 136 (fig.). Altenburg and Muller, 1920, Genetics 5: 1-59 (fig.). phenotypedp[olvM]/+ showed oblique truncated wings in up to 90% of flies in maximally selected lines. RK2. other information: Altenburg and Muller established that temperature and modifier genes affect a major gene at 2-13.0. Later tests with dp[ov], dp[v], dp[o], and other alleles established similarity to dp[olv]. # dp[olvP]: dumpy-oblique lethal vortex of Plough origin: Recovered among progeny of temperature-shocked parents. discoverer: Plough, 40c15. synonym: dp[TP]: dumpy-Truncate of Plough phenotypeLike dp[olv]. RK2. # dp[olvR]: dumpy-oblique lethal vortex Ruffled origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a25. synonym: dp[Rf]: dumpy-Ruffled. phenotypeSimilar to dp[olv], but heterozygous dp[olvR] has slightly spread wings with uneven surface and ruffled margin. Ruffling effect overlaps wild type at 25[o]C. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2L)dp[olvR] = In(2L)25A;25B3-4. # dp[olvS]: dumpy-oblique lethal vortex of Schalet origin: Neutron induced. discoverer: Schalet, 1955. synonym: dp[TSch]: dumpy-Truncate of Schalet. references: Carlson and Schalet, 1955, DIS 29: 71. phenotypeSimilar to dp[olv]. RK2. other information: Arose simultaneously with mutation to y in Dp(1;2)sc[19] but ed, cl, and dw-24F not affected; possibly a small inversion. # dp[olvSn]: dumpy-oblique lethal vortex Snub origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16b17. synonym: dp[TS]: dumpy-Truncate Snub. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 140. phenotypeSimilar to dp[olvM]. RK2. # dp[olvW]: dumpy-oblique lethal vortex of Williams origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Williams, 1957. synonym: dp[TW]: dumpy-Truncate of Williams. references: Carlson, 1956, DIS 30: 70. phenotypeSimilar to dp[olv]. RK2. # dp[ou]: dumpy-oblique ultraviolet origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 54g. references: 1954, DIS 28: 76. phenotypeSimilar to dp[o2]. RK2. # dp[ov]: dumpy-oblique vortex origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 18j16. synonym: dp. references: Morgan, 1929, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 399: 196. phenotypeWings reduced one-third and have oblique truncation; angle between veins L2 and L3 widened; intercrossvein distances shortened; marginal vein intact; two vortices with whorls of hairs in dorsocentral region; dorsocentral bristles medially displaced; vortex expression in most flies at 26[o]C; comma effect in anterior thorax also present in most flies at 26[o]C. At lower temperatures, wing effect persists, but thorax appears normal. Body and leg size normal except at temperatures above 28[o]C, when they are somewhat reduced. RK1. # dp[ov51f] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 1951. synonym: dp[51f]. phenotypeLike dp[ov]. RK1. # dp[ov52b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Edmondson, 1952. synonym: dp[52b]. references: 1952, DIS 26: 60. phenotypeLike dp[ov]. RK1. # dp[ovdr]: dumpy-oblique vortex drumlins origin: Spontaneous in dp[ov]. discoverer: R. C. King, 48b26. synonym: dp[dr]: dumpy-drumlins. references: Poulson and King, 1948, DIS 22: 54. phenotypeHas a more pronounced vortex effect than dp[ov] but otherwise similar. Viability slightly reduced. RK1. other information: Probably a modifier in or near the dumpy locus. # dp[ovN]: dumpy-oblique vortex of Novitski origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. synonym: dp[Nov]: dumpy of Novitski. phenotypeLike dp[ov]. RK1. # dp[v]: dumpy-vortex origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1919. references: Bridges and Mohr, 1919, Genetics 4: 283-306 (fig.). Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 168 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote normal, expresses vortices only when e(dp[v]) on the third chromosome is also homozygous. Heterogotes with dp[v2], dp[ov], dp[lv], and dp[olv] have good vortices without e(dp[v]). RK3. # dp[v2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 20a30. references: 1923, Studia Mendeliana (Brunae) pp. 266-87. 1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 500: 113-200. phenotypeThorax shows two vortices in dorsocentral region, frequently pitted with brown pigment. Whorls of hairs and medially displaced dorsocentral bristles in almost all flies at 26[o]C. Females more extreme than males. No wing effect, no body or leg reduction in any compound. Commas absent in dp[v2]/dp[v2] and dp[v2]/dp[ov] but are present in dp[v2]/dp[lv] and dp[v2]/dp[olv]. RK2. # dp[vM]: dumpy-vortex of Muller origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 1920. synonym: dp[v1]: dumpy-volcano. phenotypeHomozygote has vortices, which are less well developed and less numerous than in dp[v2]. Overlaps wild type. RK2. # dp[vW]: dumpy-vortex of Waddington origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Waddington. synonym: dp[vo]. phenotypeSimilar to dp[v2]. RK2. # dp[w1]: dumpy-warped origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet, 1955. references: Carlson and Schalet, 1955, DIS 29: 71. Carlson, 1958, DIS 32: 117-18. phenotypeHeterozygote of dp[ov]/dp[w1] has variable and asymmetrical expression of vortex and oblique wing effects. Mutant phenotype completely suppressed by an extra Y chromosome. Homozygous lethal but viable in compound with lethal dp alleles. dp[w1]/dp[lvI] have wrinkled, opaque wings. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)dp[w1]; breakpoints not determined. other information: Appears to be a variegated position effect. # dp[w2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet, 55k. references: Carlson and Schalet, 1956, DIS 30: 71. Carlson, 1958, DIS 32: 117-18. phenotypeSimilar to dp[w1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(Y;2)dp[w2]; breakpoints not determined. # dpy: dumpoidy location: 3- (right arm near 90). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Villee, 40a. phenotypeWings obliquely truncated and reduced in length; marginal vein intact. No vortices or whorls of bristles on thorax. Suppressed by Cy and Gla, made dominant by Me. Overlaps wild type slightly. RK2. # dr: droopy location: 2-71.2 (to the left of Lobe). origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer and Edmondson, 49c. references: 1949, DIS 23: 60. phenotypeWings spread wide apart and droop downward, like c, often crumple and drag in food. Alula broad and short. Viability at hatching fair; females tend to die before males. Penetrance 100%. Fertility good. RK2. other information: Not allelic to c. # Dr: Drop location: 3-99.2. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 54c25. synonym: Dp. references: 1954, DIS 28: 75. phenotypeHeterozygote has 1-10 eye facets, which appear dark red. Viability of heterozygote excellent. Homozygous lethal. RK1. cytology: No visible rearrangement in salivary chromosomes. other information: Recombination between Dr[Mio] and Dr[We]f1 indicates that Dr is a pseudoallelic locus (E. B. Lewis). # Dr[A]: Drop of Abrahamson origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Abrahamson, 60d28. synonym: Dp[A]. references: Abrahamson and Siegel, 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeFacet number of heterozygote averages four. Homozygote viable and usually lacks eye facets. RK1. # Dr[L]: Drop of Lewis origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. phenotypeLike Dr. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Dr[L] = T(2;3)44;89F-90A + In(3R)89C;95D-96B1, which is probably independent of the mutation. # Dr[Mio]: Drop-Microphthalmia origin: Mustard gas induced. discoverer: Sobels, 57j22. synonym: Mio. references: 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeDr[Mio]/+ show extreme reduction in eye size; facets coalesce to give a shiny, dark-red appearance; constant expression. Lethal homozygous but survives in combination with Dr[We] (E. B. Lewis). RK1. other information: Dr[Mio]/Dr[We] yields rare wild-type recombinants (Lewis). # Dr[We]: Drop-Wedge origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller. references: 1965, DIS 40: 36. phenotypeEyes are small vertical wedges with points downward; much smaller than homozygous B. Lethal homozygous and in combination with Dr, but Dr[We]/Dr[Mio] survives (E. B. Lewis). RK1. other information: Dr[We]/Dr[Mio] yields rare wild-type recombinants (Lewis). # drb: dark red brown location: 3-47.7 (may be rearrangement; st-p crossing over 50% of normal). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Rosin, 48b. references: 1951, DIS 25: 75. phenotypeEye color dark red-brown at 18[o] and dark red at 28[o]C. drb/+ darker than wild type at 18[o] but not at 28[o]C. RK2(A). # drp: droop wings location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 48f. references: 1949, DIS 23: 58. cytology: Associated with In(1)drp = In(1)12B;20B. # drw: droopy wing location: 1-52.3. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. synonym: Symbol originally dr, which was preoccupied. references: 1958, DIS 32: 69. phenotypeSmall fly with drooping wings. Chitin of abdomen irregularly ridged and pigmented. Hairs deranged. Males infertile; viability 10% wild type. RK3. # ds: dachsous location: 2-0.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17k12. references: Stern and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11: 511. Mohr, 1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 50: 113-200 (fig.). phenotypeWings shorter, blunter, and broader; crossveins uniformly very close together. Abdomen and legs chunky. Slight dominance of close crossveins. Strong interaction with d, fj, and cg; double homozygotes often have excessive growth of thoracic parts and sometimes conversion of one organ into another {e.g., twinning of wings or antennae or conversion of eyes into antennae [Waddington, 1943, J. Genet. 45: 44-50 (fig.)]}. Tarsal shortening enhanced by homozygous ss[a] and ss[aB] (Villee, 1945, Genetics 30: 26-27). RK1. cytology: Analysis by E. B. Lewis (1945, Genetics 30: 137-66) indicates that ds is located in 21D1-2 or possibly slightly to the left in the last band of 21C. # ds[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 25d2. references: Stern and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11: 513. phenotypeCrossveins closer together; only slight shortening of legs, wings, and abdomen. Fully viable and fertile. RK1. # ds[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 25k5. references: Stern and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11: 513. phenotypeCrossveins extremely close; wings, legs, and abdomen shortened only slightly. Viability low (40% wild type). Females completely sterile; males fertile. Emergence delayed. RK3. # ds[33k] origin: X ray induced at same time as In(2LR)bw[V1]. discoverer: Bridges, 33k28. references: 1935, DIS 4: 7. phenotypeds[33k]/+ has phenotype like ds[W]/+; scutellar bristles wide apart; wings shorter and wider than normal; crossveins close together. ds[33k]/ds[W] has extreme phenotype like ds[d]. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)bw[V1] = In(2LR)21C8-D1;60D1-2 + In(2LR)40F;59D4-E1. other information: ds[33k] has not been separated from the recessive lethal factor of In(2LR)bw[V1] and, therefore, has not been observed in homozygous condition. # ds[38k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Waddington, 38k. references: Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 45. phenotypeds[38k]/ds has close crossveins; fly short and thick bodied. Homozygote probably like ds[d]. RK2. # ds[41b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: T. Hinton and Bliven, 41b. references: Hinton, 1942, DIS 16: 48. phenotypeWings shorter and extremely blunt. Less extreme and more varied in male. Viability and fertility good. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # ds[51a] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer and Byers, 51a. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 72. phenotypeLike ds[d]. RK3. # ds[d]: dachsous-dachsoid origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 17b9. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 294 (fig.). phenotypeWings broader but half normal length, almost round and widely spread; crossveins broken, very close together. Hairs erect on costal vein near base. Body small and foreshortened. Legs stumpy. Viability about 40% wild type. RK3. # ds[d53h] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 53h. references: 1953, DIS 27: 58. phenotypeWings rounded; crossveins close. Legs have thickened coxae. Viability low; females sterile. RK3. # ds[W]: dachsous-Wide origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 29d24. synonym: ds[29d]. references: 1935, DIS 3: 10. phenotypeHeterozygote has uniformly widely spaced posterior scutellar bristles; wings a bit short and blunt; crossveins close together. Viability and separability excellent. Homozygote resembles ds[d] and ds[d2] with viability 40% wild type. RK1 as heterozygous dominant; RK3 as homozygote. # dsh: dishevelled location: 1-33.5. origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 85. phenotypeThoracic hairs deranged. One or more hairs abnormally curved. Wings usually divergent and blistered. Eyes ellipsoid with some deranged ommatidia. Males viable and fertile; females sterile. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3026. # dsr: disrupted location: 2-90. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 38a28. phenotypeWings have plexus of extra and doubled veins at anterior and posterior crossveins and at L3 and L4. L3 and L4 spread wide apart. Wing slightly wider and warped. At 25[o], overlaps wild type; at 19[o]C, no overlap but viability reduced to 60% wild type. RK3. # dss: disturbed segmentation location: 1-27.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 85. phenotypeExtremely abnormal abdomen with segmentation grossly deformed, very few hairs, and disturbed pigmentation. Occasionally some bristles shortened. Eyes reduced in size and sometimes abnormal in shape. Males fertile; viability about 10% wild type. Females sterile. RK3. # dsx: double sex location: 3-48.1 (to the right of p[p]). origin: Recovered among progeny of flies fed tritiated thymidine. discoverer: Hildreth and Lucchesi, 62c. synonym: Originally called ix[62c]: intersex-62c but name and symbol preoccupied. references: 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 171. Hildreth, 1965, Genetics 51: 659-78 (fig.). phenotypeChromosomal females (X/X) and males (X/Y) transformed into intersexes. The two types are similar. Pigmentation of tergites similar to wild-type males. Like females, they have seventh tergite with seventh spiracle at its base. Ventral part of eighth abdominal segment has protuberance similar to female gonopod; ninth segment bears claspers like males. Anal plates situated vertically as in males. Neither X/X nor X/Y intersex has sex combs; however, on basitarsus of forelegs of each, bristles of last transverse row are enlarged and rotated toward area comb would occupy if present. Internally, the X/X intersex usually has male and female reproductive parts with varying degree of completeness. Well-developed ovaries present in some. Frequently, a single gonad is attached to both male and female systems. The X/Y intersex usually has a predominantly male internal reproductive system, but, occasionally, both a male and a female system are present. In all cases, gonads are poorly developed. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # dsx[60l] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Puro, 601. synonym: Originally called ix-3: intersex on chromosome 3. references: 1964, DIS 39: 64. phenotypeLike dsx, X/X and X/Y flies have external characteristics of both sexes and are similar except for a slight difference in size. No sex combs. Last abdominal segments form rather well-developed but rotated male-like terminalia with female-like structures of the seventh and eighth tergites. Rudimentary gonads usually a mass of undifferentiated tissue. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: Not allelic to tra and no interaction with ix in doubly heterozygous compounds. # Dt: Detached location: 2-10. discoverer: Bridges, 17e11. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 224. phenotypeVein L2 fails to reach margin in 60% of flies. Homozygote not known. RK3. other information: Bridges considered this a possible effect of S or requiring S as an enhancer as it was found in a S stock and apparently was never separated from S. # dta: delta wing location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 69. phenotypeWings widely outspread, frequently drooping in homozygous female. Viability good; female sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)dta = In(1)6B2-3;15E7-F2. # du: dunkel location: 3-47. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hadorn, 49e15. references: Hadorn and Fritz, 1950, Arch. Julius Klaus-Stift. Vererbungsforsch. Sozialanthropol. Rassenhyg. 25: 504-8. phenotypeBody color dark, sootylike. Wings blistered. Viability almost normal at 25[o], greatly reduced at 18[o]C. Males fertile; females sterile. Ovaries and eggs normal size and morphology. Insemination of females normal (motile sperm in spermathecae and receptaculum). Either eggs from du females not fertilized or zygotes die before blastoderm formation. du ovaries behave autonomously as implants in normal hosts, and wild-type ovaries are fertile in du hosts. RK2 at 25[o]C. other information: Not an allele of by or cu. # dv: divergent location: 3-20.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17f13. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 182 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 58 (fig.). Mohr, 1937, DIS 8: 12. phenotypeWings spread, smaller, and have slight venation disturbances. Both sexes rather infertile. dv/Df(3L)Vn progeny of homozygous dv mothers practically lethal, although the same genotype from other crosses survives (Mohr and Mossige, 1943, Avhandl. Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I. Mat.-Natur. Kl. No. 7: 1-51). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosome locus placed between 64C12 and 65E1 on basis of its inclusion in Df(3L)Vn = Df(3L)64C12-D1;65D2-E1 (Mohr, 1938, Avhandl. Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I. Mat.-Natur. Kl. No. 4: 1-7). # dvr: divers location: 1-28.1 (located using dvr[2]). origin: Recovered among progeny of iodine-treated male. discoverer: Sacharov, 1932. references: 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5: 537-40 (fig.). 1937, DIS 8: 81. phenotypeHas shorter, darker wings; postscutellars bowed in; body size small; sterility high; semilethal. In combination with yellow-bodied y alleles, gives strongly curled wings with slight outward twist; with f, gives crumpled wings, with sc, almost lethal. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosome studies by Demerec and Sutton show locus to lie at right of 8D8-9 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # dvr[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 37k17. phenotypePractically wild type. With y[2], wings tightly curled; with y, wings spirally curled. RK2 with y. # dvr[s]: divers-subliminal origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller. synonym: dvr[(+)]. references: 1946, DIS 20: 67. phenotypeWild type either alone, heterozygous to dvr[2], or in combination with y. y dvr[s]/y dvr[2], on the other hand, has wings distinctly curly or wavy, usually as in typical Cy, but other effects noted in dvr flies not evident. RK3. # dvw: divergent wings location: 1-13.3. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33: 85. phenotypeSex-limited character. Males late hatching; wings divergent, occasionally upheld with inner margins frequently cut away to various degrees. Bristles short and stiff. Homozygous females normal. RK1 in males. # dw: dwarf location: 3-50. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 13k12. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 101. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 58 (fig.). phenotypeBody weight 76% that of heterozygous sibs. Females usually sterile (3 of 63 gave a few offspring). RK3. # dw-24F dwarf in salivary chromosome section 24F location: 2-13. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 39k. references: 1941, DIS 14: 49. phenotypeBody small; abdomen narrow and misshapen. Body surface dull if not properly dried. Eyes dull in color and smallish. Wings close textured, small, and tend to droop; crossveins close. Bristles slender. Low viability and fertility. RK3. cytology: Located between 24E2 and 25A2 based on its inclusion in Df(2L)M-z[B] = Df(2L)24E2-F1;25A1-2 (Morgan, Bridges, Schultz, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77). # dw-b: dwarf-b location: 3-12. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20b5. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 182, 228, 231 (fig.). phenotypeFlies about 70% as heavy as wild type. RK3. # dw-sc: dwarf with scute location: 1-0.7. origin: Spontaneous (arose with sc and separated). discoverer: Bridges, 16a22. phenotypeSmall body. Viability erratic. RK3. # dwf: dwarfoid location: 1-13.3. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 85. phenotypeFlies small. Males fertile; viability about 50% wild type. Homozygous females show extreme expression. Fertility and viability low. RK2. # dwg: deformed wings location: 1-1.6. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 85. phenotypeWings broad and round tipped, sometimes grossly deformed in shape and venation, and have occasional marginal incisions. Extremely fine bristles. Eyes small and occasionally rough. Males late in eclosion. Viable but sterile. RK2. # dwh: dwarfish location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30d16. phenotypeSmall body. Wings disproportionately broad; eyes irregularly knobby and somewhat dull in color; legs weak and slightly crippled. RK3. # dwp: dwarp location: 1-0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23b20. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 225. phenotypeDwarf with warped wings. Body color pale. Nearly always lethal; survivors fertile. RK3. # dwu: dwarf unexpanded location: 1-58.3. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 85. phenotypeExtremely inviable dwarf; wings frequently fail to expand completely. Males fertile if they survive to breed. RK3. # dwx: dwarfex location: 1-33.2. discoverer: Bridges, 33c31. phenotypeBody small. Wing texture coarse; marginal hairs slightly disarranged. Classification sometimes difficult. RK3. # dwx[mn]: dwarfex-manikin origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3206). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. synonym: mn. references: 1959, DIS 33: 88. phenotypeFly small with narrow abdomen. Reduction in size may be bilaterally asymmetrical and may affect abdomen and thorax independently. Male viability reduced; flies rarely survive more than 48 hr. Sterile, probably owing to reduced vigor. RK3. other information: One X-ray-induced allele. # dx: deltex location: 1-17.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22h26. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1931, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 30: 410. phenotypeVeins show thickenings and terminal deltas; resembles Dl in third chromosomes except fully viable, fertile, and easily classified. Nearly suppressed by su(dx), Su(dx), and Su(dx)[2]. RK2. cytology: Demerec and Sutton show locus to be between 6A3-4 and 6F10-11 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # dx[st]: deltex-sterile origin: Spontaneous change of dx to dx[st]. discoverer: Bridges, 31a3. phenotypeVeins heavy, confluent, and dilated at junctions; strong deltas at tips. Wings spread wide; margins and tips snipped and nicked. Ocelli sometimes fused with disturbance of hairs and bristles in the region. Acrostichals irregular. Male sterile. Less abnormal phenotype and fertile with Su(dx). RK2. # dy: dusky location: 1-36.2 (to the right of m). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16l1. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 35 (fig.), 224. Slatis and Willermet, 1954, Genetics 39: 45-58. Dorn and Burdick, 1962, Genetics 47: 503-18. phenotypeWings smaller than normal but of nearly wild-type shape, dusky in color. Cell expansion inhibited in prepupal as well as pupal period (Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139). RK1. cytology: Demerec and Sutton showed that locus lies just to right of 10E1-2 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). other information: No reverse mutations among 2 (mu 10[5] progeny of progeny of homozygous females (Pullar). A member of the m-dy pseudoallelic complex. # dy[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20a3. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 224. phenotypeWings not quite so small as dy. RK1. # dy[3] discoverer: Bridges, 22a2. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 224. phenotypeWings slightly larger than dy. Clean separation difficult in females. RK2. # dy[31d] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 1931. synonym: m-like: miniature-like. phenotypeLike dy. RK1. # dy[58k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Krawinkel, 58k. references: Burdick, 1961, DIS 35: 45. Dorn and Burdick, 1962, Genetics 47: 503-18. phenotypeWings shorter than dy, resembling the longer-winged m's. Fertile in both sexes. Shows more complementation with m's than dy. RK1. other information: Recombines with all m's, except m[D], but not with dy. # dy[60k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Burdick, 60k. references: 1961, DIS 35: 45. phenotypeSimilar to other dy's. Fully fertile in both sexes. Shows high complementation with m[60] and low with dy[61a]. RK1. # dy[61a] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives, 61a24. references: 1961, DIS 35: 46. Dorn and Burdick, 1962, Genetics 47: 503-18. phenotypeLike dy. Good fertility and fecundity in both sexes. RK1. # dy[62b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Burdick, 62b. references: 1963, DIS 37: 47. phenotypeSimilar to other dy's. RK1. # dy[286-9] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 35b. phenotypeLethal in male and cell lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: m[+] and fw[+]. # dy[ala]: dusky-alae origin: Recovered among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Gottschewski, 34c. synonym: ala: ala parvae. phenotypeWings about 90% as large as dy. RK1. # dyb: dusky body location: 1-44.6. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1958. references: 1959, DIS 33: 85. phenotypeDusky body color and browner eyes. Eye and wing shapes slightly altered. Males viable and fertile; females sterile. RK2. # e: ebony location: 3-70.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 12b15. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 50 (fig.). phenotypeBody color shining black. Puparia much lighter than wild type. Classifiable throughout larva period by darkened color of spiracle sheaths (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). Viability lowered to about 80% wild type. Heterozygote has slightly darker body color than normal. For interaction with other body color mutants, see Waddington (1941, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Ser. A 111: 173-80). Virtually unable to incorporate C[14] from labeled beta-alanine into puparium or hardening adult integument, whereas normal flies incorporate heavily; e/+ incorporates intermediate amounts (Jacobs and Brubaker, 1963, Science 139: 1282-83; Jacobs, 1966, Genetics 53: 777-84). RK1. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region between 93B7 and 93F9 on the basis of its inclusion in both Df(3R)e[100.172] = Df(3R)93B7-10;93F10-94A1 and Df(3R)e[100.256] = Df(3R)93A5-B1;93F5-9 (Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54). # e[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 17i27. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 184. phenotypeBody color very dark, like e, but abdomen lighter. Most viable and generally best of the dark alleles, such as e and e[11]. Classifiable from hatching throughout larval period by dark spiracle sheaths (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1. # e[4.39] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1019-22. phenotypeLike e[s] when heterozygous with e[s]. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3R)e[4.39] = Df(3R)93B;93F. # e[11] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 25a. references: 1926, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 41: 198-215. 1934, DIS 1: 35. phenotypeDark allele, similar to e and e[4]. Tyrosinase formed in adults (Horowitz). Classifiable throughout larval period by dark spiracle sheaths (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). Phenylthiocarbamide inhibits development of e[11] homozygotes more than wild type; reverse is true for inhibition by silver chloride; heterozygotes intermediate in both cases. Mixtures of the two inhibitors affect heterozygotes to a greater extent, thus exhibiting negative heterosis (Kroman and Parsons, 1960, Nature 186: 411-12). Under ordinary conditions, viability and fecundity of heterozygote superior to either homozygote (Moree). RK1. # e[60h] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 60h. references: 1965, DIS 40: 35. phenotypeMedium e. RK1. # e[100.172] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeLike e[s] when heterozygous with e[s]. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. discoverer: Associated with Df(3R)e[100.172] = Df(3R)93B7-10;93F10-94A1. # e[100.256] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeLike e[s] when heterozygous with e[s]. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3R)e[100.256] = Df(3R)93A5-B1;93F5-9. # e[100.265] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeLike e. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)e[100.265] = In(3R)93B5-6;95E. # e[100.307] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeLike e[s] when heterozygous with e[s]. Homozygous lethal. RK2. cytology: Induced simultaneously with In(3L)100.307 = In(3L)62E2-4;64C2-4. other information: Not shown whether lethality associated with e or the inversion. # e[300.96] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeLike e but male sterile. RK2(A). cytology: Induced simultaneously with In(3R)300.96 = In(3R)89F2-90A1;99B2-4 but probably separable from it. # e[s]: ebony-sooty origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 13i20. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 99 (fig.). phenotypeBody color darker than wild type but lighter than e. Viability excellent. Most easily classified as e[s]/e[4]. Classifiable from hatching throughout larval period by dark color of spiracle sheaths, although darkening is less than in e, e[4], or e[11] (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). Ability to incorporate beta-alanine-derived C intermediate between that of e and + (Jacobs and Brubaker, 1963, Science 139: 1282-83; Jacobs, 1966, Genetics 53: 777-84). RK1. # e[st]: ebony-striped origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Villee, 39k. references: 1941, DIS 14: 40. 1942, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 137. phenotypeBody color similar to e[s] but with definite longitudinal stripes on mesonotum. e[st]/e[s] resembles e[s]; e[st]/e resembles e. Viability excellent. RK2. # e[Ug]: ebony-Uganda origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Zurcher, 1956. references: 1958, Arch. Julius Klaus-Stift. Vererbungsforsch. Sozialanthropol. Rassenhyg. 33: 75. 1960, DIS 34: 112. 1963, Genetics 34: 1-33 (fig.). phenotypeA light ebony allele. Females have dark, extremely wide marginal bands on abdominal tergites; entire abdominal tergite region darkly shaded. Males only slightly darker than wild type. Viability lower than wild type. RK2. # E(B): Enhancer of Bar location: 1-57.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bonnier and Nordenskiold. synonym: i; I: Intensifier of Bar; Eb: Exaggeration of Bar. references: 1942, DIS 16: 47. Bonnier, Nordenskiold, and Bo'a[o]'gman, 1943, Hereditas 29: 113-33 (fig.). Rasmuson, 1948, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 8th. pp. 645-46. phenotypeE(B) heterozygous with any B allele, including B[+], produces flies similar in phenotype to homozygotes for that allele. B +/+ E(B) eyes have 80-90 facets, but B E(B)/++ eyes have only 40. Homozygous lethal. RK2(A). cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal, but there is occasional indication of deficiency for faint bands 16A5 and 6. other information: Reduces B-fu crossing over about 40%. # e(bx): enhancer of bithorax location: 1-1.0. origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 53b. synonym: en-bx. references: 1959, DIS 33: 96. phenotypeRecessive enhancer of most bithorax alleles. By itself, the only abnormal phenotype is a slight variegated eye color. Most readily classified in combination with bx[34e] +/+ Ubx. Enhances development of dorsal metanotum of latter from a few hairs to a broad band of hairy tissue somewhat like that seen in homozygous bx[34e]. Enhances bx[3] +/+ pbx from wild type to a slight postbithorax phenotype (slight wing-like modification of posterior portion of halteres). RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)e(bx) = In(1)3A;4F. Locus within Dp(1;1)w = Dp(1;1)3A;3C, probably in section 3A. # e(bx)[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 55h. synonym: en[2]-bx. references: 1959, DIS 33: 96. phenotypeSimilar to e(bx). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # E(bx): Enhancer of bithorax location: 3- (to the left of R). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. synonym: En-bx. phenotypeEnhances expression of bx[34e], bx[3], and Ubx/+. Lethal homozygous. RK2. # e(dp[v]): enhancer of dumpy-vortex location: 3-40.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16h7. synonym: vo-3: vortex in chromosome 3. references: 1919, Bridges and Mohr, Genetics 4: 283-306 (fig.). 1923, Bridges and Morgan, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 168. 1925, Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 41-43 (fig.). phenotypeNormal. In combination with dp[v], produces one or two pairs of pits or volcano-like protrusions on thorax; hairs and bristles arranged in whorls. RK3. # E(f): Enhancer of forked location: 2-86.5. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Belgovsky, 37c4. synonym: I-f: Intensifier of forked. references: 1937, DIS 8: 7. 1938, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol. 1017-36. 1940, DIS 13: 52. 1944, Zh. Obshch. Biol. 5: 325-56. phenotypeHomozygote has short, twisted bristles intermediate between f and Bl; postscutellars often pale; viability and fertility reduced. Heterozygote is wild type. f/+; E(f)/+ slightly more extreme than f. f/f; E(f)/+ has an extreme forked phenotype and hairs are forked. f/f; E(f)/E(f) rarely survives. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # e(g): enhancer of garnet location: 1-5.9. discoverer: Payne and Denny, 1921. synonym: m(g): modifier of garnet. references: 1921, Am. Naturalist 55: 377-81. phenotypeApparently wild type but, in combination with g, produces a more orange eye than g alone. RK3. # E(H): Enhancer of Hairless location: 2-50.5. discoverer: Nash. references: 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 174-75. Nash, 1965, Genet. Res. 6: 175-89. phenotypeE(H); H flies nearly devoid of chaetae. Majority of bristle sites are vestiges. RK2. # E(M3g): Enhancer of Minute (3) g location: 3- (near spindle attachment). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges. phenotypeSpecific intensifier of shortness of bristles of M(3)g. RK3. # e(N[8]): enhancer of Notch-8 location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 181. references: 1923, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 32: 108-232 (fig.). phenotypeProduces slight nicking of wings. Enhances N[8]. RK3. # e(S): enhancer of Star location: 3- (between 0 and 10; perhaps an allele of ru or R). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16k18. synonym: S-i: intensifier of Star. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 175 (fig.). phenotypeBy itself, homozygous e(S) has normal eyes. S/+; e(S)/e(S) has eyes smaller and rougher than S/+, although overlapping somewhat; abdomen bulbous; body color darkish. RK3. # E(S): Enhancer of Star location: 2-6 [claimed to lie between left break of In(2L)Cy and locus of Cy]. discoverer: Bridges, 30a27. phenotypeE(S)/+ normal, E(S)/E(S) gives slight roughening of eye. E(S)/+ strongly reduces size and increases roughness of S/+ and S[2]/+ eyes; imparts dominance to ast/+, ast[2]/+, ast[3]/+, and ast[4]/+ (Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66). S +/+ E(S) occasionally emerges as a late-eclosing giant. RK3A. cytology: Arose in In(2L)Cy = In(2L)22D1-2;33F5-34A1. # E(sd): Enhancer of scalloped location: Autosomal. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: R. M. Valencia, 1963. references: 1965, DIS 40: 37. phenotypeAlmost completely removes wings of sd[sp]; not tested with other alleles of sd. No interaction wth Bx or Bx[r]. RK2. # E(spl): Enhancer of split location: 3- (near ro). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green. synonym: En-spl. references: Welshons, 1956, DIS 30: 157-58. Von Halle, 1965, DIS 40: 60. phenotypeBoth E(spl/+ and E(spl)/E(spl) cause spl/+ to resemble spl/spl and cause spl/spl and spl/Y to have an extreme phenotype. spl/+/Dp(1;2)51b; E(spl)/+ less extreme than spl/+; E(spl)/+. E(spl) homozygote viable and fertile. RK2. # e(tu-K): enhancer of tumor K location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Burnet and Sang. references: 1964, Genetics 49: 223-35. phenotypeHomozygote produces a significant increase in the penetrance of tu-K in both untreated flies and those treated in ways known to increase tumor incidence in tu-K. RK3. # E(var)7: Enhancer of variegation location: 2- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz. phenotypeE(var)7/+ has no phenotype of its own but enhances variegation, e.g., w[m4] is made much lighter and variegation for rst appears in males. Variegated position effects do not respond uniformly to E(var)7. RK2(A). cytology: May be small abnormality in 25A (Schultz). # E(w[a]): Enhancer of white-apricot location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Scandlyn. phenotypeHeterozygote dilutes w[a] to pale yellow. Homozygote with w[a] is white. Not tested with other white alleles. No effect on eye color in presence of w[+]. Homozygous sterile. RK3. # e(w[e]): enhancer of white-eosin location: 1-32. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green, 55b21. synonym: en-w[e]. references: 1957, DIS 31: 81. 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEnhances intermediate alleles at the fourth recombinational site of the w locus, e.g., w[e], w[e2], w[aE], w[h], and w[X16] to produce nearly white eye color. No enhancement of tested intermediate alleles at other w subloci, e.g., w[a], w[a2], w[a3], w[a4], w[bf], w[ch2], w[co], w[col], or w[sat]. Also suppresses f. e(w[e]) flies occasionally have px-like venation or shortened wings, or both. Homozygous females sterile. RK2. # eb: ebonized location: 1-42.0. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 86. phenotypeHeavily pigmented fly with trident pattern and scutellum very dark. Wings slightly shorter; membrane often slightly concave; wing tips occasionally truncate. Males viable and fertile; females sterile. RK2. # ec: echinus location: 1-5.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15l6. phenotypeEyes large and bulging. Eye surface rough; facets large. Wings rather short and broad. Body thickset. Tends to remove dorsocentrals (posterior more than anterior) and posterior notopleurals; may also add dorsocentrals anterior to anterior dorsocentrals whether or not posterior bristles removed (Sturtevant). ec is visible in +/ec/ec triploids (Gersh). RK1. cytology: Locus placed at 3F1-2 by Demerec and Sutton (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # ed: echinoid location: 2-11.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 31a16. phenotypeEyes large and rough. Easily classified, although not as extreme as ec. RK1. cytology: Placed between 24D2 and 24F1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)M-z[C] = Df(2L)24D2-5;25A2-3 but not in Df(2L)M-z[B] = Df(2L)24E2-F1;25A1-2 (Morgan, Bridges, Schultz, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77). # ef: elfin location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1959, DIS 33: 86. phenotypeSmall fly with slightly excess melanization. Wings proportionally smaller, slightly altered in shape, and warped. Abdominal tergites often broken and abnormally pigmented. Males viable but sterile. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ef = T(1;2)14C8-D1;2R. # eg: eagle location: 3-47.3. discoverer: Morgan, 1930. phenotypeWings extended. Hairs on thorax somewhat disarranged. Dark pattern on thorax. RK2. # eg[2] discoverer: Bridges, 33j16. synonym: dh: dihedral. phenotypeWings extended and uplifted. Females often sterile. RK2. # eg[57c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nicoletti, 57c. references: 1957, DIS 31: 84. phenotypeWings held out at 45-90[o] angle from midline. Excellent viability and fertility. RK1. # el: elbow location: 2-50.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 35d1. phenotypeWings extended and bent backward (as in bt and bat), often warped and shortened, sometimes blistered or nicked. Alula always reduced and fused with main wing blade. Venation reduced by terminal shortening of L5 and of crossveins. Balancers reduced, especially in third segment. Eye size decreased, varying with other manifestations. RK2. cytology: Placed in region between 34E5 and 35D1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # Elp: Ellipse location: 2-99 (to the left of px). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 57b. references: 1960, DIS 34: 50. phenotypeEyes of heterozygotes rough and more oval than wild type. Homozygotes have small eyes with fused facets, resemble homozygous ast. Homozygotes have low viability. RK1 as heterozygote. # elr: elliptical rough location: 1-25.1. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1960, DIS 34: 49. phenotypeEyes slightly elliptical and rough. Wings slightly broader. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK2. other information: Two other alleles: one induced by X rays, one by CB. 3025. # en: engrailed location: 2-62.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Evang, 26k7. references: Eker, 1929, Hereditas 12: 217-22 (fig.). Bridges, Skoog, and Li, 1936, Genetics 21: 788-95. Brasted, 1941, Genetics 26: 347-73 (fig.). phenotypeLongitudinal cleft extends from rear border of scutellum forward, may be reduced to median nick or posterior flattening of scutellum. Bristles often javelin- or hooked-like. Wings larger, broader, and thin textured with spatulate end; venation always disturbed (like that of ci) with gap in L4 and L5 and branching plexus of extra veins. In males, extra sex comb often present, smaller than normal, and in mirror-image position on outer side of tarsus. Action of en on differentiation of secondary sex comb on male foreleg is autonomous [Tokunaga, 1961, Genetics 46: 157-76 (fig.)]. Male genitalia may be malformed and rotated, resulting in sterility (Curry, 1941, DIS 14: 50). cg en/+ + characterized by slight degree of L4 interruption and thinning in males at low temperature. The triple heterozygote cg en/+ +; ci/+ has about 50% expression of L4 interruption (House, 1961, Genetics 46: 871). For other interactions of en with ci alleles and H, see House (1953, Genetics 38: 199-215, 309-27). RK1. # eq: equational producer location: 1- (to the right of car- probably heterochromatic). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a2. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1934, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 33: 280. phenotypeProduces 1-2% equational nondisjunction of X's in male, producing both X/X and nullo-X, nullo-Y sperm. Original eq male when crossed to attached-X female produced 89/289 equational exceptional X/X daughters. Claimed to generate bb-deficient Y chromosomes. RK3. cytology: Both salivary and mitotic chromosomes appear normal. # er: erupt location: 3-70.7 (60.7 to 80.7; not an allele of k). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Glass, 1941. references: 1943, DIS 17: 50. 1944, Genetics 29: 436-46. 1957, Science 126: 683-89 (fig.). phenotypeExhibits eruption of underlying hypodermis in center of one or both eyes. Eruption may be segmented and have hairs. Less extreme expression produces derangement of central or anterior-central facets. Eruption may occur as encroachment of chitin with bristles and hairs into anterior edge of eye. RK2. other information: Alleles of at least five different strengths present in different wild stocks. Present in many wild stocks in suppressed condition. # Er: Erect location: 3-50. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41c9. references: 1942, DIS 16: 50. phenotypePosterior scutellars at greater than normal angle with body, vary from slight effect to conditions in which bristles stand at right angles to scutellum. In latter case, bristles usually appear warped and twisted. Wings incompletely expanded and crinkled to varying degrees. RK3. # es: ether sensitive location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Tinderholt. references: Kidd, 1963, DIS 37: 49. phenotypeHypersensitive to diethyl ether and chloroform. Homozygotes killed by exposure to doses of these agents harmless to normal flies. Sensitivity probably affected by modifiers. A male sterility factor seems to be associated but may be separable. Viability of homozygote about 70% that of es/SM1 and remains low in strains selected for less sensitivity. Not sensitive to carbon dioxide. RK3. # esc: extra sex combs location: 2-54.9 (based on location of esc[D]). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Slifer, 40e2. references: 1942, J. Exptl. Zool. 90: 31-40 (fig.). phenotypeSex combs may be present on all six legs of male; at least one extra sex comb present in majority of males. Expression affected by culture conditions. When expressivity high, extra transverse bristle rows appear between sixth and eighth longitudinal rows of bristles, mainly on distal portion of basitarsus and tibia of second and third legs in both sexes; accompanied by shortening of affected leg segments. Sex comb development autonomous in mosaics produced by somatic crossing over [Tokunaga and Stern, 1965, Develop. Biol. 11: 50-81 (fig.)]. For interactions with Pc and Scx see Hannah-Alavah, 1958, Genetics 43: 878-905 (fig.). Males and females sterile. RK2. cytology: Arose in chromosome carrying In(2L)t = In(2L)22D3-E1;34A8-9 but mutant and inversion separable (Tokunaga). # esc[D]: extra sex combs-Dominant origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stromnaes, 53f. synonym: esc[2]; Esc[2]. references: Hannah and Stromnaes, 1955, DIS 29: 121-23. phenotypeesc[D]/+ similar to esc/esc. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # Est-6[F]: Esterase 6-Fast location: 3-36.8 (10.3 units to the right of h and 6.4 units to the left of th). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: T. Wright, 61h. references: 1963, DIS 37: 53. 1963, Genetics 48: 787-801 (fig.). phenotypeEsterase 6 is one of ten positively migrating esterases demonstrable histochemically with (alphanaphthyl acetate and Fast Blue BB after starch gel electrophoresis of imaginal homogenates. Readily identified in zymograms as the most heavily staining esterase. Migrates about 5 cm when exposed to a voltage drop of 2.0-2.5 v per cm for 17 hr at 4[o]C in a starch gel prepared with 0.05 M tris buffer, pH 8.7. Flies homozygous for Est-6[F] have a single esterase 6 band that migrates faster than a similar, single esterase 6 band found in flies homozygous for Est-6[S]. The enzyme specified by Est-6[F] is completely inactivated by exposure to 60[o]C for 10 min (Wright, 1964, DIS 39: 60). Heterozygotes, Est-6[F]/Est-6[S], exhibit both the fast and slow esterase 6 bands and do not contain a hybrid esterase 6 with an intermediate electrophoretic mobility. No morphological difference between Est-6[F] and Est-6[S] homozygotes is apparent. Both have been found together in wild populations and in numerous wild type and mutant stocks. Esterase 6 of Wright corresponds to esterase D of Beckman and Johnson. RK3. # Est-6[F2] discoverer: MacIntyre, 63d. references: Wright, 1964, DIS 39: 60. phenotypeProduces an esterase 6 with the same electrophoretic mobility as that produced by Est-6[F] but that is stable to treatment with 60[o]C for 10 min. RK3. # Est-6[S]: Esterase 6-Slow origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: T. Wright. references: 1963, DIS 37: 53. 1963, Genetics 48: 787-801 (fig.). 1964, DIS 39: 60. phenotypeProduces slowly migrating esterase 6 that is stable to treatment with 60[o]C for 10 min. RK3. # Est-C[F]: Esterase C-Fast location: 3-49 (based on 2/68 crossovers with Aph and 9/43 with Est-6). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Beckman and Johnson. references: 1964, Hereditas 51: 212-20 (fig.). phenotypeEsterase C is one of six positively migrating esterases that can be demonstrated with (alphanaphthyl acetate and Fast Blue RR after starch gel electrophoresis of single fly homogenates for 3 hr at room temperature at a voltage gradient of 6-8 v per cm, using Poulik's discontinuous buffer system. Est-C[F]/Est-C[F] produces a rapidly migrating esterase C, and Es6-C[F]/Est-C[S] produces two bands on starch gel; no evidence for hybrid enzyme in heterozygotes. Est-C[S] Est-6[S]/Est-C[F] Est-6[F] homogenates produce four electrophoretic bands in place of the two found in homozygotes. RK3. # Est-C[S]: Esterase C-Slow origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Beckman and Johnson. references: 1964, Hereditas 51: 212-20 (fig.). phenotypeProduces esterase C with slow electophoretic mobility on starch gel. RK3. # ex: expanded location: 2-0.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17k21. references: Stern and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11: 514 (fig.). phenotypeWings extremely wide and large, sometimes curved and divergent. Effect produced in prepupal wing, probably by influence on cell division (Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139). Eyes slightly reduced in size and roughish. Body large. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosome location in or near 21C3 (Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66). # ex[48k] origin: Recovered among progeny of flies treated as larvae with natural gas. discoverer: Mickey, 48k. references: 1950, DIS 24: 60. phenotypeSlightly more extreme than ex. RK2. # exi: exiguous location: 1-51.5. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1958, DIS 32: 70. phenotypeSmall fly with rather dusky body color. Not easily classified. Viability and fertility good in male, slightly reduced in female. RK3. # exr: extra venation location: 1- (associated with In(1)exr). origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1958, DIS 32: 70. phenotypeEyes slightly rough and smaller than normal. Wings have irregularly distributed extra vein tissue. Males viable and fertile; females viable but sterile. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(1)exr = In(1)12E8-10;15D1-3. # ext: extended location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stroher, 1958. references: Mainx, 1958, DIS 32: 82. phenotypeWings held out at about a 75[o] angle from body axis, are wavy, and gradually curve downward. Distal parts of wings often crumpled and folded. Halteres normal. Function of wings reduced. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # Ext: Extras location: 1-15.2. discoverer: Schultz, 33l8. phenotypeHeterozygous female has thickened, branched, and extra veins. Overlaps wild type. Lethal in male. RK3. # ey: eyeless location: 4-2.0 (located in diplo-4 triploids by Sturtevant, 1951, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 37: 405-7). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hoge, 14e. references: 1915, Am. Naturalst 49: 47-49. Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20 (fig.). phenotypeEye reduced to three-fourths to one-half normal area but varies from no eyes to extensive overlapping of wild type. Less extreme at low temperatures. Optic ganglia reduced (Richards and Furrow, 1922, Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci. 2: 41-45). Variability in size of eye affected by environmental and genetic conditions (Morgan, 1929, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 399: 139-68; Baron, 1935, J. Exptl. Zool. 70: 461-90). RK2. cytology: Placed between 102C15 and 102E10 on basis of the absence of ey[+] from the 2L[D]4[P] element of T(2;4)b = T(2;4)25E;102C15-D1 (Morgan, 1946, DIS 20: 88) and its presence on Df(4)11 = Df(4)102E2-10;102F2-10 (Hochman). # ey[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nonidez, 1919. references: Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20 (fig.). phenotypeEye reduced to one-half to one-fourth wild-type area with relatively little variability. Cephalic complex smaller than wild type 25 hr after hatching from egg at 27[o]C; subsequent growth rate same as wild type [Medvedev, 1935, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 70: 55-72 (fig.); 1935, Tr. Inst. Genet. Akad. Nauk SSSR 10: 119-51; Steinberg, 1944, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 30: 5-13]. RK1. other information: Most often used ey allele. # ey[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Li, 25f10. references: Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. phenotypeEye size and variability intermediate between ey and ey[2]. Optic disk of mature larvae about 20% size of wild-type disk (Chen, 1929, J. Morphol. 47: 135-99). Expression and fertility of both males and females highly susceptible to modification of genetic background (Spofford, 1956, Genetics 41: 938-59). RK2. # ey[34g] origin: Occurred among progeny of cold-treated fly. discoverer: Gottchewski, 34g26. references: 1935, DIS 4: 15. phenotypeStrong allele of ey, like ey[2]. RK1. # ey[36e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 36e25. references: 1937, DIS 7: 8. phenotypeLike ey, expression variable; viability poor. RK3. # ey[46l] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: King and Poulson, 46l. references: 1948, DIS 22: 54. phenotypeEye smaller than ey[2], conical in profile, may be notched or partly covered with cuticle. Sometimes bristle-covered palps protrude from border of eye. Palps often found on bucca. Often dark smudges on gena. Extra vibrissae and buccal bristles. Anterior verticals usually doubled; posterior verticals thickened, shortened, and bent or split at tips. ey[46l]/ey[2] intermediate between the two homozygotes. Viability fair. RK2. # ey[AD]: eyeless of A. Das origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Das, 63a7. references: Sarkar, 1963, DIS 38: 28. phenotypeEye varies from absence to normal. RK2. # ey[D]: eyeless-Dominant origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 27k. references: Patterson and Muller, 1930, Genetics 15: 495-577 (fig.). Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. 1935, Tr. Dinam. Razvit 10: 463-73. phenotypeEyes small, outline irregular, displaced toward top and rear. Head large, often with duplicated antennae or ocelli. Sex combs always very large. Second joint of tarsi shortened to give lumps, sometimes very conspicuous. Fully dominant in triplo-4 flies (Sturtevant, 1936, Genetics 21: 448). Eye size of B; ey[D]/+ males larger than of B alone. Produces extreme phenotype in combination with D. D/+; ey[D]/+ almost completely lethal (Sobels, Kruijt, and Spronk, 1951, DIS 25: 128). Homozygous lethal. Homozygotes die during larval period and many ey[D] flies die as pupae (Hochman). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes show duplication of about a dozen bands inserted into middle of fourth chromosome as a reversed repeat. Source of duplication unknown (Bridges, 1935). other information: May not be an allele of ey. # ey[D39k] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39k. references: Hinton, 1940, DIS 13: 49. phenotypeEyes appear as a knot or two separated knots. Homozygote overlaps wild type in 75% of flies. Heterozygote overlaps wild type in only 50% of flies (T. Hinton, 1942, Am. Naturalist 76: 219-22). RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # ey[K]: eyeless from Oregon-K origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sang and McDonald. references: 1954, J. Genet. 52: 392-412 (fig.). Sang and Burnet, 1963, Genetics 48: 1683-1700. phenotypeEyes reduced in varying degrees from eyelessness to wild type. Supernumerary antennae occur in a small proportion of flies, especially in flies with no eyes. Eye size depends on diet. RK2. # ey[opt]: eyeless-ophthalmoptera origin: Spontaneous derivative of ey[2]. On chromosome 4; possibly separable from ey[2]. discoverer: E. Goldschmidt. references: Goldschmidt and Lederman-Klein, 1958, J. Heredity 49: 262-66 (fig.). phenotypeEyes small with variable outgrowths. RK2. # ey[R]: eyeless-Russian origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sacharov, 23h13. references: Serebrovsky and Sacharov, 1925, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 1: 75-91. Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. phenotypeEye reduced to one-half or one-fourth normal area, reduction occurring chiefly in anterior part. Similar to ey[2]. RK1. # ey[tu]: eyeless-tumorous origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Datta, 63c26. synonym: tu-h[63]: tumor head-63. references: Sarkar, 1963, DIS 38: 28. phenotypeAbnormal growths in various regions of the head; protuberances on or near eyes; small eyes; aggregations of hairs in antennal region. RK2. other information: Allelism shown by Fahmy. # ey[W59]: eyeless of White origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: White, 59f. references: Meyer, 1959, DIS 33: 97. phenotypeEyes small or absent. More extreme at higher temperatures. Good viability and fertility. RK1. # Eye: Eyeless dominant in chromosome 2 location: 2-62.7. origin: Probably ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 51g. synonym: ey-II[D]. references: 1952, DIS 26: 60. phenotypeEyes may be greatly reduced in size with frequent doubling of antennae. Overlaps wild type, especially in old vials. Recessive in triploids. Eye/+; ey[D]/+ has smaller eyes than either alone. Homozygous lethal. RK3. # eyg: eye gone location: 3-35.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 40g20. references: 1942, DIS 16: 48. phenotypeEyes and head much smaller than normal. Considerable pupal mortality, probably from inability to push open pupa cases. Adults normal in viability and productivity. Character subject to genetic modifiers and possibly environmental influences. Expression varies from complete absence of facets to formation of about 100 facets. RK2. # Eyl: Eyeluf location: 1-18. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Marzluf. phenotypeOne or both eyes reduced in size. Expression varies from slight reduction to absence of eye. Sometimes extraneous materials protrude through eye; frequently, one or more duplicated antennae present. Penetrance incomplete; viability good. In aged and crowded cultures, both penetrance and expressivity increased. Third chromosome carries important modifiers affecting penetrance, and different wild-type and mutant stocks carry different modifiers. Penetrance lower at 18[o]C than at 25[o]C. RK3. # eyr: eyes reduced location: 3-103. origin: Found among flies grown on food containing copper sulfate. discoverer: Edwards and Gardner, 1962. references: 1963, DIS 37: 47. 1966, Genetics 53: 785-98. phenotypeEyes vary from normal to absence of ommatidia. Shows some degree of dominance; many heterozygotes have some eye abnormality, usually a nick in anterior region of one or both eyes; an abnormal growth of wing tissue may be associated with the nick. eyr; ey[4] flies have very small heads, usually without ommatidia. Viability greatly reduced. RK2. # f: forked location: 1-56.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 12k19. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237:58 (fig.). phenotypeBristles shortened, gnarled, and bent with ends split or sharply bent. Hairs similarly affected, but this is visible only at high magnifications. Treatment with methylurea causes normal bristle formation (De Marinis). Developmental studies [Lees and Waddington, 1942, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. B 131:87-110 (fig.); Lees and Picken, 1945, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 132:396-423 (fig.)] show nature of pupal bristle secretion is affected. Suppressed by su(f). RK1. cytology: According to Demerec and Sutton, bands 15F1-5 are involved (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41:191). This can be narrowed to 15F1-3 on the basis of Df(1)f[257-5] = Df(1)15E7-F1;15F2-4. other information: Green (1955, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 41:375-79; 1956, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 42:73-77) showed the forked mutants can be assigned to either of two pseudoallelic series, f is a member of the right series. Back mutations to f[+] occur spontaneously, and their incidence is not increased by X rays (Green, 1959, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 45:16-18; Lefevre and Green, 1959, Genetics 44:769-76). # f[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 19k14. references: 1938, DIS 9:46. Green, 1955, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 41:375-79. phenotypeSlight allele of f. Ends of bristles twisted or split. Not suppressed by su(f). RK2. other information: A member of the left pseudoallelic series. # f[3N] origin: Spontaneous derivative of f. discoverer: Green. references: 1955, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 41:375-79. 1959, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 45:16-18. Lefevre and Green, 1959, Genetics 44:769-76. phenotypeExpression similar to f. Unlike f, does not respond to su(f). RK1. other information: At the left f sublocus (Green). Reverts spontaneously, and X rays delivered to oogonia and oocytes cause high incidence of reversion. Irradiation of postmeiotic stages in the male does not cause back mutation (Green, 1959; Lefevre and Green, 1959). # f[5] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 21b. references: 1938, DIS 9:47. phenotypeBristles and hairs much curled and twisted. A rather extreme allele of f. Suppressed by su(f). RK1. other information: A member of the right f pseudoallelic series (Green, 1955). # f[34b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Stone, 34b. references: 1935, DIS 4:63. phenotypeSubliminal allele of f. Wild type in males and homozygous females but gives a weak forked phenotype when heterozygous with f or f[5]. RK3. # f[34e] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 34e4. references: 1939, DIS 12:48. phenotypeLike f. RK1. # f[36a] discoverer: Ives, 36a27. phenotypeThe most extreme f allele. Hairs and bristles extremely crooked. RK1. other information: A member of the right f pseudoallelic series (Green). # f[42] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Anderson, 42c30. references: Oliver, 1942, DIS 16:53. phenotypeAn extreme allele like f[5]. RK1. # f[51a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 51a. references: Lefevre and Green, 1959, Genetics 44:769-76. phenotypeAn extreme f like f[36a]. Not suppressed by su(f). RK1. other information: Not observed to revert spontaneously; reversions not induced by X rays. # f[56e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Williams, 56e. references: 1956, DIS 30:79. phenotypeLike f. RK1. # f[257-4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j. phenotypeBristles and hairs strongly forked. Viability and fertility good. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)f[257-4] = In(1)15F2-16A1;16D2-E1. # f[257-5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k. phenotypeLethal in male and cell lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)f[257-5] = Df(1)15E7-F1;15F2-4 (Sutton). # f[257-6] origin: Spontaneous; recovered originally as a Bar reversion. discoverer: Bridges, 14i25. references: 1917, Genetics 2:445-65. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2:164, 226. Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28:99. phenotypeLethal and cell lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)f[257-6] = Df(1)15E4-F1;16A7-1. other information: Identity of Df(1)f[257-6] with the Bridges f B deficiency claimed in the original edition, but this does not seem well established. Bridges's case was the first recorded deficiency; in 1925, it was claimed to be lost. Df(1)f[257-6] obtained by Demerec from Pasadena in 1933 as a f B deficiency. # f[257-9] origin: X ray induced; recovered with simultaneous reversion of B[i]B[i]. discoverer: Demerec, 34c. phenotypeLethal in male and cell lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)f[257-9] = Df(1)15E7-F1;16D2-4. # f[257-15] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 35a. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)f[257-15] = T(1;2)13E9-10;15E2-3;24F (Sutton). # f[257-19] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover,35h. phenotypeLethal, extreme forked. RK2. cytology: No major band missing (Kaufmann). # f[257-22] origin: X ray induced in B[i]B[i] X chromosome. discoverer: Demerec, 36c. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)f[257-22] = T(1;2)4D2-3;8F;15E4-F1;39E;41F-42A (Kaufmann). # f[257-24] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 36e. phenotypeAn extreme f. Lethal. RK2. cytology: No major band missing (Kaufmann). # f[257-27] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38l. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)f[257-27] = Df(1)14F6-15A1;15F5-6 (Sutton). # f[257-28] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 40h. phenotypeLethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)f[257-28] = Df(1)15E7-F1;16E5-F1 (Sutton). # f[257-29] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bishop, 40l. phenotypeVery slight f effect. Male sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)f[257-29] = T(1;3)15F5-16A1;64 (Sutton). # f[257-30] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bishop, 41a. phenotypeForked bristles; viability and fertility good. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Sutton). # f[257-31] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bishop, 41a. phenotypeLethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)f[257-31] = Df(1)15E7-F1;15F5-6 (Sutton). # f[+ih]: forked-wild type in heterochromatin origin: X ray induced simultaneously with f[X]. synonym: f[m]:forked-mottled = f[X] f[+ih]. discoverer: Muller. references: 1946, DIS 20:88-89. 1947, DIS 21:71. Muller and Oster, 1957, DIS 31:141-44. Oster, Ehrlich, and Muller, 1958, DIS 32:144-45. phenotypef[+ih] with any f allele has normalizing effect. Patches of bristles and occasionally whole fly is wild type. An extra Y chromosome enhances the normalizing effect. RK2A. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (J. I. Valencia). other information: Apparently, f[+ih] is all or part of the normal allele of f transposed to the proximal heterochromatin of the X chromosome, where it variegates. # f[B]: forked of Belgovsky origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[8] or In(1)B[M2]. discoverer: Belgovsky, 1936-1937. references: 1937, DIS 8:7. 1938, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol., 1017-36. 1940, DIS 13:47-48. other information: A series of several dozen f alleles of different strengths. Analyzed genetically but not cytologically. # f[B15] origin: X ray induced in B[M2] male. discoverer: Belgovsky, 36l. references: 1940, DIS 13:47. phenotypeShows variegated expression of f. More extreme in combination with E(f). RK2A. cytology: Genetic data indicate that the mutation is associated with a reinversion of the B[M2] inversion. B[M2] phenotype reverted. # f[B27] origin: X ray induced in B[M2] male. discoverer: Belgovsky, 36l. references: 1940, DIS 13:47. phenotypeMales have mostly normal bristles, a few reduced like a Minute, rarely forked. f[B27]/f are mosaic for forked. f[B27]/f[B27] females rarely survive; those that do sometimes have reduced bristles or notched wings, or both, and are sterile. More extreme in combination with E(f). RK3A. # f[H]: forked of Hexter origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hexter. synonym: f[h]. references: Green, 1956, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 42:73-77. phenotypeLike f but not suppressed by su(f). RK1. other information: A member of the right f sublocus. # f[X]: forked from X irradiation origin: X ray induced, simultaneously with f[+ih]. synonym: f[m]:forked-mottled = f[X] f[+ih]. discoverer: Muller. references: 1946, DIS 20:88-89. 1947, DIS 21:71. Muller and Oster, 1957, DIS 31:141-44. Oster, Ehrlich, and Muller, 1958, DIS 32:144-45. phenotypeA medium f. Suppressed by su(f). RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (J. I. Valencia). other information: Located to right of f[3]. Does not cross over with f. Is not induced to revert by X rays. See last two references for relation between f[X] and f[+ih]. # f[X1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green. references: 1956, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 42:73-77. phenotypeLike f but not suppressed by su(f). RK1. other information: In right f sublocus. # f[X2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green. references: 1956, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 42:73-77. phenotypeLike f but not suppressed by su(f). RK1. other information: In left f sublocus. # f[X3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green. references: 1956, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 42:73-77. phenotypeLike f but not suppressed by su(f). RK1. other information: In left sublocus of forked. # f[X4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green. references: 1956, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 42:73-77. phenotypeLike f but not suppressed by su(f). RK1. other information: In left sublocus of forked. # fa: facet location: 1-3.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 14b. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237:76. phenotypeEyes of all males moderately rough owing to irregularity in size, shape, and arrangement of facets. Eyes of females less rough with about 10% overlap of wild type. Eye abnormality caused by overgrowth of secondary pigment cells, which compresses cones and causes overlying corneal facet to bulge (Waddington and Pilkington, 1942, DIS 16:70). Wings have apical nicks in 0.25% of males and 0-5% of females. N/fa has rough eyes of fa as well as a Notch phenotype; that is, fa has a pseudodominant effect with Notch. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosome locus placed at 3C7 by Slizynska (1938, Genetics 23:291-99). Salivary chromosomes normal (Welshons). other information: A member of the pseudoallelic series at the Notch locus (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47:743-59; Welshons, Von Halle, and Scandlyn, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1:1-2), located between N[55e11] and fa[no]. # fa[do-vg]: facet-dominigene for vestigial origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1935, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 69:38-131 (fig.). 1935, Biol. Zentr. 55:535-54 (fig.). Gardner, 1942, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49:85-102. phenotypeBy itself, it is wild type. fa[do-vg]/fa shows rough eye character of fa. fa[do-vg]/fa[do-vg]; vg/+ produces some wing notching. RK3. other information: Presumed by Goldschmidt to enhance dominance of vg and thus termed a dominigene. # fa[g]: facet-glossy origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Pratt, 1962. phenotypeEyes have facets more irregular than fa, but surface is smoothed, giving a glossy effect. Pigment distribution may be uneven, contributing to an impression of altered eye color. No wing effect. Eyes of fa[g]/fa intermediate between the two homozygotes. Complementary with spl, fa[no], nd, and nd[2] (Von Halle and Welshons). RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Welshons). other information: Located to the left of fa[no]; not yet separated from fa (Welshons). # fa[l]: facet-lethal discoverer: Muller, 19h. references: Muller and Altenburg, 1921, Anat. Record 20:213. Muller, 1935, DIS 3:30. phenotypefa[l]/fa resembles fa/fa; not notched. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # fa[n]: facet-notched origin: X ray induced in In(1)dl-49. discoverer: Glass, 1929. references: 1933, J. Genet. 27:233-41 (fig.). phenotypeWings have apical nicks or notches in 90-100% of males but only about 8% of homozygous females. Eyes not rough. fa/fa[n] is wild type. Viability and fertility excellent. RK2 in male. cytology: fa[n] is on an In(1)dl-49 chromosome but should be separable from the inversion. # fa[no]: facet-notchoid location: About 0.05 unit to right of fa. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bauer, 1943. references: 1943, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 81:374-90 (fig.). Welshons, 1958, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 44:254-58. 1958, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 23:171-76. Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47:743-59. phenotypeWings of both sexes notched at ends of L3 and L4 veins; other longitudinal veins enlarged and show deltas. Somewhat less extreme at elevated temperatures. Up to 5% of fa[no] males from aged cultures show hyper- and hypodeveloped external genitalia (Kroeger, 1960, J. Morphol. 107:227-32). Heterozygote shows extreme weak dominance. fa[no]/N almost completely lethal. Rare survivors have exaggerated Notch phenotype. fa[no]/fa closely resembles wild type; nicks in wings appear infrequently. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Welshons). other information: A member of pseudoallelic series at the Notch locus, located between fa and N[264-40]. # fb: fine bristle location: 1-1.0. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32:70. phenotypeThin, slightly shortened bristles. Occasional scalloping of wing margins. Delayed emergence. Good viability and fertility in both sexes. RK3. # fc: faulty chaetae location: 1-0.9. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32:70. phenotypeShort, thin bristles. About one-third of flies show either absence or duplication of one scutellar bristle. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK2. # fd: furled location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1949. references: 1950, DIS 24:54. 1951, DIS 25:77. phenotypeLike vestigial but with immovable mouth parts and fully extended proboscis. Dies early, perhaps owing to failure to ingest. Viability at eclosion good. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)fd = T(1;3)7A;86E + In(3R)89C;96A (Darby). # ff: fluff location: 1-57.7. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33:86. phenotypeExtremely fine short bristles. Wings slightly rounded at tips. Males and females viable and fertile; eclosion delayed. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1414. # fft: fused filament location: Not located. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Robertson and Reeve. references: 1954, DIS 28:78. phenotypeChorionic filaments of eggs laid by fft females usually fused into a single structure. A few normal eggs also laid. Hatchability reduced and variable. RK3. # fi: frail location: 1-53. origin: Recovered among progeny of flies treated with Janus green. discoverer: Muller, 28e20. references: 1935, DIS 3:30. phenotypeWings nearly as small as m, thin and frail. Bristles fine. Fly weak. Viability 10-30% wild type. RK3. # fil: fine lash location: 1-56.8. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33:86. phenotypeThin, slightly shorter bristles. Eyes reduced in size; posterior border very close to orbital bristles. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK3. other information: Two alleles induced by CB. 1528. # fin: finer location: 1-29.6. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33:86. phenotypeFly slightly smaller than normal with shorter, thinner bristles. Delayed eclosion. Males viable but sterile. RK3. # fj: four jointed location: 2-81. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Schultz, 31d1. phenotypeTarsi four instead of five jointed. Legs short and stocky. Enhanced by ss[a] and ss[aB] (Villee, 1945, Genetics 30: 26-27). Development similar to that of dachs [Waddington, 1943, J. Genet. 45:29-43 (fig.)]. Wings shorter and broader with crossveins conspicuously closer together; veins diverge at greater angle. Effect visible in prepupal wing (Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41:75-139). Eyes smaller, ellipsoid, coarse textured; head foreshortened. RK2. # fj[40e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 40e. references: 1941, DIS 14:39. phenotypeVenation irregularities more extreme than those described for fj but variable and may overlap wild type. Production of fj[40e] flies low in competition with wild-type flies in crowded cultures but normal in a homozygous stock. Developmental period about 20% longer than wild type. RK2. # fl: fluted location: 3-59.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Redfield, 21l. phenotypeWings creased lengthwise and dark. Overlaps wild type slightly at 25[o] but not at 19[o]C. RK3. # fl[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 36d15. phenotypeLike fl. RK3. # Fl: Female lethal location: 1-19.1 (based on crosses with Fl[s]). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller and Zimmering, 1960. references: 1960, Genetics 45:1001-2. phenotypeViability of Fl/+ females varies from zero to normal, depending on maternal genotype. Where viability is low, surviving females often show diverse morphological abnormalities. Fl/Fl females lethal, die as early embryos (Oster). tra/tra has no effect on survival of Fl/Fl or Fl/+ (Zimmering and Muller, 1961, DIS 35:103-4). Fl/Y males have normal viability and phenotype. RK2A. cytology: Present in X containing In(1)dl-49 = In(1)4D7-E1;11F2-4. # Fl[s]: Female lethal-sterile origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Zimmering and Muller, 1961. synonym: Fl[2]. references: 1961, DIS 35:103-4. phenotypeFertility of Fl[s]/+ females may be reduced. Fl[s]/Fl[s] females sterile. Fl/Fl[s] females lethal. RK3. # fla: flateye location: 1-2.4. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32:70. phenotypeSmaller fly with smaller and less curved eyes. Wings extremely variable, from normal through incised margins to crumpled vestigial stumps. Not easily classified. Viability and fertility good in males but reduced in females. # fll: flyless location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Cercos, 41g15. references: Andres, 1943, DIS 17:48. phenotypeWings apparently normal, but fly cannot keep them spread and cannot fly more than a few inches. RK3. # flp: flipper location: 2-30. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 18h5. references: Bridges and Mohr, 1919, Genetics 4:304. phenotypeWings fail to expand, remain compact, very dark, extended, and curved slightly downward. Fly a wizened dwarf. Body surface dull and dark. Both sexes sterile. RK3. # flw: flap wing location: 1-31. discoverer: Waletzky, 1937. synonym: flp, a preoccupied symbol. phenotypeWings held out, consistently concave upward, and slightly pointed. Darkened longitudinal stripe along thorax, underneath chitin; occasional bubbling; maximum pigmentation in anterior part of stripe. Anterior scutellars sometimes missing or doubled. Eyes bulging and slightly roughened. Head compressed anteroposteriorly. Third antennal joint shortened. RK2. # fm: fine macros location: 1-66.1. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33:86. phenotypeSmall fly with narrow abdomen and extremely short, thin bristles. Males fertile; viability about 50% wild type. RK3. # fnc: fine chaetae location: 1-34.9. origin: Induced by S-2-chloroethylcysteine (CB. 1592). discoverer: Fahmy, 1957. references: 1959, DIS 33:86. phenotypeExtremely fine, short bristles. Body parts disproportionately reduced; reduction least marked on head and most marked on abdomen. Wings broad and slightly rounded at tips, occasionally with incisions of margin. Eyes slightly brighter red than normal. Males viable but sterile. RK3. # fo: folded location: 1-63. discoverer: Grossman, 1932. references: 1934, DIS 1:30. phenotypeWings remain unexpanded in a varying percentage of flies. Balancers shriveled; postscutellars bent forward. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # Fo: Forkoid location: 2-107 (between or and sp). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Mohler, 58c18. references: 1960, DIS 34:52. phenotypeHeterozygote shows reduction in size of bristles and weak forking of head and posterior thoracic bristles. Using Dp(2;3)P, it may be shown that the expression of +/+/Fo < +/Fo < +/Fo/Fo; +/Fo/Fo shows extreme forking of all bristles and is sterile. Homozygous lethal. Fo interacts with f alleles to produce extreme f bristles. RK1. cytology: Located between 58E3 and 60B10, on basis of its inclusion in Dp(2;3)P = Dp(2;3)58E3-F2;60D14-E2;96B5-C1 but not in Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2 (Mohler) or in the deficiency for the tip of 2R derived from T(1;2)Bld = T(1;2)1C3-4;60B12-13 (Armentrout). # fol: folded wings location: 2-39. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1937. phenotypeExpanded wing folded. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # fr: fringed location: 2-80. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22c30. references: 1938, DIS 9:48. phenotypeWings often spread; wing margins snipped; bristles irregular and fringelike. Eyes small and rough. Midline of abdomen at slight angle to longitudinal axis of fly. Much variability in expression; safest criterion is wing margin irregularity. Viability variable, from 16 to 90% wild type. Females rarely fertile. Character less extreme at low temperature. RK3. # fr[0]: fringed-zero origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15a20. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278:257 (fig.). phenotypeWing margins have bare spots; remaining hairs frayed and irregular. Wings smaller, discolored, and somewhat divergent. Like fr but less extreme. RK3. other information: Lost before fr, fr[2], and fr[di] were found. # fr[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Novitski, 37a22. synonym: trm:trimmed. references: 1937, DIS 8:10, 13. Lewis, 1938, DIS 10:55-56. phenotypeWings scalloped and fringed on all margins, slim and coarse textured, often divergent and uplifted. Eyes rough. Some extra bristles present. Abdomen slightly offset, as in fr. Female sterile. Classification at 25[o]C excellent; characters less extreme at 19[o]C. Viability generally good but erratic. RK2. # fr[di]: fringed-dibro origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17k19. synonym: dibro. references: Lynch, 1920, Genetics 4:527-28. phenotypeSpread wings with scalloped margins. Eyes rough. Very inviable; both sexes sterile. RK3. # Frd: Freckled location: 2-103.1 (Nicoletti). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: M. G. Davis, 1961. references: Erlich, 1963, DIS 37:47. Barigozzi, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1:207. 1965, DIS 40:64. phenotypePupa and young fly characterized by accmulation of dark pigment; in older fly, pigment becomes concentrated in black specks scattered through body, head, and legs. Homozygous lethal. RK2. other information: Barigozzi claims it has an extra chromosomal or episomal component in its transmission. # fs(1)N: female sterile (1) of Nasrat. location: 1-0.0 (closely linked to sc). origin: Induced by an unspecified chemical mutagen. discoverer: Nasrat, 1952. synonym: fs(1)[nas]. phenotypeFemales sterile but no other distinguishing characteristics. Males fertile. Developmental study by Counce and Ede [1957, J. Embryol. Exptl. Morphol. 5:404-21 (fig.)]. Eggs of fs(1)N/fs(1)N females will not support development of normal embryos. About half the eggs contain little or no yolk; development may or may not begin in such eggs but never progresses beyond a highly abnormal cleavage. In eggs containing more yolk, major effect is on synchrony of cleavage and blastoderm mitoses. Twenty percent of these embryos cease development before blastoderm formation. The remainder have abnormal blastoderms and aberrant gastrulation. Final pattern of damage determined by degree of abnormality of earlier stages, but some embryos show larval differentiation. A few of the least abnormal embryos may emerge but never move about or feed. Formation of polar granules abnormal. RK3. cytology: No detectable chromosomal rearrangements (Slizynska). # fs(2)B: female sterile (2) of Bridges location: 2-5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 29c25. synonym: fes. references: King, Sang, and Leth, 1961, Exptl. Cell. Res. 23:108-17 (fig.). King, Koch, and Cassens, 1961, Growth 25:45-65 (fig.). Koch and King, 1964, Growth 28:325-69 (fig.). phenotypeExternal morphology normal. Males fertile; females sterile. Ovarioles of homozygous female subdivided into a series of sausage-shaped cell aggregates, each surrounded with an ill-defined follicular epithelium and filled with hundreds to thousands of mitotically active oogonia-like cells [King, Burnett, and Staley, 1957, Growth 21:239-61 (fig.)]. These cells occasionally differentiate into cells resembling nurse cells, which may have polytene chromosomes, and rarely into oocytes. fs(2)B ovaries transplanted into wild-type hosts in late larval stages and reciprocal transplants develop autonomously (Clancy and Beadle, 1937, Biol. Bull. 72:47-56; Bodenstein and King, 1963, DIS 37:65; 1965, Z. Naturforsch. 20b:292-97). RK3. # Fs(2)D: Female sterile (2) Dominant location: 2- (not located). origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 65e. phenotypeHeterozygous female entirely sterile with underdeveloped ovaries. Heterozygous male has normal fertility. Bristles short; thorax broad and flattened with air bubbles under cuticle. RK3. other information: Sterility makes genetic mapping impossible. # fs(2)E1: female sterile (2) of Edmondson location: 2-57.6. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 50j. synonym: fs2.1. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1957, DIS 25:72. phenotypeSterile females do not lay eggs. Gonads rudimentary. RK3. # fs(2)E2 location: 2-22.0. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: fs2.2. references: 1952, DIS 26:61. phenotypeFemales produce eggs that appear normal but do not hatch. Fertile in heterozygotes with ms(2)E3 (2-28.0). RK3. # fs(2)E3 location: 2-47.5. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: fs2.3. references: 1952, DIS 26:62. phenotypeFemale sterile; narrow curved wings. No eggs laid. Fertile in heterozygotes with ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), and ms(2)E9 (2-57.0). RK3. # fs(2)E4 location: 2-48.5. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: fs2.4. references: 1952, DIS 26:62. phenotypeVery few eggs laid; female sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), and ms(2)E9 (2-57.0). RK3. # fs(2)E5 location: 2-50.4. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: fs2.5. references: 1952, DIS 26:62. phenotypeFemale semisterile. A few larvae hatch normally, but most embryos degenerate. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), and ms(2)E9 (2-57.0). RK3. # fs(2)E6 location: 2-54.4. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1950. synonym: fs2.6 references: 1952, DIS 26:62. phenotypeFemale produces normal-appearing eggs, which do not hatch. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), ms(2)E9 (2-57.0), and fs(2)E8 (2-62.6). RK3. # fs(2)E7 location: 2-55.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Edmondson, 1950. synonym: fs2.7. references: 1952, DIS 26:62. phenotypeFemales produce collapsing eggs. Apparently, there is a weakness in the vitelline membrane, since these eggs cannot be successfully dechorionated; when chorion is removed, egg contents flow out. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), ms(2)E9 (2-57.0), and fs(2)E8 (2-62.6). RK3. # fs(2)E8 location: 2-62.6. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 49k. synonym: fs2.8. references: 1952, DIS 26:62. phenotypeFemales do not lay eggs. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), ms(2)E9 (2-57.0), ms(2)E10 (2-66.5), ms(2)E11 (2-68.0), and ms(2)E12 (2-68.2). RK3. # fs(2)E9 location: 2-35.6. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1958. synonym: fs(2)[58g]. references: 1960, DIS 34:49. phenotypeNumerous infertile eggs produced. Viability normal. Males fertile. RK3. # fs(2)K: female sterile (2) of Kikkawa location: 2-100. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kikkawa, 1960. synonym: fes(2)K. references: 1960, DIS 34:51. phenotypeFemale sterile; male fully fertile. RK3. # fs(3)G1: female sterile (3) of Gill location: 3-47. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gill, 59a. synonym: fs(3)1[59a]. references: 1960, Anat. Record 138:351. 1961, Ph. D. Thesis, Yale Univ. 1962, DIS 36:37. 1963, J. Exptl. Zool. 152:251-78 (fig.). phenotypeEggs die in early cleavage stage. Meiosis precocious in 2% of oocytes; first meiotic spindle parallel to egg surface. Males fertile. RK3. # fs(3)G2 location: 3-11. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gill, 59a. synonym: fs(3)2[59a]. references: 1960, Anat. Record 138:351. 1961, Ph. D. Thesis, Yale Univ. 1962, DIS 36:37. 1963, J. Exptl. Zool. 152:251-78 (fig.). phenotypeFemales almost sterile; produce rare surviving progeny. Oogenesis incomplete, usually stops in early phases of vitellogenesis. Most (89%) follicles contain 32 cells instead of normal 16 as a result of an extra oogonial division. The 32 cells of an incipient cyst enclosed in two chambers in 6% of the cases. Position of oocyte in follicle abnormal in 28% of cases. Males partially sterile. Viability low. RK3. # fs(3)G3 location: 3-25. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gill, 59a. synonym: fs(3)3[59a]. references: 1960, Anat. Record 138:351. 1961, Ph. D. Thesis, Yale Univ. 1962, DIS 36:37. 1963, J. Exptl. Zool. 152:251-78 (fig.). phenotypeOogenesis incomplete; most follicles stop development during yolk deposition (after stage 9). Males fertile. RK3. # fs(3)G5 location: 3-49. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gill, 59a. synonym: fs(3)5[59a]. references: 1960, Anat. Record 138:351. 1961, Ph. D. Thesis, Yale Univ. 1962, DIS 36:37. 1963, J. Exptl. Zool. 152:251-78. phenotypeOogenesis incomplete; ovarioles contain excessive numbers of follicles, which usually stop developing at or before stage 9. Males fertile. RK3. # ft: fat location: 2-12.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 20b15. references: 1923, Studia Mendeliana (Brunae). pp. 266-87. 1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 50:113-200 (fig.). phenotypeAbdomen short and fat. Thorax broad. Wings short and broad with crossveins much closer together than normal. Scutellum shortened; scutellar bristles far apart. Viability good. Second- and third-instar larvae, particularly when there is little yeast in the food, show vacuoles in cytoplasm of salivary gland cells. Two waves of vacuole formation. Cells with vacuoles exhibit a slight puff in 24D-E, which is negatively correlated with puffing in 21 and 22. Tip of X disfigured, possibly as a result of several small puffs intermingled with hard, nonpuffed bands. In about 1% of larvae, salivary glands distally expanded and crooked [Slizynski, 1964, Cytologia (Tokyo), 29:330-36 (fig.)]. RK1. cytology: Placed between 24D2 and 24F1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)M-z[C] = Df(2L)24D2-5;25A2-3 but not in Df(2L)M-z[B] = Df(2L)24E2-F1;25A1-2 (Morgan, Bridges, Schultz, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38:273-77). # fu: fused location: 1-59.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 12k4. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237:55-58 (fig.). Lynch, 1919, Genetics 4:501-33. phenotypeVeins L3 and L4 fused from base to beyond anterior crossvein with elimination of anterior crossvein and first basal cell. L3 and L4 fused at tip; this fusion may reach back to basal cell. Wings usually extended. Ocelli reduced or absent; bristles of ocellar region small or absent. Eyes small and slightly rough. Anterior scutellar bristles reduced in number and scutellum shortened. Female late to eclose and has decreased longevity. Ovaries histologically normal at eclosion but with half the normal number of ovarioles (Beatty, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B 63:249-70); fecundity 7% normal. Developing egg chambers may fuse or become tumorous with age (King, Burnett, and Staley, 1957, Growth 21:239-61 (fig.)]. Proportion of tumorous egg chambers increases by 6% per day. Female raised at 18[o]C shows only 10% the tumor development of that raised at 25[o]. Ovarian effects in female carrying fu and a deficiency for fu [i. e., In(1)Cl[L]y[4R] = In(1)4A5-B1;17A6-B1[L]1A8-B1;18A3-4[R]] are more extreme than those in fu homozygote (King, 1959, DIS 33:142-43). fu/fu ovaries transplanted into fu[+] hosts develop autonomously in regard to fertility (Clancy and Beadle, 1937, Biol. Bull. 72:47-56; Sobels, 1950, Experientia 6:139-40) and tumor formation (Bodenstein and King, 1963, DIS 37:65). The few normal-appearing eggs that are laid by fu/fu females produce adults only if they have been fertilized by fu[+]-bearing sperm (Lynch, 1919, Genetics 4:501-33). Eggs fertilized by fu- or Y-bearing sperm develop into embryos that become abnormal 5-5(12 hr after fertilization. A general asymmetry in germ layers is responsible for many ensuing abnormalities. Such embryos never hatch but survive long after normal embryos have become larvae [Counce, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87:462-81 (fig.)]. fu eggs from fu/+ mothers develop normally. Heterozygous daughters from homozygous mothers have high incidence of abnormal abdominal segmentation and, as embryos, have abnormal musculature. This is a maternal effect not found in the reciprocal cross, and it is temperature sensitive (Armstrong and Sobels). RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosome location of fu appears to be in 17D or E (Green, 1953, Genetics 38:91-105; 1953, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 85:435-49). # fu[51e] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 51e. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25:72. phenotypeLike fu but possibly slightly more extreme. RK1. # fu[57a] origin: Induced by azo-mustard. discoverer: Purdom, 57a. references: King, Burnett, and Staley, 1957, Growth 21:239-61. phenotypeVeins L3 and L4 fused from origin to beyond anterior crossvein. Ocelli, ocellar, and anterior scutellar bristles sparse or absent. Length of scutellum generally reduced. Female sterile as with fu. Ovaries tumorous but to a lesser extent than with fu. Wings not outstretched but held in normal position. RK1. # fu[57f] origin: Induced by azo-mustard. discoverer: Purdom, 57f. references: King, Burnett, and Staley, 1957, Growth 21:239-61. phenotypeWings veins L3 and L4 often completely fused. Wings outstretched. Ovaries tumorous. RK1. # fu[59] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: R. F. Grell, 1959. references: King and Smith, 1963, DIS 37:49. phenotypeWings like fu. Rate at which ovarian tumors develop is the lowest of all alleles tested; number of tumorous egg chambers increases by 1% per day. RK1. # fu[61f1] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 62f. references: Smith and King, 1963, DIS 38:39. phenotypeLike fu[57a]. RK1. # fu[62f2] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 62f. references: Smith and King, 1963, DIS 38:39. phenotypeWings and ocelli show typical abnormalities. Ovaries develop tumors. RK1. # fu[62f3] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 62f. references: Smith and King, 1963, DIS 38:39. phenotypeLike fu. RK1. # fu[ff]: fused-formalin food origin: Induced by formaldehyde. discoverer: Auerbach, 1951. references: Counce, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87:462-81. King, Burnett, and Staley, 1957, Growth 21:239-61. phenotypeLike fu but wings not outstretched. Ovaries contain tumors. Development of lethal embryos roughly similar to that of fu (Counce, 1956). RK1. # fu[g]: fused-glider origin: Found among heat-treated flies. discoverer: Grossman, 1932. references: 1934, DIS 1:30. phenotypeLike fu except wings more divergent and females more fertile. fu[g]/fu females 40% fertile. fu[g]/fu[g] females 20% fertile. In general, pattern of development of lethal embryos is like that of fu (Counce, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87:462-81). RK1. # fw: furrowed location: 1-38.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Duncan, 14k. references: 1915, Am. Naturalist 49:575-82. Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237:80. Nachtsheim, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 20:118-56. phenotypeEyes with vertical fold and furrows. Head and scutellum shortened. Bristles gnarled and shortened, especially the postscutellars. Best classification character is short, blunt notopleurals. RK2. cytology: Placed between 10E2 and 11A7 on the basis of its being to the right of dy, which is to the right of 10E2 and to the left of the X breakpoint of T(1;4)A8 = T(1;4)11A6-7. # fw[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 31a. phenotypeExtreme fw. Female sterile. RK2A. cytology: On a chromosome containing In(1)dl-49. # fw[34e] discoverer: Duncan, 34e20. phenotypeOriginally showed eye surface medium folded; bristles much gnarled. Schultz and Curry report that stock in 1940 showed gnarled bristles and eye small but no vertical fold. RK2. # fw[49c] origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: R. C. King, 49c28. references: 1949, DIS 23:62. phenotypeEyes furrowed; distal portions of aristal branches hooked; wings divergent and often stringy; scutellar groove reduced. Bristles split, bent, and often erect; acrostichal hair pattern distributed with whorls and naked areas. Late hatching, poorly viable, and mostly sterile. fw[49c]/fw phenotypically intermediate but more like fw/fw than fw[49c]/fw[49c]. RK3. # fw[59] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Garcia-Bellido, 59i21. references: 1963, Genet. Iberica 15:1-102. phenotypeEyes rough and creased; facets irregular, 15% fewer than normal. Eyes browner than normal; pterine concentration reduced in the eyes and, except for isoxanthopterine, increased in testis sheath. Riboflavin accumulates in Malpighian tubules. Large bristles of head and thorax short, thick, angled, blunt, and occasionally reduced to stumps. Arista thick with contorted and supernumerary branches. Scutellum small with groove between it and thorax reduced. Hatchability and larval development normal; larval anal plates swollen and surrounded by melanotic halo. Melanotic anal region persists in pupa; pupa also has melanotic spots elswehere that may result in nonpigmented areas on the imaginal integument. Extrusion of anterior and posterior spiracles in prepupa incomplete. Many fw[59] flies die either after 24-30 hr of pupal development or at the time of eclosion. Fecundity of female reduced owing to reduced number of ovarioles. RK2. # fw[60] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Garcia-Bellido, 60k8. references: 1963, Genet. Iberica 15:1-102. phenotypeLike fw[59] but with lower penetrance and expressivity. RK2. # fw[w]: furrowed-weak origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 43b24. references: 1946, DIS 19:46. phenotypeAffects only bristles, particularly the scutellars and postalars. Eyes normal. Normal fertility and viability. RK2. # fw[wr]: furrowed-wrinkled origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49. discoverer: R. M. Valencia, 1959. synonym: wr. references: 1959, DIS 33:100. 1965, DIS 40:36. phenotypeEye surface in folds. Some bristles shortened, thickened, or curved; many doubled and may be fused. Viability low. RK2. # fy: fuzzy location: 2-33. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 39a. references: 1940, DIS 13:49. phenotypeHairs on abdomen and thorax irregular and directed toward midline. Hairs on wing margins erect. Resembles fz. Fertility and viability below normal. RK2. # fz: frizzled location: 3-41.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38b18. phenotypeHairs on thorax directed irregularly toward midline. Thoracic bristles also inturned and often wavy. Postverticals may turn outward. Hairs on wing edge and feet nearly erect. Wing may be reduced. Sex combs may be irregular. Eyes always rough. Resembles in. RK2. # fz[46f] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 46f20. references: 1946, DIS 20:65. phenotypeLike fz. RK2. # g: garnet location: 1-44.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15b19. synonym: salmon. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 151. Chovnick, 1958, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 44: 333-37. 1961, Genetics 46: 493-507. phenotypeEye color deep, purplish ruby, like pr; pinkish in young and brownish in old flies. Eyes have 38% normal red and 56% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). RK1. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 12B9-12C7 by deficiency analysis (J. I. Valencia). other information: A pseudoallelic locus composed of four demonstrated sites: g[2] occupies the leftmost, g[50e] the second, g and g[3] the third, and g[S1] the rightmost site (Chovnick, 1961). # g[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 18c28. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 226 (fig.). Sturtevant and Beadle, 1939, An Introduction to Genetics, Saunders, p. 64 (fig.). phenotypeEye color translucent, yellowish ruby, somewhat lighter than g. Eyes contain 16% normal red pigment and 32% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). Malpighian tubes very pale yellow at base (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). Eye color autonomous in transplant into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). With st, gives dark yellow to orange color; with bw, gives reddish yellow to brownish rose (Mainx, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 75: 256-76). Dominant in females homozygous for car, according to Schultz; i.e., pigmentation of g[2] car/g[2] car = g[2] car/+ car < car/car. RK1. other information: Occupies leftmost pseudoallelic site of the g locus (Chovnick, 1961, Genetics 46: 493-507). # g[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22d22. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 226. phenotypeLike g, but gives lighter orange in combination with v. Has 21% normal red pigment and 47% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). Malpighian tubes extremely pale yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: Occupies third pseduoallelic site from left of g locus (Chovnick, 1961, Genetics 46: 493-507). # g[4] origin: X ray induced in In(1)dl-49. discoverer: Glass, 1929. references: 1934, DIS 2: 7. phenotypeEye color like g[2], has 22% normal red pigment and 23% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). Malpighian tubes extremely pale yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. cytology: Probably inseparable from In(1)dl-49. # g[17Ba6] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]dl-49. discoverer: Muller, Valencia, and Valencia, 1946-53. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. phenotypeMale viable but sterile. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)g[17Ba6] = In(1)12B14-15;19F (J. I. Valencia). # g[26-10] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sobels, 57j. references: 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeEye color darker than g[2]. RK1. # g[26-15] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels, 57j. references: 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeEye color like g[2]. RK1. # g[26-41] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels, 57j. references: 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeWeak garnet allele. Eye color strikingly different from wild type in newly emerged flies. RK2. # g[28-10] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels and Jansen, 1957. references: Sobels, 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeEye color like g[2] but darkens more with age. RK1. # g[28-40] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels, 1957. references: 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeEye color darker than g[2]. RK1. # g[49h] origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: R. C. King, 49h. references: 1950, DIS 24: 58. phenotypeEye color light purple. Viability of male normal, female 60% normal. RK2. # g[50e] references: Chovnick, 1958, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 44: 333-37. 1961, Genetics 46: 493-507. phenotypeEye color orange. RK1. other information: Occupies second pseudoallelic site from left of g locus. # g[53d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hexter, 53d. references: 1958, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 44: 768-71. 1956, DIS 30: 72. 1963, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 50: 372-79. phenotypeEye color orange, like w[a]. RK1. other information: g[53d], when heterozygous with g, g[2], g[3], or g[4], yields wild-type progeny, some associated with crossing over in a manner consistent with ordering and some not associated with combination of outside markers. A double mutant is not produced by the event that yields wild types. # g[55k] origin: Spontaneoous. discoverer: Williams, 55k. references: Muller, 1956, DIS 30: 80. phenotypeEyes translucent yellowish ruby. RK1. # g[271-2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 1933. phenotypeMale lethal, cell lethal. RK2. other information: ty but not s, wy, or pl also affected. # g[271-6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34a. phenotypeMale lethal and cell lethal. RK2. other information: ty but not s or wy also affected. # g[271-9] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 35h. phenotypeMale lethal. RK2. other information: ty[+]. # g[271-10] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 35h. phenotypeLethal. RK2. other information: ty[+], s[+]. # g[e] origin: Appeared among progeny of cold-treated flies. discoverer: Gottschewski, 34g17. references: 1935, DIS 4: 8, 15. phenotypeEye color of males like g[2], of females probably lighter than g[2]. RK1. # g[S1]: garnet of Schalet origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Schalet. references: Chovnick, 1961, Genetics 46: 493-507. other information: Occupies rightmost pseudoallelic site of the g locus. # g[w]: garnet-wild origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller synonym: g[(+)]. references: 1946, DIS 20: 67. Chovnick, 1958, DIS 32: 88. 1961, Genetics 46: 493-507. phenotypeHomozygote and hemizygote indistinguishable from wild type; however, g[w]/g[2] (and probably other g alleles) is brownish. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)g[w] (breakpoints unknown), which lies between dy and f. # g[X]: garnet from X irradiation origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller. synonym: g, Inh. references: 1946, DIS 20: 67. phenotypeLike g[2]. Male fertile; homozygous female has low fertility. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)g[X] = In(1)12;19-20. # G: Gull location: 2-12.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 19k23. references: 1923, Studia Mendeliana (Brunae), pp. 266-87 (fig.). 1927, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 5th., Vol. 2: 1136. 1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 50: 113-200 (fig.). phenotypeWings large, held out from sides at 45-90[o] angle, curved downward, and somewhat pointed. Vein L1 thickened; crossveins closer together, sometimes broken. Thoracic and vertical bristles duplicated in majority of flies. G/ft has exaggerated ft phenotype. Partially inhibited by ds/+ and much inhibited by ds/ds. Homozygous lethal. RK2. cytology: Placed between 24D2 and 24F1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)M-z[B] = Df(2L)24D2-5;25A2-3 but not in Df(2L)M-z[B] = Df(2L)24E2-F1;25A1-2 (Morgan, Bridges, Schultz, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77). other information: Causes local shortening of map by about 1.1 units. Is a deficiency for or an allele of ft. # G[rv]: Gull-reverted origin: Spontaneous derivative of G. discoverer: Bridges, 1930. phenotypeDoes not show G phenotype. Allelic to ft but does not exaggerate ft. Lethal in combination with G. RK2. # Gd: Gulloid location: 3-78. origin: Spontaneous in Dp(2;3)P. discoverer: Bridges, 22g26. phenotypeGd/+ wings shorter, blunter, slightly more spread, and have crossveins closer together than wild type. Homozygous lethal. RK3A. cytology: Inseparable from Dp(2;3)P = Dp(2;3)58E3-F2;60D14-E2;96B5-C1. # ge: genitalless location: 1-0.1. origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 70. phenotypeExternal male genitalia absent or grossly deformed. Bristles fine; wings often small and deformed. Tergites abnormal; abdomen frequently contains melanotic tumors. Males viable but sterile. RK3. # gg: goggle location: 1-23.1 (no crossovers with oc among 4300 flies). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 34e14. phenotypeEyes protruding and bulging, placed far back on a narrow head. Facets very large in rough areas. Wings smaller with fringed marginal hairs; dusky; pebbly appearance caused by large cells. Bristles coarse and irregular; hairs sparse and irregular, especially on abdomen. Body small in late counts. Viability 20% wild type. Females usually sterile; males usually fertile. RK3. # gg[2] discoverer: Waletsky, 37l. phenotypeLike gg, but many bristles on posterior lateral margin of head are missing, and others on head and thorax are reduced or missing. Females sterile; at 19[o]C, ovaries small and contain no oocytes; at 25[o]C, ovaries contain few eggs, but none are laid (Beatty, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B 63: 249-70). RK3. # gg[3] origin: Spontaneoous. discoverer: R. F. Grell, 53d. references: 1953, DIS 27: 59. phenotypeSimilar to gg but both sexes fertile. Viability low. RK2. # gg[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohler, 54j28. references: 1956, DIS 30: 78. phenotypeSimilar to gg[3]. Varies from eyelessness in first flies to emerge to nearly normal in aging cultures. Always separable from wild type on basis of pebbly appearance of wings. RK2. # gl: glass location: 3-63.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 18b. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 118 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 214 (fig.), 226. phenotypeEyes reduced to one-half normal area, diamond shaped with glassy texture from fused facets and irregular surface. Eye color blotchy, ranging from scarlet to orange in males and orange to apricot in females; colorless rim and eroded patches, especially in female. Malpighian tubes of larva paler than wild type (Brehme). RK2. cytology: Located in region between 90C2 and 91A3 on basis of its inclusion in Df(3R)P14 = Df(3R)90C2-D1;91A2-3 (E. B. Lewis). # gl[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: R. L. King, 1927. phenotypeSlightly less extreme than gl. Eyes reduced to two-thirds normal size, ovoid, glassier and smoother than gl. Eye color blotchy scarlet in both sexes with rim and eroded patches of colorless material. Ocelli colorless and papillose. Larval Malphigian tubes normal yellow (Brehme). Cephalic complex smaller than wild type at 36 hr after hatching (27[o]C); growth rate subsequently normal [Medvedev, 1935, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 70: 55-72 (fig.); 1935, Tr. Inst. Genet. Akad. Nauk SSSR 10: 119-51]. RK2. # gl[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern. synonym: rh: rauhig. references: Csik, 1929, Biol. Zentr. 49: 419-21. phenotypeEyes small and elliptical with surface less rough than gl or gl[2]. Eye color homogeneous scarlet in both sexes. Ocelli colorless. Viability and fertility good. Malpighian tubes of larvae wild type (Brehme). RK1. # gl[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Villee, 40d. references: 1941, DIS 14: 40. 1942, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 137. phenotypeMore extreme than gl. Eyes reduced to less than one-half normal area; ovoid; narrower, glassier, and smoother than gl. Eye color white to apricot in females, pink in males. Ocelli colorless. Viability about 65% wild type. RK2. # gl[40h] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 40h. references: 1941, DIS 14: 39. phenotypeLike gl[3], perhaps with eye color more normal. RK1. # gl[41e] location: 3-64. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Oliver, 41e1. synonym: gl-l: glass-like. references: 1942, DIS 16: 53. phenotypeEye texture smooth to rough. Eye smaller than wild type. Eye color orange, lighter around rim of eye. Viability and fertility good. RK2. # gl[51k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Edmondson, 51k. references: 1952, DIS 26: 60. phenotypeLike gl. RK2. # gl[54g] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hexter, 54g. references: 1956, DIS 30: 72. phenotypeMore extreme than gl. Facet area less than one-half of normal surface, very irregular. Eye color white with some orange specks in both sexes. Ocelli colorless. Malpighian tubes normal. RK1. # gl[62d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Tano, 62d. references: Burdick, 1963, DIS 37: 47. phenotypeLess extreme than gl[2]. Viability normal. RK1. # gl[63a14] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ashburner and Hudson, 63a14. references: 1966, DIS 41: 60. phenotypeSimilar to gl but eye color darker and pigmented area larger. Male eyes darker than female. Malpighian tubules wild type. gl[63a14]/gl has more eye pigment than either homozygote. Viability and fertility good. RK1. # gl[63d] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives, 63d29. references: 1965, DIS 40: 35. phenotypeEyes small, nearly colorless with a typically glassy surface. Viability of homozygote good except in competition with other genotypes. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)gl[63d]; breakpoints unknown. # gl[63f6] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ashburner and Hudson, 63f6. references: 1966, DIS 41: 60. phenotypeLike gl[63a14] and may be identical. RK1. # Gl: Glued location: 3-41.4 [0.9 unit frm Ly (Mossige, 1935, DIS 4: 59; 1938, Hereditas 24: 110-16)]. origin: Recovered among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Ives, 31f5. references: 1934, DIS 1: 34. 1934, DIS 2: 35. Plough and Ives, 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69 (fig.). phenotypeEyes rough, smaller, and oblong; facets rounded; surface smooth and shinylike gl. Bristles generally shortened slightly and straighter than normal. Viability and fertility good. Homozygous lethal. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Bridges in Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301). # Gla: Glazed location: 2- (rearrangement). references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1936, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 35: 293. phenotypeEye reduced to one-fourth normal area and narrowed to a point ventrally. Eye color generally diluted but with some black patches. Ommatidia coalesce into gleaming, smooth sheet. Malpighian tubes of larva somewhat lighter than wild type; difficult to classify (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)Gla = In(2LR)27D;51E, superimposed on In(2L)Cy = In(2L)22D1-2;33F5-34A1 or In(2L)t = In(2L)22D3-E1;34A8-9. # gli: glide location: 1-38.0. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 70. phenotypeWings held horizontally at right angles to body. Pigmentation of tergites frequently interrupted along mid-dorsal line; tergites occasionally show a nick in the posterior border. Males sterile; viability about 70% wild type. RK2. # gm: gleam location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 27c1. phenotypeEyes small and rough; irregular hairs and facets cause glints. Body small. Viability about 10% wild type but variable. RK3. cytology: Associated with In(3L)P, according to Bridges (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301). # gn: glisten location: 3-67.3. origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Wallbrun, 61i6. references: Eyes rough but of normal size; facets and hairs irregular. RK2. # Go: Gold tip location: 2-64.3 (57.5 to 71.1; between cn and cg). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1948. references: 1948, DIS 22: 55. phenotypeTips of many bristles and hairs pale and curved. Bristles often short (tips broken off ?). Wild-type bristles sometimes have pale tips, thus interfering with positive classification. Lethal when homozygous. Expression best at low temperatures. RK2. # gp: gap location: 2-74. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 12a10. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 208 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 212 (fig.), 226. phenotypeVein L4 weak or has section missing beyond posterior crossvein. Overlaps wild type when homozygous; semidominant as heterozygote. RK3. # gr: gracile location: 1-36.4. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 37: 86. phenotypeSmall fly with narrow abdomen. Wings frequently held atypically, either upward or downward. Very inviable, many dying less than 24 hr after eclosion; males sterile. RK3. # gre: green body color location: 1- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 13e. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 73. phenotypeBody color tinged greenish black with marked trident pattern. Overlaps wild type. RK3. other information: Possibly an allele of ptg. # gro: groucho location: 3-90 (no recombinants with Pr obtained). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 64k. phenotypeClumps of extra bristles above each eye give impression of bushy eyebrows, also extra bristles on humerus. Top of head tends to be malformed; ocelli often enlarged and run together. In selected stocks, penetrance approaches 100% but is low in unselected stocks. Probably no gross chromosomal rearrangement since recombination is normal in vicinity of mutant. RK2. # gs: gespleten location: 3-35.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Smelink-den-Hollander, 56l. references: 1957, DIS 31: 85. phenotypeThorax cleft by medial groove. Eyes small, sometimes missing. Hair pattern on thorax disturbed. Viability and fertility excellent. RK1. other information: Probably an allele of gv (3-36.2). # gt: giant location: 1-0.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gabritschevsky, 25i2. references: Bridges and Gabritschevsky, 1928, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 49: 231-47 (fig.). Gabritschevsky and Bridges, 1928, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 49: 248-84. phenotypeLarval development 4 days longer than normal, resulting in giant larvae, pupae, and imagos. Adult weight 1.7 times normal. But not all genetically giant flies show the giant character, the rest have normal size. Distribution sharply bimodal. Percentage giant greatest in well-fed cultures, also raised by modifying action of bb[11]. Salivary gland chromosomes of double thickness in some cells (Bridges, 1935, J. Heredity 26: 60-64). RK3. other information: Used by Bridges (1935) in the construction of salivary chromosome maps. # Gt-2: Giant in chromosome 2 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 14i28. phenotypeHeterozygote normal but, in presence of homozygous gt-3, gives giant, male-sterile flies. Homozygous lethal. RK3. # gt-3: giant in chromosome 3 location: 3-64. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 14i28. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 120 (fig.). phenotypeBody size much larger than normal. Late hatching. Entirely sterile in male. Giant character produced only in flies homozygous for gt-3 and heterozygous for Gt-2. RK3. # gt-4 location: 2-24.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30b14. phenotypeGiant flies hatch very late. Viability variable but around 15% wild type. RK3. # gtd: giantoid location: 1-0.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 21c12. references: Bridges and Gabritschevsky, 1928, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 46: 232 (fig.). phenotypeBody size larger, especially head. Late hatching. Viability erratic, about 50% wild type. Separation difficult in females, easier in males. RK3. # gv: grooved location: 3-36.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 43l28. references: 1946, DIS 20: 65. phenotypeA longitudinal medial groove in thorax; in extreme individuals, thorax nearly cleft. Eyes reduced. Irregular and often extra alar bristles. Viability good. RK1. other information: Probably allelic to gs. # gvl: grooveless location: 4-0.2 [in diplo-4 triploids (Sturtevant, 1951, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 37: 405-7)]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33e10. references: 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. phenotypeSharp transverse groove between scutellum and thorax is nearly eliminated; no overlap of wild type. Black scars appear on scutellar groove at sides, in pleural region, and behind sternopleurals. Viable and fertile. RK1. # gy: gouty legs location: 4- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller. references: 1965, DIS 40: 36. phenotypeLegs shortened and thickened, especially the metatarsi of the hind legs, which are often swollen. Usually classifiable; viability and fertility good. gy/ey[D] is gy. RK2. # h: hairy location: 3-26.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 18l11. references: 1922, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 28: 17. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 202 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 214 (fig.), 227. Neel, 1941, Genetics 26: 52-68 (fig.). phenotypeExtra hairs on scutellum, along veins, on pleurae, and on top of head. Additional hair-forming cells present in 19-hr pupa (Lees and Waddington, 1942, DIS 16: 70). Interacts synergistically with pyd and Hw or Hw variegated [e.g., In(1)sc[8]]; In(1)sc[7] suppresses h (Steinberg, 1942, DIS 16: 68; Neel, 1941). RK1. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region between 66D2 and 66E1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3L)h[100.390] = Df(3L)66D2-5;66D114-E1 (Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54). other information: As with ci[+], expression of h[+] may be altered in the direction of h by rearrangements with breaks in the vicinity of the h locus [Dubinin and Sidorov, 1934, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 3: 307-31]. Unlike the ci case, however, rearranged h chromosomes do not show evidence of altered gene action (Stern, 1944, DIS 18: 56). Shown by both Sturtevant and Rasmussen to recombine with and lie to the right of h[2]. # h[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 28d23. phenotypeExtra hairs on wings but fewer than in h. Extra hairs not present on scutellum, pleurae, or top of head. Bristles cylindrical with javelin heads. Some abnormal abdomen effect. RK2. other information: Shown by both Sturtevant and Rasmussen to recombine with and lie to the left of h. # h[100.12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3L)h[100.12] = In(3L)61A2-3;66D. # h[100.239] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous semilethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3L)h[100.239] = In(3L)66D11-12;80C. # h[100.271] origin: X ray induced discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)h[100.271] = T(2;3)41;66D14-E1. # h[100.390] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3L)h[100.390] = Df(3L)66D2-5;66D14-E1. # h[s]: hairy-subliminal origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green. references: 1960, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 46: 524-28. phenotypeHomozygote nearly lethal but has no h phenotype. Heterozygote with h and h[2] also wild type. h[s]/+ has extra hairs on wings, head, pleurae, halteres, and occasionally on scutellum if also heterozygous for certain X-chromosome inversions that variegate for Hw, including In(1)sc[8], In(1)sc[S1], and In(1)y[3P]. Presence of y[+]Y also induces extra hairs. RK3. # H: Hairless location: 3-69.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16c4. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 161 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 170 (fig.), 227. Nash, 1965, Genet. Res. 6: 175-89. phenotypeBristles, especially postverticals and abdominals, missing. Bristle sockets present at some sites, not at others. Veins L4 and L5 do not reach wing margin; occasionally true of L2 also. Eyes larger than wild type; body color somewhat paler. Lees and Waddington [1942, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B. 131: 87-110 (fig.)] show that trichogen cell forms a socket instead of a bristle at some sites. Interactions with other mutants studied by House (1953, Genetics 38: 199-215, 309-27; 1959, Genetics 44: 516; 1955, Anat. Record 122: 471; 1959, Anat. Record 134: 581-82). H suppresses wing notching of N, fa, fa[no], and nd; enhances Ax; and enhances eye effect of spl; H removes more bristles in combination with spl (House, Von Halle). Shows some superadditive interaction with en, ci, ci[W], and ci[D] relative to degree of L4 interruption. L2 interruption augmented in combinations with ve and ri; L3 interruption augmented in combinations with ve and tt. Triploid, H/+/+, intermediate between wild type and H/+. H/H/+ most extreme type with bristles absent from head, thorax, and abdomen [Gowen, 1933, Am. Naturalist 67: 178-80 (fig.)]. Homozygous lethal. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # H[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant. references: Plunkett, 1926, J. Exptl. Zool. 46: 181-244. phenotypeBristle effect more extreme than in H and more easily separated from wild type. Venation effect slighter than in H. Interactions with mutants at the N locus similar to those of H (Von Halle). Homozgyous lethal. H[2]/H lethal. RK1. # H[3] discoverer: Sturtevant. phenotypeLike H. RK1. # H[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30b20. phenotypeLike H. RK1. # H[58b] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives. references: 1959, DIS 33: 95. phenotypeExtreme bristle effects; anterior lateral acrostichals removed. L5 incomplete distally. RK2A. cytology: Shown genetically to be associated with T(Y;3)H[58b]. other information: Allelism to H inferred from phenotype. # H[D1]: Hairless of Dobzhansky origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dobzhansky, 1930. phenotypeSlight allele of H with no shortening of L4 or L5. Bristle effect slighter, particularly on abdomen. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # H[P2]: Hairless from P[32] origin: Found among descendants of male fed P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1949. references: 1950, DIS 24: 55. phenotypeBristle effect like H but venation quite distinct. Veins not interrupted but knotted. Homozygous lethal. RK1. # ha: hair bristles location: 1-22.7. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 70. phenotypeSmall fly with extremely fine, short bristles. Males viable and fertile. Females less viable and highly infertile. RK3. # hdp: heldup location: 1-59.5. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 70. phenotypeWings held up to various degrees. May overlap wild type. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK2. other information: One X-ray-induced allele. # hdp[rwg]: heldup-reduced wings origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. synonym: rwg. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeWings short, upheld or outspread to various degrees. Small regions of deranged wing hairs, giving shaded streaks parallel to longitudinal veins. Male infertile; viability about 70% normal. RK2. # hi: high location: 2- (not located). origin: Found in Florida natural population. discoverer: Ives, 1943. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 77. 1950, Evolution 4: 236-52. phenotypeMale homozygous for hi produces sperm containing 10 times normal frequency of mutations. Heterozygous hi/+ causes a mutation rate 2-7 times normal. Ratio of sex-linked lethal to visible mutations about 8 to 1. Inversions associated with about 5% of mutations. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: Homozygous hi constructed by crossing two balanced lethal stocks, l1 hi/Cy X l2 hi/Cy. Since these stocks have developed a common lethal, it is now difficult to obtain hi homozygotes. # Hi: Hirsute location: 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bishop, 1939. phenotypeAll bristles except postscutellars and postdorsocentrals multiplied, especially on head and anterior thorax. Eyes smaller and facets irregular. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3LR)Hi = In(3LR)71A;91F. # Hia: Hiatus location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 29b12. phenotypeTerminal interruption of L2. More obvious in heterozygous male than in heterozygous female. Homozygous viable. RK3. # hk: hook location: 2-53.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 24a4. references: 1927, Hereditas 9: 169-79 (fig.). phenotypeBristles nearly all hooked at tip or blunted, some bent at right angles. Scutellars and verticals especially affected. Acrostichal hairs fewer and outer rows separated. Eyes slightly roughened. Wings usually divergent and may be smaller. Body sometimes small and chunky. Less extreme expression at 19[o]C, especially the wing character, but classification reliable. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosome locus between 37B2 and 40B2 (Schultz and Curry). # hk[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33a31. phenotypeBristles cylindrical, javenlinlike, or bent but effect less extreme than hk. RK2. # Hm: Haltere mimic location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Slatis, 49b5. phenotypeWing resembles a large haltere, but stalk is more winglike. In combination with vg, wing is further reduced and haltere almost completely eliminated. Homozygous lethal. RK3A. cytology: Appears to be associated with complex translocation, T(2;3)Hm. # Hn: Henna location: 3-23.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Van Atta, 30k. references: 1932, Am. Naturalist 66: 93-95. 1932, Genetics 17: 637-59. phenotypeEye color homogeneous dark, dull brown. Classification difficult, best in aged flies. Homozygous lethal. Heterozygotes viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Placed in 66A-B on basis of its association with Df(3L)Hn = Df(3L)66A;66B (Lewis, 1956, DIS 30: 130). Hn was induced together with, but is separable from, T(2;3)Hn = T(2;3)53E-54A;77A;94F;96A. # Hn[53k] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer and Verderosa, 53k. references: Meyer, 1954, DIS 28: 76. phenotypeHeterozygote has brick-red eye color but classification difficult. Homozygote viable; eye color dark brown, like sepia. RK1 as recessive. # Hn[r]: Henna-recessive origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33c20. references: Mohr, 1937, DIS 8: 12. phenotypeEye color dull, dark brown, like cl. Best separability in aged flies. Hn[r]/Hn more extreme than Hn[r]/Hn[r]. Eye color autonomous in transplant into wild-type larval host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes bright yellow as in wild type (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). Eyes have 58% normal red pigment and 120% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1954, J. Genet. 52: 127-39). RK2. # Hn[r2] discoverer: Nordenskiold, 39b9. synonym: bu: brunette;hn[3]. references: 1937, DIS 7: 18. phenotypeEye color darker than Hn[r] in young flies. RK2. # Hn[r3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Weinstein, 1927. synonym: sed: sepiaoid. phenotypeEye color dull chocolate. Classification easier than for Hn[r]. Seventy-nine percent normal red pigment, 100% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53: 1-10). Eye color autonomous in transplants of optic disk into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes bright yellow as in wild type (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). RK2. other information: Allelism by Lewis (1956, DIS 30: 130). # Hn[r53j] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 53j. references: 1954, DIS 28: 76. phenotypeSimilar to se. RK1. # Hn[rI]: Henna-recessive of Ives origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 45j17. references: 1946, DIS 20: 65. phenotypeEye color brownish at hatching, darkens to black. Resembles se. Viability good. RK1. # Hn[rN]: Henna-recessive from Nebraska origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Williamson, 53j. references: 1955, DIS 29: 75. phenotypeIndistinguishable from se. Larval Malpighian tubules somewhat darker yellow than wild type. RK1. # ho: heldout location: 2-4.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Novitski, 35g. references: Novitski and Rifenburgh, 1938, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 47: 256-60. phenotypeWings extended at right angles to body. RK1. cytology: Located in or near 22E (Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66). # ho[40] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. synonym: In-ho. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. phenotypeWings reduced to tiny stubs. Eyes reduced with anterior indentation. Male lacks genitalia and anal apparatus; female fertile. ho[40]/ho resembles ho/ho. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2L)ho[40] = In(2L)21D4-E1;22E2-3. # hp: humped location: 3- (rearrangement). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 31a22. phenotypeThorax shortened and strongly humped with thoracoscutellar groove almost absent. Eyes sharply reduced, may be absent at 29[o]C. Bristles Minute-like and occasionally missing. Viability 10% wild type. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)hp. # hpa: hyperantenna location: 1-50.1. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 86. phenotypeAntennae enlarged or have duplicated parts, sometimes an extra antennal base near the eye. Grossly deformed head and eyes. Wings have rounded tips and incised inner margins. An occasional bristle absent or shorter. Phenotype variable; minimal expression shown by slightly altered eye shape and blunt wing tips. Males viable and infertile; females sterile. RK3. # Hu: Humeral location: 3-51 (48-54). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ruch, 1931. phenotypeExtra bristles on humeral patches of Hu/+. Humeral bristles more numerous in homozygote with a streak of hairs below humerus toward base of first leg. Hu/Hu has viability 90% wild type. RK2A as heterozygote. cytology: Associated with In(3R)Hu = In(3R)84B2-3;84F2-3;86B4-C1. # hv: heavy vein location: 2-104.0. discoverer: Curry, 36l15. phenotypeVeins thick and knotty, especially at ends of crossveins; posterior crossvein oblique and may show break in middle; extra crossveins sometimes present. Wings broad, thick, dark, warped, divergent, and droopy. Eyes small and bulging. Posterior scutellars blunt, short, and crossed. Overlaps wild type at 25[o]C but useful at 19[o]C. RK2. # Hv: Hooked veins location: 1-66. discoverer: Tanaka, 35a4. references: 1935, DIS 4: 16. 1936, DIS 5: 8. 1937, DIS 8: 11. phenotypeHeterozygous female shows small branches from posterior crossvein and L5. Eyes small and rough. Homozygous female lethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(1)Hv. # Hw: Hairy wing location: 1-0.0. origin: Spontaneous in stock containing y and never separated. discoverer: Bridges, 23c12. references: Neel, 1941, Genetics 26: 52-68 (fig.). phenotypeMale has extra bristles along wing vein, on head (especially occipitals), and on thorax. Also, extra hairs on wing veins, back of head, and mesopleurae. Homozygous female sterile, expression more extreme than male, and has 40-80% wild-type viability. Heterozygous female has good viability. Phenotype similar to male. Classifiable in single dose in triploids (Schultz, 1934, DIS 1: 55). Interacts synergistically with h and pyd (Neel, 1941). Suppressed by su(Hw) and su(Hw)[2]. RK1A as heterozygous female and as male. cytology: Salivary chromosome analysis by Demerec and Hoover shows repeat for doublet 1B1-2, i.e., Dp(1;1)Hw (1939, Genetics 24: 68). # Hw[2] origin: Spontaneous derivative of Hw. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 35a9. phenotypeFemales homozygous for Hw[2] show only occasional extra hairs along wings. Overlaps wild type. RK3A. cytology: Salivary chromosome analysis by Schultz (Morgan, Schultz, and Curry, 1941, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 40: 284) shows small inversion of the region from 1A3 through 1B1 of the first 1B1-2 doublet of Dp(1;1)Hw; i.e., associated with In(1)Hw[2] = In(1)1A2-3;1B1-2. # Hw[49c] origin: Induced by P[32] simultaneously with sc[49c]. discoverer: R. C. King, 49c21. references: Poulson and King, 1949, DIS 23: 62-63. phenotypeMore extreme than Hw. Homozygous female has doubling and tripling of many bristles, extra wing veins, gap in posterior crossvein, and extra hairs on vein L2 and in wing cells. Heterozygous female has normal bristles, extra hairs on L2 and L3 and in wing cells, and often an extra free vein from posterior crossvein. Hw[49c] male much like homozygous female but bristle duplication less extreme. Male and heterozygous female fertile; homozygous female sterile. RK1. # Hx: Hexaptera location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Herskowitz, 47j. references: 1949, Genetics 34: 10-25 (fig.). phenotypeExpression same in Hx/+ and Hx/Hx, varies from absence of a detectable difference from normal through various intermediate types to presence of large appendage on prothorax. Entire abnormal structure may remain beneath exoskeleton. Appendage varies from small amorphous mass to highly differentiated wing. May also produce haltere- and leg-like appendages. Penetrance same in homozygote and heterozygote; enhanced by crowding and by high temperature (at 20[o]C, male 1.5 and female 3.3%; at 25[o], male 6.5 and female 24.2%); and affected by genotype, e.g., suppressed by In(2L+2R)Cy and by In(2LR)bw[V1]. RK3. # hy: humpy location: 2-93.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 18j22. references: 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeThorax strongly ridged with commas anteriorly and two pairs of vortices. Wings obliquely truncated to one-half normal length. An irregular contraction of larval muscles at time of pupation (Waddington, 1941, Proc. Zool. Soc. London Ser. A 111: 181-88). Viability low and erratic. Both sexes highly infertile. RK2. cytology: Placed in region 57 on basis of its being to the right of In(2R)NS = In(2R)52A2-B1;56F9-13 and to the left of Df(2R)M-1 = Df(2R)57F11-58A1;58F8-59A1 (Bridges, 1937). # if: inflated location: 1-55. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Weinstein, 1916. references: 1918, Genetics 3: 157 (fig.). phenotypeWings inflated with lymph and smaller than normal; venation defective. Wings later dry and blistered. Viability and fertility poor. RK3. # if[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 38b. references: 1939, DIS 12: 45. phenotypeResembles if. Longitudinal veins thickened, especially at wing base. Anterior crossvein thickened. In most cases, wings inflated or blistered. RK2. # If: Irregular facets location: 2-107.6 (0.6 unit to the right of sp, according to Ives). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Casey, 65l16. phenotypeIn heterozygote, eye area about one-half normal; narrow and pointed ventrally; facets irregular and often missing across middle of eyes, sometimes fused or absent in ventral portion. In homozygote, eyes are narrow slits with smooth glossy surface. Viability and fertility good. RK1. # im: interrupted margin location: 1-3.1. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 86-87. phenotypeWing margin nicked to various degrees with costal vein frequently interrupted. Extra wing venation often present and occasionally anastomoses, giving a plexus, particularly at the wing apex. Eyes smaller and sometimes slightly rough. Bristles thin. Males small, late eclosing; viability reduced. Female sterile. RK3. # in: inturned location: 3-47 (left of centromere). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 26k20. phenotypeHairs and bristles on thorax directed irregularly toward midline. Marginal hairs of wing stand out from wing margin; wings slightly spread and tend to be long and narrow. RK1. cytology: Tentatively placed in salivary region 77B-C (Hannah and Arajarvi). # inb: incised balloon location: 2-55. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41d9. references: 1942, DIS 16: 50. phenotypeWings held at 45[o] angle to body. Wing margins incised, varying from slight nicks to extreme reduction to small fluid-filled sacs. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # Ind: Indented location: 2-63. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Cole, 40e. references: Whittinghill and Parker, 1945, Genetics 30: 27-28. Whittinghill, 1947, DIS 21: 72. phenotypeEye usually kidney shaped with indentation anteriorly; shape sometimes normal but facets irregular. Often indented posteriorly as well as anteriorly, sometimes dividing eye into two spots or with only upper lobe persisting. Rarely eyeless. More extreme at 28[o] than at 25[o]C. RK2. # ix: intersex location: 2-60.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: L. V. Morgan, 1943. references: Morgan, Redfield, and Morgan, 1943, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 42: 171-74. Kroeger, 1959, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 151: 301-22 (fig.). phenotypeFemales changed into sterile intersexes with a set of reduced male and a set of irregular female external genitalia. Gonads also mixed. They have no sex combs; pigmentaion of abdomen intermediate between male and female. A large mass of chitinized tissue protrudes from vaginal opening. Males not affected. RK2. # ix[2] origin: Ultraviolet induced discoverer: Meyer, 50k. synonym: tom: tomboy references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 73. Meyer, 1958, DIS 32: 83. phenotypeFemales homozygous for ix[2] have male-like pigmentation of posterior tergites, rudimentary ovaries, and are sterile. Expression extreme and viability reduced at 27[o]C; at 17[o]C, expression less extreme but viability greater. Homozygous males appear normal but have nonmotile sperm. RK2. other information: The possibility that the male sterility is at another locus has not been excluded. # j: jaunty location: 2-48.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 11l11. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 160 (fig.). Clausen, 1924, J. Exptl. Zool. 38: 423-36. Stern, 1927, Biol. Zentr. 47: 361-69. phenotypeDistal half of wing upturned. Curling is strong if wing unfolds at 25[o]-30[o]C but is weak or overlaps wild type if wing unfolds below 25[o]C. RK2. cytology: Placed in region between 34E5 and 35D1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # j[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 25d31. references: 1927, Biol. Zentr. 47: 361-69. 1934, DIS 1: 35. phenotypeWings upturned but less extreme than j. Curl of wings dependent on hatching and unfolding at 25[o]C or higher. RK3. # j[49j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 49j18. references: 1947, DIS 25: 69. phenotypeLess extreme than j. Some overlapping at 21[o], none at 30[o]C. Viability and fertility good. RK2. # j[50e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 50e5. references: 1951, DIS 25: 69. phenotypeLike j[49j]. RK2. # j[58i] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Andrew, 58i. references: 1959, DIS 33: 82. phenotypeExpression variable although penetrance complete at temperatures about 25[o]C. In most-extreme cases, wings bend sharply upward in region of anterior crossvein. A small dark blot occurs near L3 vein at level of the deflection. Anterior crossvein partly or wholly absent in some cases. RK2. # J: Jammed location: 2-41.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23d3. phenotypeWings often compressed into narrow strips, sometimes filled with fluid. Alula larger and square tipped with clumped bristles and bare regions. Alula modification is characteristic least likely to overlap wild type. Completely overlaps wild type at 19[o]C, almost never at 28[o] or 30[o]C. Not lethal when homozygous; viability, as in heterozygote, about 70% wild type. Classifiable in single dose triploids (Schultz, 1934, DIS 1: 55). RK1 at 28[o]-30[o]C; RK2 at 25[o]C. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Bridges in Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301). # J[34e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Duncan, 34e3. phenotypeResembles J but produces more vigorous homozygous stock. RK1 at 28[o]C. # Jag: Jagged location: 2-54.9 (0.1 unit from Bl). discoverer: L. V. Morgan, 34b20. phenotypeJag/+ has end of wing cut off; better in early counts and above 25[o]C. Jag/Jag has reduced and roughened eyes and extremely jagged wings. RK2 as heterozygote; RK3 as homozygote. # je: jelly location: 3-46. origin: Spontaneous; arose simultaneously with mu (3-50). discoverer: Mohr, 37l21. references: Mossige, 1939, DIS 12: 47. phenotypeDark pinkish eye color. RK1. # jv: javelin location: 3-19.2 (0.9 unit to left of dv). discoverer: Mohr, 31j29. references: 1937, DIS 8: 12. Mohr and Mossige, 1943, Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I: Mat.-Naturv. Kl., No. 7. 51 pp. (fig.). phenotypeAll bristles and hairs cylindrical, instead of tapered, with small enlargement before tip. RK2. cytology: Placed between 64C12 and 65E1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3L)Vn = Df(3L)64C12-D1;65D2-E1. # jvl: javelinlike location: 3-56.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 40l2. references: 1942, DIS 16: 48. phenotypeResembles jv but bristles sometimes more crooked. Viability and productivity somewhat lower than normal. RK2. # jyx: jaunty x location: 1-24. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 14i12. phenotypeWings curved up at tips. Viability about 60% wild type. RK3. # k: kidney location: 3-64. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 12f26. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 72 (fig). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 214 (fig.), 227. phenotypeEye size reduced by indentation of front margin. Tuft of vibrissae and hairs below eye. Variable; overlaps wild type. RK3. # k[2] origin: From progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1927. references: Gottschewski and Ma, 1937, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 73: 584-97. phenotypeEye reduced in size. Penetrance 50-80%. Expression variable. RK3. # k[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gottschewski, 1937. references: Gottschewski and Ma, 1937, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 73: 584-97. phenotypeA weak allele; penetrance 10-20%. RK3. # k[D]: kidney-Dominant origin: Spontaneous in chromosome containing k. discoverer: Puro, 60c11. references: 1964, DIS 39: 65. phenotypeEyes of heterozygote reduced at anterior edges. Expression variable; in extreme cases, eye size about one-third normal. k[D]/k more extreme. Eyes of homozygote reduced about as much as k[D]/k but occasionally one or both eyes missing; antennae usually slightly deformed with thickened aristae. RK1. # K-pn: Killer of prune location: 3-102.9 (0.2 to right of bv; recalculated from Sturtevant). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 54a. references: 1955, DIS 29: 75. 1956, Genetics 41: 118-23. phenotypeNo phenotypic effects, either when homozygous or when heterozygous, except that all pn; K-pn flies die at end of second larval instar. Kills all seven alleles of pn that have been tested. K-pn eye disks transplanted to pn hosts develop autonomously, as do the reciprocal transplants (Grell, 1958, DIS 32: 123-24). RK3. # kar: karmoisin location: 3-51.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Pariser. references: Gottschewski, 1935, DIS 4: 15. phenotypeEye color like st but less bright. Ocelli white. Eyes contain 29% wild-type brown pigment (Nolte, 1954, J. Genet. 52: 111-26). Larval Malpighian tubes considerably lighter than wild type but difficult to classify in living larvae (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. cytology: Placed in region 87D-F on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3R)ry = Df(3R)87D-E;87E-F. # kar[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38b10. phenotypeLike kar except that larval Malpighian tubes are bright yellow, similar to wild type (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. # kar[3l]: karmoisin-3 lethal origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 64. phenotypeHeterozygote of kar[31]/kar resembles kar. Homozygote lethal. RK2. other information: kar-ry crossing over normal. # ke: kidney eye location: 1-28.6. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 87. phenotypeEyes small and extremely rough; anterior border indented, giving a kidney shape. Wings small, abnormal, outspread, or upheld. Veins thick and often interrupted or fail to reach wing margin, which is usually incised. Deformed antennae. Bristles straggly; occasionally, one is missing. Flies short lived; 50% die less than 24 hr after eclosion. Sterile, probably because they are too weak to mate. RK3. # kf: kinked femur location: 1-20.2. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 87. phenotypeSmall fly with slightly dark, dull, red eye color. Wings seldom fully expanded; when they do expand, they are opaque and abnormal in shape. Femurs kinked. Flies seem unable to move normally and die on the food soon after eclosion. RK3. # Kg: Kugel location: 3-48.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Benz, 1953. references: 1956, Rev. Suisse Zool. 63: 208-16. phenotypeLarva, pupa, and adult shorter and thicker than normal. Most striking in pupa. Homozygote more extreme than heterozygote. Homozygote viability 68% of wild type and fertility somewhat reduced. RK2. # Ki: Kinked location: 3-47.6 (to the left of p). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: R. F. Grell, 57l. references: 1958, DIS 32: 80. phenotypeAll bristles and hairs of heterozygote shortened and twisted. Resembles sn. Viability and fertility excellent; classification easy. Homozgyote has more extreme bristle and hair effects. Viability somewhat reduced but fertility near normal. RK1 as heterozygote. # kk: kinky location: 1-42. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Philip. references: 1937, DIS 8: 10. phenotypeBristles slightly bent or forked. RK3. other information: May be an allele of fw. # KL Male fertility complex in the long arm of the Y chromosome The male fertility complex of the long arm of the Y chromosome, originally called K1 by Stern (1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 51: 253-353) and subsequently called KL by Brosseau (1960, Genetics 45: 257-74), is subject to mutations or deficiencies leading to male sterility that are symbolized ms(Y)L. By complementation analysis, Brosseau divided KL into five different complementing units designated kl-1 through kl-5. By studying recombinants between the X and the Y (i.e., detachments of attached X's), he ordered the complementation groups with respect to the centromere; he assigned the symbol kl-1 to the proximalmost and kl-5 to the distalmost group. # kn: knot location: 2-72.3. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 31h1. phenotypeVeins L3 and L4 shifted closer together in region of anterior crossvein, which is either extremely thick or eliminated by regional fusion of L3 and L4. Frequently, extra crossvein between L3 and L4 near end of wing. Wing narrowed. Head narrowed and flattened, so the long axis of eye is at oblique angle. May overlap wild type at high temperatures and in late counts. Best at 19[o]C. RK2. # kno: knobbyhead location: 1-63.9. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1951. references: 1958, DIS 32: 70. phenotypeAbnormal head with one or both eyes irregularly shaped, often drastically reduced in size. Occipital region frequently has hairy tufts, often carried on protuberances. Males highly infertile; viability about 10% wild type. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 2511. # Kr: Kruppel location: 2-108 (published value of 113 must be incorrect because the chromosome is only 108 units long). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Graber. references: Gloor, 1950, Arch. Julius Klaus-Stift. Vererbungsforsch. Sozialanthropol. Rassenhyg. 25: 38-44 (fig.). 1954, Arch. Julius Klaus-Stift. Vererbungsforsch. Sozialanthropol. Rassenhyg. 29: 277-87. phenotypeKr/+ adult sometimes has thoracic malformation; a leg or wing may be absent. Penetrance low. Kr/Kr lethal before hatching. Primary body segments of embryo abnormal, particularly median segments. Ventral chain of ganglia disconnected. Trachael system defective. Malpighian tubules missing. Salivary glands normal. RK2. # KS Male fertility complex in the short arm of the Y chromosome The male fertility complex of the short arm of the Y chromosome, originally called K2 by Stern (1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 51: 253-353) and subsequently called KS by Brosseau (1960, Genetics 45: 257-74), is subject to mutations and deficiencies leading to male sterility that are symbolized ms(Y)S. By complementation analysis, Brosseau divided KS into two complementing units designated k and ks-2. He believes that the most probable order of factors on Y[S] from the tip toward the centromere is ks-2, k, bb. # kz: kurz location: 1-0.9 (to the right of pn). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 26a23. references: 1930, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 53: 279-86. 1934, DIS 1: 35. phenotypeBristles shorter and finer, like a slight Minute. Postscutellars often absent. Hatches somewhat late. Viability fair; both sexes fertile. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosome location in region 2E1 through 2F6 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # L: Lobe location: 2-72.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 18i24. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 230 (fig.). phenotypeHeterozygous L eyes slightly smaller with nick in anterior edge and lower half of eye reduced more than upper; overlaps wild type. Homozygous L eyes much smaller and less variable. Size of L/+ eyes reduced in combination with M(3)w, M(3)h[33j], and M(2)1[2] (Dunn and Coyne, 1935, Biol. Zentr. 55: 385-89). Best used as a recessive. RK2. # L[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 20b2. references: 1924, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 32: 216. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 230. phenotypeEyes of L[2]/+ as small as or smaller than L/L. L[2] homozygotes have tiny eyes and are poorly viable or completely lethal, depending on background. Best used as heterozygote. Eyes further reduced in combination with M(3)w, M(3)h[33j], and M(2)l[2] (Dunn and Coyne, 1935, Biol. Zentr. 55: 385-89). Classifiable in single dose in triploids (Schultz, 1934, DIS 1: 55). Reduced number of cells enter into formation of eye disks (Steinberg, 1944, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 30: 5-13). RK1 as heterozygote. # L[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 24d10. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 230. phenotypeEye reduction intermediate between L and L[2] but variability high. RK2. # L[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 23f. synonym: L[c]. phenotypeHeterozygote has fairly constant reduction in eye size, which is not so great as to exclude its use in combination with most eye colors. Expression more extreme at 25[o] than at 19[o]C. Homozygote has smaller eyes but lowered viability. Size of eyes of L[4]/+ reduced in combination with M(3)w, M(3)h[33j], and M(2)l[2] (Dunn and Coyne, 1935, Biol. Zentr. 55: 385-89). Development similar to L[2] (Steinberg, 1944, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 30: 5-13). Reduced size of cephalic complex detectable in 24-hr larva, but subsequent growth rate is similar to wild type (Medvedev, 1935, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 70: 55-72; Tr. Inst. Genet. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 10: 119-51). RK2 as heterozygote. # L[5] discoverer: Mohr, 31k26. references: Dunn, 1935, DIS 4: 14. phenotypeHeterozygote has small nick in eyes; overlaps wild type. Homozygote has small eyes and tendency to antenna reduplicaion. May be used as a recessive but not as a dominant. More extreme than L[r] but less so than L[4]. Development similar to that of L[2] (Steinberg, 1944, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 30: 5-13). RK3. # L[34] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Glass, 1934. references: 1939, DIS 12: 47. phenotypeBetween L and L[4]. Dominance varies in different crosses. RK2. # L[52c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nakayama, 52c. references: 1953, DIS 37: 59. phenotypeLike L. RK2. # L[B]: Lobe of Becker origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Becker. references: 1957, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 88: 333-73 (fig.). phenotypeNot separable from Cy; homozygote therefore cannot be tested. Lower half of eyes reduced or absent in heterozygote; more extreme at 25[o] than at 18[o]C. Sectors of ommatidia replaced by chitin and bristles. Lower half of eyes apparently produced from fewer than the normal 9 or 10 presumptive, ommatidia-producing cells. Lower half of head also reduced at 25[o] but not 18[o]C. Temperature-sensitive period for ommatidia formation first and second instars, third instar as well for head reduction. RK2A. other information: Allelism to L inferred from phenotype and linkage to Cy alone. # L[d]: Lobe-duplicating origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kodani. references: Zimm, 1951, J. Exptl. Zool. 116: 289-319 (fig.). phenotypePartially dominant. Characterized by incomplete penetrance and variable expression, i.e., reduced single or bipartite eyes, kidney-shaped eyes with bristles, large eyes with palps, or duplicated antennae. Modifiers present on chromosomes 1 and 3. Penetrance affected by temperature during development. RK3. # L[dq]: Lobe-diminished origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kadel and Jenkins, 55g. synonym: dq. references: Kadel, 1956, DIS 30: 73-74. 1957, DIS 31: 83. phenotypeL[dq]/+ normal. Eyes of L[dq]/L[dq] irregularly deformed, occasionally divided into two or more lobes. Expression variable; some overlap of wild type, especially in old cultures. Aristae reduced and deformed. RK2. # L[K]: Lobe of Krivshenko origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Krivshenko, 1957. references: 1958, DIS 32: 81. phenotypeEye reduction strong. Little variation in heterozygote; homozygote more extreme. Viability and fertility high. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # L[r]: Lobe-recessive origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: L. V. Morgan, 29h23. phenotypeHomozygote has small, kidney-shaped eyes. Overlaps wild type at 19[o], generally good at 25[o]C. Heterozygote rarely shows seam or nick. RK2 as homozygote. # L[ro]: Lobe-rough origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 49k. references: Meyer, Edmondson, Byers, and Erickson, 1950, DIS 24: 60. phenotypeEye reduction similar to L[4]; eye surface slightly rough. Homozygote has extreme reduction of eyes and few or no facets. L[4]/L[ro] has similar reduction in size of eyes. Viability and fertility excellent. RK1 as homozygote; RK2 as heterozygote. # L[si]: Lobe-sinuate origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 1932. phenotypeEyes of heterozygote flat, smooth, nearly full size, with sinuate margin; overlaps wild type only slightly. Eyes of homozygotes smaller with flat or concave contour, smooth surface, and sinuate lower margin. RK3. # l( ): lethal ( ) General term used to describe recessive mutations that lead to death of most or all homozygous carriers. The symbol l is followed parenthetically by the chromosome and then by the designation of the particular mutant. Unfortunately, it is not practicable, except in special cases, to test allelism of sex-linked lethals, and it has not been common to retain and test allelism of autosomal lethals. Consequently, little information on allelism of lethals with similar genetic location is included. # l(1)1: lethal (1) 1 location: 1-1.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Rawls, 12b. references: 1913, Biol. Bull. 24: 115-24. Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 31. other information: First recessive lethal found in D. melanogaster. # l(1)3C3 location: 1-1.6 (between w and rst). origin: Synthetic. discoverer: Lefevre and Wilkins. references: 1964, Genetics 50: 264. phenotypeMale lethal. l(1)3C3/w is normal. RK2. cytology: Associated with the deficiency for band 3C3 obtained as a single recombinant carrying the left end of T(1;4)w[mJ] = T(1;4)3C2-3;20;102C and the right end of In(1)rst[3] = In(1)3C3-4;20B. # l(1)6 location: 1- (0.4 to the left of y). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 14d9. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 149. # l(1)7e location: 1-0. origin: Spontaneous in dor[l]. discoverer: Bridges, 1928. phenotypeProbably a specific modifier of dor[l]. l(1)7e dor[l] dies earlier than dor[l]. RK3. cytology: Included in 2R[D]X[P] element of T(1;2)Bld = T(1;2)1C3-4;60B12-13, whereas dor[l] is not. # l(1)8 location: 1-21.3 (19.0 to 23.6). discoverer: Sobels. references: Gloor, 1962, Rev. Suisse Zool. 69: 409-63 (fig.). phenotypeLarvae lethal in third instar, survive up to 10 days. Testes and lymph glands degenerate. Imaginal disks develop normally after transplantation. Protein metabolism disturbed; free amino acids and peptides abnormally high. RK2. # l(1)52 location: 1- (to the right of B). discoverer: Sobels. references: Gloor, 1962, Rev. Suisse Zool. 69: 409-63 (fig.). phenotypeLarvae die in second instar. Growth retarded. Histology of nervous system, testes, and imaginal disks abnormal. Number of nuclei in salivary glands increased. Amino acids and peptides increased. Transplanted testes and imaginal disks autonomously lethal. RK2. # l(1)55a location: 1- (claimed to be about 0.6 unit to the left of y, making it the leftmost known locus on the first chromosome). discoverer: Burdick, 55a. references: 1956, DIS 30: 69. 1957, DIS 31: 86. phenotypePresumed to be a lethal. Heterozygote claimed to have viability about 1.5 times normal. Not allelic to l(1)J1. RK2. other information: Map location of this mutation must be near y; however, the published data (1957, DIS 31: 86) permit the following alternative to a location to the left of y: l(1)55a is not completely lethal, and the 1.29% scored as crossovers to the left of y are actually surviving noncrossovers. # l(1)184 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeAlmost completely lethal. The few survivors have dark, rough eyes. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)l-184 = T(1;3)18A;81. # l(1)272-13 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 1940. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28: 210-217. phenotypeLethal. l(1)272-13/sc is scute. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)l-272-13 = In(1)1A6-B1;11A7-8;11F2-12A1;18A4-B1. # l(1)291- origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Demerec, 1936, 1937. references: Slizynski, 1938, Genetics 23: 283-90. cytology: Salivary analysis (Slizynski, 1938) shows some normal, some deficient, and some inverted for single-lettered subdivisions of the X chromosome. other information: A series of 13 independently-occurring and genetically-located lethals. # l(1)294- origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 36d. references: Slizynski, 1938, Genetics 23: 283-90. cytology: Three normal, one deficient for 10B, and one deficient for 10C. other information: A series of five independently-induced and genetically-located lethals. # l(1)296- origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Demerec, 1936. references: Slizynski, 1938, Genetics 23: 283-90. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: A series of six independently-occurring and genetically-located lethals. # l(1)302- origin: Neutron induced. discoverer: Demerec, 36k. references: Slizynski, 1938, Genetics 23: 283-90. cytology: Three normal and one deficient for 3F. other information: A series of four independently-induced and genetically-located lethals. # l(1)304- origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37d. references: Slizynski, 1938, Genetics 23: 283-90. cytology: Three normal and one deficient for 4C. other information: A series of four independently-induced and genetically-located lethals. # l(1)C location: 1-6 (between ec and bi). origin: Spontaneous in sc t[2] v sl B chromosome. discoverer: Muller, 20j. references: 1928, Genetics 13: 279-357. phenotypeDies as late embryo or, more commonly, as first-instar larva (Brehme, 1937, Am. Naturalist 71: 567). RK2A. cytology: Associated with the left breakpoint of In(1)Cl = In(1)4A5-B1;17A6-B1. # l(1)DM: lethal (1) of D. Moriwaki origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Moriwaki, 1932. references: 1934, Japan J. Zool. 5: 585-602. 1940, DIS 13: 50. other information: Five independently-induced and roughly-located lethals. # l(1)EN1: lethal (1) from Eugene nonautonomous location: 1-46. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 51-52. phenotypeDies between first instar and prepupa; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Salivary glands and gastric ceca small; fat bodies usually absent in third-instar larva. Excess of free alanine or closely related substance and less free tyrosine than normal. RK2. # l(1)EN2 location: 1-0.3. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeDies at end of third instar or in early pupa; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. More free glutamine but less free glutamic and aspartic acids than normal. RK2. # l(1)EN3 location: 1- (near car). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeDies shortly after pupation; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Larva usually has red-black pigmented areas in or on the cuticle. More free glutamine than normal. RK2. # l(1)EN4 location: 1-52. origin: X ray induced. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeRoughly 40% eclose but die immediately; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. No morphological abnormalities observed in larva or pupa. More free glutamine than normal. RK3. # l(1)EN5 location: 1-47. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeUsually dies before third instar; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. More free glutamine than normal. RK2. # l(1)EN6 location: 1- 63 [between car and su(f)]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeDies at any stage; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Larval fat bodies and Malpighian tubes reduced. More free glutamine than normal. RK2. # l(1)EN7 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeUsually dies as early pupa; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Fat bodies beaded instead of ribbonlike in third larval instar. More free glutamine but less free tyrosine than normal. RK2A. other information: Crossing over in X greatly reduced. # l(1)EN8 location: 1- (close to the left of cv). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeUsually dies in second larval instar; 25% survive to third instar and a few to pupation. Survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Fat bodies, Malpighian tubes, and salivary glands reduced. Rare adult survivors have soft exoskeleton and die within a few days. More free glutamine and less free tyrosine than normal. RK2. # l(1)EN9 location: 1-10. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeUsually dies as third-instar larva; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Larva becomes transparent. Salivary glands, Malpighian tubes, and fat bodies much reduced. Unknown fluorescent substance accumulates in larval cuticle. More free glutamine and less tyrosine than normal. RK2(A). other information: Crossing over suppressed at tip of X. # l(1)EN10 location: 1-59. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeAbout half die as pupae and half as few-day-old adults; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. More free glutamine than normal; free tyrosine nearly absent; low in free proline. RK3. # l(1)EN10a location: 1-50. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeDies as pupa. Third-instar larva shows large excess of free glycine. RK2. # l(1)EN11 location: 1-43. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeDies from second instar through pupa; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Melanotic spots on some larvae and inside pupae. Culture with dying larvae has distinct urinous odor. More free phenylalanine and less free tyrosine than normal. RK2. # l(1)EN12 location: 1-3. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeUsually dies in third larval instar or pupa; rare survivors reach eclosion; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Flies that reach eclosion have soft exoskeleton with little pigmentation; appear almost translucent. Low in free tyrosine. RK2. # l(1)EN13 location: 1-13.4. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52. phenotypeSome survivors. No gross larval or pupal abnormalities. Low in free tyrosine. RK3. # l(1)EN14 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 52-53. phenotypeDies mostly in second- and also in third-instar larva; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Accumulates propanol-ammonia-insoluble, fluorescent substance in larval cuticle. Less free tyrosine and proline than normal. RK2A. other information: Crossing over in X greatly reduced. # l(1)EN15 location: 1- (near car). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 53. phenotypeDies as third-instar larva or early pupa; survives as patches of hemizygous tissue in gynandromorph. Less free tyrosine and proline than normal. RK2. # l(1)EN16 location: 1-24. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski. references: 1963, DIS 37: 53. phenotypeDies between first-instar larva and pupa. Less free tyrosine and proline than normal. RK2. # l(1)ff11: lethal (1) formalin food location: 1- (not located). origin: Induced by formaldehyde. discoverer: Auerbach. synonym: Lff11. references: Ede, 1956, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 148: 416-36 (fig.). phenotypeDevelops to late embryonic stage; at 22 hr (normal hatching time), shows vigorous muscular movements but is unable to break through vitelline membrane. Muscular activity persists several hours, but hatching does not occur; cell degeneration begins at about 25 hr. Differentiation abnormal in several ways: pharyngeal apparatus reduced and distorted; brain forms irregular mass; constriction forms behind head; segmentation distorted; and body wall usually incomplete dorsally. RK2. # l(1)GSB lethal (1) of Gershenson, Shapiro, and Borissenko origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[8]. discoverer: Gershenson, Shapiro, and Borissenko, 1931. references: Gershenson, 1934, DIS 1: 54. other information: A series of 51 independently-induced and genetically-located mutants. # l(1)I: lethal (1) of Ives origin: Recovered from heat-treated lines. discoverer: Ives. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 32. 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69. other information: A series of 13 independently-occurring mutants. # l(1)J1: lethal (1) of Jacobs-Muller location: 1-0.0 (to the left of y). origin: X ray induced simultaneously with sc[J1]. discoverer: Jacobs-Muller. references: Muller, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 225. Muller, 1935, Genetica 17: 237-52. phenotypeLethal. Not cell lethal (Ephrussi, 1934, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 20: 420-22). One recorded surviving male had rough eyes and was sterile. RK2A. cytology: Probably in 1A6. Associated with In(1)sc[J1] = In(1)1A4-5;1B4-5 (Muller, Prokofyeva, and Raffel, 1935, Nature 135: 253-55). # l(1)J1[259] origin: X ray induced in y-bearing chromosome. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: Frye, 1959, Genetics 44: 511. # l(1)jl: lethal (1) jawless location: 1-14. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: McQuate, 1951. references: Oster, 1952, Heredity 6: 403-7. phenotypeDies during first larval instar. Mouth parts poorly formed and sometimes absent. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Valencia and McQuate, 1951, Genetics 36: 580). # l(1)K: lethal (1) of King origin: Recovered among progeny of males fed P[32]. discoverer: R. C. King, 1948 and 1949. references: 1950, DIS 24: 58. other information: Four independently-induced and genetically-located lethals. # l(1)LB: lethal (1) of Luers and Belitz discoverer: Luers and Belitz, 1951-1956. references: Belitz, 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 173-84. 1956, DIS 30: 104. other information: A series of nearly 500 mutations recovered from untreated males or from males treated with Miracil [1-(2-diethylaminoethylamino)-4-methylthioxanthine], Mirasan, triethylenemelamine, aminopterin, hesperidine, or 2,5-bisethyleneimine-1,4-benzoquinone. All lethals were located genetically. # l(1)m: lethal (1) malignant location: 1- (not located). origin: Induced by mustard gas. synonym: l-mal. references: El Shatoury, 1955, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 147: 496-522 (fig.). El Shatoury and Waddington, 1957, J. Embryol. Exptl. Morphol. 5: 143-52 (fig.). phenotypeCells originating from lymph glands in late third instar first spread to and cause destruction of imaginal buds and later may move along ventral nerve cord to attack posterior fat bodies and testes. The tumor cells eventually become melanotic after destruction of various healthy tissues. Death occurs in late larval or early pupal stages. Claimed to be the only true malignancy in D. melanogaster. RK2. # l(1)MA: lethal (1) of Muller and Altenburg origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller and Altenburg. references: 1919, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 17: 10-14. other information: A series of about 50 mutants of which only a few were located. # l(1)ml: lethal (1) melanomalike location: 1-10. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: McQuate, 1951. references: Oster, 1952, Heredity 6: 403-7. Oster and Sobels, 1956, Am. Naturalist 90: 55-60. phenotypeLarvae die in third instar. At death, they have internal melanotic masses (usually one or two, sometimes as many as ten). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Valencia and McQuate, 1951, Genetics 36: 580). # l(1)mt: lethal (1) midget location: 1-2.5. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: McQuate, 1951. references: Oster, 1952, Heredity 6: 403-7. phenotypeDies as undersized third-instar larva. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromsomes normal (Valencia and McQuate, 1951, Genetics 36: 580). # l(1)mys: lethal (1)myospheroid location: 1-21.7. origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Poulson, 48j. synonym: l(1)48j. references: Rizki, 1956, J. Exptl. Zool. 131: 203-22 (fig.). Wright, 1958, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 10th., Vol. 2: 323. 1960, J. Exptl. Zool. 143: 77-99 (fig.). phenotypeTwenty-hour embryos (25[o]C) show middorsal herniation of brain and midgut, or both; abnormal somatic, visceral, and pharyngeal muscles; and incomplete morphogenesis of yolk-filled midgut. Development of embryo normal up to 13 hr. Between 13 and 14.5 hr, first muscular contractions occur, while basement membrane is incomplete. This results in dorsal rupture of hypoderm and retraction of myogenic elements of somatic and pharyngeal muscles into spheroidal masses. Continuation of myogenesis produces spheroidal muscles with a cortex of disoriented fibrillae surrounded by a medulla of nucleated sarcoplasm. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromsomes normal. # l(1)nd: lethal (1) no differentiation location: 1- (not located). origin: Induced by mustard gas. references: El Shatoury, 1955, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 147: 523-38 (fig.). phenotypeSome or all imaginal buds fail to differentiate during larval third instar, apparently as a result of abnormal proliferation of imaginal disk mesoderm. Death in pupal or prepupal stage. RK2. # l(1)ne: lethal (1) nonevaginated location: 1-0.1. origin: Induced by urethane. discoverer: Vogt, 1949. references: 1951, DIS 25: 76. Florschutz-de Waard and Faber, 1952, DIS 26: 99. Faber, Sobels, Florschutz-de Waard, and Oppenoorth, 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 293-321 (fig.). phenotypeLacks imaginal thoracic hypoderm. Cephalic complex and thoracic imaginal disks fail to evaginate. The unaffected abdominal hypoderm develops but ends anteriorly in a free edge that folds back on itself and forms a darkly-pigmented ring around the pupa. Genital disk capable of normal evagination but vasa deferentia do not connect to testes, which do not spiralize. Death occurs 3-5(12 days after prepuparium formation. Pupae darker than normal with sticky, irregular surface and distinctly meandering tracheal trunks. RK2. # l(1)nib: lethal (1) no imaginal buds location: 1- (not located). references: El Shatoury and Waddington, 1957, J. Embryol. Exptl. Morphol. 5: 143-52 (fig.). phenotypeDies in third larval instar. Imaginal buds small or absent. Excessive proliferation of stomach epithelium leads to occlusion of gut. Proliferations degenerate into melanotic masses. RK2. # l(1)Q: lethal (1) Quinacrine mustard induced origin: Induced by 2-methoxy-6-[3-(ethyl-2-chloroethyl)aminopropylamino]acridine (ICR 100). discoverer: Carlson. references: Carlson, Sederoff, and Cogan, 1967, Genetics 55: 295-313. other information: A series of 64 independently-induced and genetically-located lethals. Their numbers and locations are tabulated below. Number Location 1 13.1 2 40.9 3 26.5 4 52.0 5 0.0 6 30.2 7 28.8 8 65.5 9 1.4 10 28.6 11 16.0 12 42.0 13 49.7 14 64.2 15 19.6 16 52.6 17 23.6 18 56.7 19 62.5 20 0.0 21 20.5 22 39.1 23 57.8 24 58.3 25 23.0 26 33.0 27 9.3 28 44.6 30 22.7 31 56.7 33 29.9 34 56.7 36 0.0 39 1.7 40 1.5 41 2.0 42 64.4 43 37.6 44 31.7 45 38.3 48 21.3 49 12.7 50 62.5 51 65.2 52 36.9 53 32.0 54 33.0 55 60.6 56 11.2 57 16.8 58 38.2 59 44.5 61 6.5 62 62.5 63a 53.0 64 41.4 65 20.5 66 33.0 67 20.3 68 40.4 69 54.1 70 51.9 71b 54.4 72 10.6 73 53.9 74 18.2 75 29.3 76 49.1 77 0.0 78 0.0 79 48.0 80 54.2 81 6.8 82 18.7 83 12.1 85 0.0 86 56.7 87 0.0 89 51.5 201 13.4 202 40.1 203 62.5 204 22.6 205 21.1 206 13.0 208 17.0 209 0.0 210 64.5 211 33.0 212 0 214 56.7 215 10.4 216 8.6 217 0.0 218 2.8 219 1.3 220 0.0 221 0.0 222 57.9 223 29.2 224 47.8 225 36.0 226 47.9 227 27.4 228 42.2 231 13.5 232 16.5 233 15.2 234 38.9 235 28.1 236 21.0 237 21.7 238 54.1 240 33.0 244 24.2 248 12.2 # l(1)R: lethal (1) of Rohrborn discoverer: Rohrborn, 1955, 1956. references: 1959, Z. Vererbungslehre 90: 116-31. other information: A series of 71 lethals, including 3 spontaneous, 55 from males treated with 1:4-dimethanesulfonoxybutane (CB. 2041), and 13 from males treated with 1:4-dimethanesulfonoxy-1:4-dimethylbutane (CB. 2348). All were located genetically. # l(1)rr: lethal (1) ring gland rudimentary location: 1-0.3. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: McQuate, 1951. references: Oster, 1952, Heredity 6: 403-7. phenotypeDies during third larval instar. Larvae live 15-30 days but do not become giant. Ring gland abnormally small, probably causing failure to undergo third molt. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Valencia and McQuate, 1951, Genetics 36: 580). # l(1)S: lethal (1) of Stark origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stark, 1913, 1914. references: 1915, J. Exptl. Zool. 19: 531-58. Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 64, 79. other information: Four independently-occurring lethals. # l(1)S9 location: 1- (to the right of car). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Auerbach. references: Ede, 1956, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 149: 256-66 (fig.). phenotypeAlmost all embryos deformed at anterior end, where there is usually some undigested yolk. Death occurs in embryonic, larval, and pupal stages. Primary abnormality is distribution of cleavage nuclei, which causes blastoderm to be fragile at its anterior end. RK2. # l(1)sc: lethal (1) at scute location: 1-0 (immediately to the right of sc). origin: Synthetic. discoverer: Muller. references: 1935, Genetica 17: 237-52. other information: Inferred from the inviability of In(1)sc[4L]sc[9R] = In(1)1B3-4;19F-20C1[L]1B2-3;18B8-9[R] [left break of In(1)sc[9] in doubt], except in the presence of Dp(1;2)sc[19]. # l(1)sd: lethal (1) scheiben defekt location: 1-17.9. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: M. J. Fahmy. references: Schnitter, 1961, Rev. Suisse Zool. 68: 345-418 (fig.). phenotypeDies during transition from larva to prepupa. Some larvae form puparia but do not differentiate further. Pattern of damage complex; most severe defects found in certain imaginal disks. Several larval organs abnormal, especially the salivary glands. RK2. # l(1)te: lethal (1) tracheae enlarged. location: 1-0.3. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: McQuate, 1951. references: Oster, 1952, Heredity 6: 403-7. phenotypeDies during third larval instar. Main tracheal tubes greatly enlarged, sometimes lack functional posterior spiracles. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Valencia and McQuate, 1951, Genetics 36: 580). # l(1)tl: lethal (1) tracheae lacking location: 1-59. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: McQuate, 1951. references: Oster, 1952, Heredity 6: 403-7. phenotypeDies during first larval instar. Main tracheal tubes absent, although small side branches present. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Valencia and McQuate, 1951, Genetics 36: 580). # l(1)tr: lethal (1) tracheae ramified location: 1-56. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: McQuate, 1951. references: Oster, 1952, Heredity 6: 403-7. phenotypeDies during first larval instar. Main tracheal tubes thick and have numerous side branches. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Valencia and McQuate, 1951, Genetics 36: 580). # l(1)trs: lethal (1) tracheae stretched location: 1-8.0. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: McQuate, 1951. synonym: l(1)ts (preoccupied). references: Oster, 1952, Heredity 6: 403-7. phenotypeDies during first larval instar. Larvae very large for this stage and all tracheal tubes very thin, suggesting that they grow more slowly than larvae and thus become stretched. RK2. cytology: Salivary gland chromosomes normal (Valencia and McQuate, 1951, Genetics 36: 580). # l(1)ts: lethal (1) temperature sensitive location: 1-8. discoverer: Falbo and Re. references: 1945, DIS 19: 45, 57. phenotypeInviable in cultures grown at 23[o]C but shows more than 50% survival in cultures grown at 26.5[o]C. RK3. # l(1)TS-45: lethal (1) no. 45 of T. Shiomi location: 1-5.8. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Shiomi, 52f. references: 1954, DIS 28: 78. Imaizumi and Shiomi, 1955, Arch. Biol. (Lioe(gage) 66: 483-87. phenotypeDies before hatching. No visible morphological abnormality. Heterozygote of l(1)TS-45/Basc has average of 612 eye facets compared to only 402 in +/Basc. Accumulation of urea or carbamides in larvae of heterozygote; these compounds presumably tend to normalize the Bar phenotype. RK2. # l(1)TS-56 location: 1-1.5. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Shiomi, 52f. references: 1954, DIS 28: 78. phenotypeLethal in late embryonic stage. Development of tracheae, other chitinized parts, and body segments abnormal. RK2. # l(1)v3: lethal (1) variegated location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 74% normal; recovery of X/Y males reduced by M(2)S2[10] but not E(var)7. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 males. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)l-v3 = T(1;3)4A;81. # l(1)v11 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 78% normal, further reduced in presence of M(2)S2[10] but not E(var)7. X/Y males fertile. Viability of X/0 males 4% normal. Homozygous females survive, have blistered wings, and duplicate anterior scutellar and postalar bristles; addition of y[+]Y eliminates wing effect. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)l-v11 = T(1;4)15;101. # l(1)v25 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeX/Y males of normal viability but sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 males. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)l-v25 = T(1;2)19-20;40-41. # l(1)v47 location: 1- (between cv and v). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeX/Y males have gg-like phenotype but with peripheral darkening of eye color; viability 41% normal; fertile. X/0 males lethal. RK2A. discoverer: Associated with an insertion of an unspecified section of heterochromatin into 8F-9B. Linkage tests suggest second chromosome origin of inserted material. T(1;2)l-v47 = T(1;2)8F-9B. # l(1)v59 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 63% normal, further reduced in presence of E(var)7 and M(2)S2[10]. X/Y males fertile. X/0 males lethal. Homozygous females viable with fewer and smaller bristles. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with In(1)l-v59 = In(1)3-4;19-20. # l(1)v75 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 26% normal, further reduced in presence of E(var)7 but not M(2)S2[10]. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. Viability of X/0 males less than 1% normal. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)l-v75 = T(1;2)19-20;41. # l(1)v129 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeSemilethal. Viability of X/Y males 91% normal, of X/0 males 26% normal. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)l-v129 = T(1;2)18B;41. # l(1)v132 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 83% normal. X/Y males fertile. Viability of X/0 males less than 1% normal. Homozygous females viable. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with In(1)l-v132 = In(1)3-4;19-20. # l(1)v135 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeOriginally recovered as Y-suppressed lethal; in subsequent tests, both X/Y and X/0 males appeared to be lethal. Later tests by Thompson show viability of X/Y males to be 40% normal and X/0 males less than 1% normal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)l-v135 = T(1;2)18-19;41. Induced simultaneously with T(2;3)135 = T(2;3)37;85A, from which it has since separated. # l(1)v139 location: 1-2 (between w and spl). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeX/0 and X/Y males lethal. X/Y/Y males viable and fertile, show strong variegation for w and rst. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(1LR)l-v139 = In(1LR)3C6-7. other information: Single recombinant carrying distal part of X-centromere-bearing half of T(1;4)w[m5] = T(1;4)3C3-4;101F1-2; proximal part of In(1LR)l-v139 is variegated for w but not for rst and is viable. # l(1)v146 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 41% normal, further reduced by M(2)S2[10] and E(var)7. X/Y males fertile. X/0 males lethal. l(1)v146/l(1)v146/Y more viable than l(1)v146/l(1)v146 females. Frequently have fewer dorsocentrals. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with In(1)l-v146 = In(1)5-6;19-20. # l(1)v150 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 15% normal. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)l-v150 = T(1;2)16-17;40. # l(1)v163 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 17% normal and of X/0 males less than 1% normal. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. RK2A in X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)l-v163 = T(1;3)17A-B;80-81. # l(1)v216 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 15% normal, reduced further in presence of M(2)S2[10] but not E(var)7. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)l-v216; determined genetically; cytology not done. # l(1)v219 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males normal, reduced in combination with M(2)S2[10] but not E(var)7. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)l-v219 = T(1;2)10A;40. # l(1)v223 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 41% normal. X/Y males sterile, owing to variegation for absence of external genitalia, especially in combination with E(var)7. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)l-v223 = T(1;2)14F;41;50E. # l(1)v227 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 48% normal, further reduced in combination with M(2)S2[10] and E(var)7. X/Y males fertile. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with In(1)l-v227 = In(1)1-2;19-2. # l(1)v231 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeX/Y males viable and fertile. Viability of X/0 males less than 1% normal; the few survivors have reduced, rough eyes. Homozygous females normal. RK2A in X/0 male. cytology: Associated with In(1)l-v231 = In(1)1C-D;19-20. # l(1)v252 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males normal, of X/0 males 2% normal. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)l-v252; determined genetically; cytology not done. # l(1)v306 location: 1-0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y also 78% normal. X/Y males fertile. X/0 males lethal. Homozygous females viable. RK2A in X/0 males. cytology: Salivary chromosomes show insertion of material of unknown origin into 1B-E. # l(1)v361 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeX/Y males show normal viability but are sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)l-v361 = T(1;3)19-20;80-81. # l(1)v451 location: 1-56.7 (inseparable from f). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 63% normal, of X/0 males 4% normal. X/Y males sterile; spermatogenesis appears normal but sperm not motile. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. other information: No translocation detectable genetically. Map distance between v and f reduced from standard 23.7 to 12. # l(1)v453 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males normal, reduced in combination with M(2)S2[10] but not E(var)7. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)l-v453 = T(1;3)12D;80-81. # l(1)v454 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 50% normal, further reduced in combination with M(2)S2[10] and E(var)7. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. X/0 males lethal. RK2A in X/0 males. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3;4)l-v454 = T(1;2;3)12B;22-23;81 + T(2;4)44F;101F. # l(1)v455 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability in X/Y males low, further reduced in presence of both M(2)S2[10] and E(var)7. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. X/0 males inviable. Eye color variegated in l(1)v455/w females. RK2A in X/0 males. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)l-v455 = T(1;3)3C;81. # l(1)v459 location: 1- (rearrangment). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeX/Y males have rough eyes and deformed wings and wing veins; 78% normal viability; fertile. X/0 males lethal. RK2A as X/0 male. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)l-v459 = T(1;2;3)3D-F;XR;50;80-81. # l(1)v463 location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, Edington, and Von Halle. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1649-70. phenotypeViability of X/Y males 50% normal, further reduced in combination with E(var)7 but not M(2)S2[10]. X/Y males sterile, owing to failure of sperm head to elongate. Viability of X/0 males 18% normal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)l-v463 = T(1;3)19-20;81-82. # l(1)w location: 1-66. discoverer: Schubel, 1934. references: 1934, Am. Naturalist 68: 278-82. phenotypeMales survive; homozygous females die. RK3. other information: Probably a lethal allele of bb. # l(1)X2: lethal (1) X ray induced location: 1- (near forked). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Auerbach. references: Ede, 1956, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 148: 437-51 (fig.). phenotypeEmbryos die in advanced stage of development. They live beyond normal hatching time, move actively, but do not hatch. Embryo distorted; head material not involuted and pharyngeal material external; body wall has disarranged segmentation in medial region. Mutant disrupts mechanism controlling mitosis in early stages of gastrulation, occasionally as early as blastoderm formation. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # l(1)X10 location: 1-0.0 (near sc). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Auerbach. references: Ede, 1956, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 149: 247-58 (fig.). phenotypeVariation in expression of factors discontinuous. There are three types of lethal embryos; some may survive into larval stage. Type 1 stops development after formation of a cap of undifferentiated cells. Type 2 has limited differentiation, often the nervous tissue exclusively, but no organ formation. Type 3 survives beyond normal hatching time, has no gross abnormalities, but does not hatch. RK2. # l(1)X20 location: 1- (near sc). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Auerbach. references: Ede, 1956, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 149: 101-14 (fig.). phenotypeFour types of defective embryos produced. Types 1 and 2 reach late stage of development and are alive at time larvae normally hatch. Type 1 has a complete nervous system but incomplete hypoderm. Type 2 has hypoderm but a deficient nervous system. Types 3 and 4 stop developing at early stages. Type 3 has no development beyond gastrulation, and type 4 forms no blastoderm. RK2. # l(1)X27 location: 1-63.4. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Auerbach. references: Ede, 1956, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 149: 88-100 (fig.). phenotypeEmbryos alive in a late stage of development at normal hatching time but do not hatch. Degeneration begins at about 25 hr. Germ band irregular at beginning of gastrulation, apparently the result of defective ventral furrow formation. Consequently, hindgut is open dorsally, nervous system irregularly developed, and ventral nerve cord interrupted in region of midgut. Other abnormalities from different causes are: (1) gut remains saclike, (2) ectoderm remains unsegmented, and (3) musculature of body wall is underdeveloped. RK2. # l(1)zw1[a1]: lethal (1) zeste to white location: 1-1.1. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Abrahamson, 62a1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. Placed in region 3A5-7 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(1)64c4 = Df(1)3A4-6;3C3-5 but not in Df(1)w[rJ2] = Df(1)3A6-8;3C1-3 (Judd). # l(1)zw1[a2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Abrahamson, 62a2. # l(1)zw1[b22] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62b22. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Judd). # l(1)zw1[d8] origin: X ray induced in z-bearing X chromosome. discoverer: Judd, 64d8. # l(1)zw1[d13] origin: X ray induced in z-bearing X chromosome. discoverer: Judd, 64d13. # l(1)zw1[e6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 63e6. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Judd). # l(1)zw1[f2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Abrahamson, 64f2. # l(1)zw1[f5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Abrahamson, 64f5. # l(1)zw1[g9] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 63g9. # l(1)zw1[g17] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62g17. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Judd). # l(1)zw1[g19] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 63g19. # l(1)zw1[g26] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62g26. # l(1)zw1[g31] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62g31. cytology: Associated with In(1)l-zw1[g31] = In(1)3A;6 (Judd). # l(1)zw1[k5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62k5. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Judd). # l(1)zw1[k6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62k6. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Judd). # l(1)zw1[k26] origin: X ray induced in z-bearing X chromosome. discoverer: Judd, 63k26. # l(1)zw2[a3] location: 1-1.2. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Abrahamson, 62a3. phenotypeLethal homozygous and when heterozygous with all other alleles of l(1)zw2 except l(1)zw2[g6]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. Placed in region 3A7-B1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(1)64j4 = Df(1)3A6-8;3B1-2 (Judd). # l(1)zw2[b26] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62b26. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Judd). # l(1)zw2[c21] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62c21. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Judd). # l(1)zw2[c28] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62c28. # l(1)zw2[f3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Abrahamson, 64f3. # l(1)zw2[g4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lefevre, 62g4. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Judd). # l(1)zw2[g6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lefevre, 62g6. phenotypeLethal homozygous and when heterozygous with all alleles of l(1)zw2 except l(1)zw2[a3]. RK2. # l(1)zw3[b12] location: 1-1.3 [based on position of l(1)zw3[h22]]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62b12. cytology: Associated with In(1)l-zw3[b12] = In(1)3A8-B1;13. Placed in region 3A7-B1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(1)64j4 = Df(1)3A6-8;3B1-2 (Judd). # l(1)zw3[h22] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62h22. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Judd). # l(1)zw4[d28] location: 1-1.1 [between l(1)zw1 and l(1)zw2]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62d28. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 3A5-7 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(1)64c4 = Df(1)3A4-6;3C3-5 but not in Df(1)w[rJ2] = Df(1)3A6-8;3C1-3 (Judd). # l(1)zw4[e4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 63e4. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Judd). # l(1)zw4[g24] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62g24. # l(1)zw5[j1] location: 1-1.4. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62j1. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 3B3-C2 on the basis of its inclusion in both Df(1)62d18 = Df(1)3B2-C1;3C3-5 and Df(1)w[rJ2] = Df(1)3A6-8;3C1-3 (Judd). # l(1)zw6[b23] location: 1-1.3. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62b23. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Judd). # l(1)zw6[e5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 63e5. # l(1)zw6[e13] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 63e13. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Judd). # l(1)zw6[l12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 62l2. phenotypeLethal homozygous and when heterozygous with other alleles of l(1)zw6; only allele of l(1)zw6 that survives when heterozygous with Df(1)62d18 = Df(1)3B2-C1;3C3-5 (Judd). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Judd). # l(1)zw7[e3] location: 1-1.4. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 63e3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. Placed in region 3B3-C2 on the basis of its inclusion in both Df(1)62[d18] = Df(1)3B2-C1;3C3-5 and Df(1)w[rJ2] = Df(1)3A6-8;3C1-3 (Judd). # l(1)zw7[g20] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 63g20. # l(1)zw8[g10] location: 1-1.1 [between l(1)zw1 and l(1)zw2]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Judd, 63g10. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 3A5-7 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(1)64c4 = Df(1)3A4-6;3C3-5 but not in Df(1)w[rJ2] = Df(1)3A6-8;3C1-3 (Judd). # l(1)zw9[f4] location: 1-1.4. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Abrahamson, 64f4. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 3B3-C2 on the basis of its inclusion in both Df(1)62d18 = Df(1)3B2-C1;3C3-5 and Df(1)w[rJ2] = Df(1)3A6-8;3C1-3 (Judd). # l(2)39a location: 2-50 (right of Bl ?). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 39a. references: 1939, DIS 12: 45. # l(2)55i location: 2-55.0 (probably to the left of the centromere). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Burdick, 55i. references: 1956, DIS 30: 69. Mukai and Burdick, 1959, Genetics 44: 211-32. 1960, Genetics 45: 1581-93. Schnick, Mukai, and Burdick, 1960, Genetics 45: 315-29. Mukai and Burdick, 1961, Japan J. Genetics 36: 97-104. phenotypeLarvae hatch but die before pupation. Females heterozygous for l(1)55i have higher fecundity than homozygous, wild-type females. The lethal is therefore not eliminated from laboratory populations. RK3. # l(2)56a location: 2-90. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Burdick, 56a. references: 1956, DIS 30: 69. phenotypeHomozygous lethal; heterozygote shows normal viability. RK3. other information: Crossing over normal. # l(2)57 origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Paik. references: 1960, Evolution 14: 293-303. other information: A series of 11 lethals selected from Korean wild populations. # l(2)1076 location: 2-15 (about 40 units from Bl). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 49h. references: 1951, DIS 25: 70. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with In(2L)Cy. RK3. # l(2)1323 location: 2-55 (0/162 crossovers with Bl). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 51g. references: 1951, DIS 25: 70. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. RK3. # l(2)a location: 2-64.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16a15. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 286, 302. phenotypeAlmost completely lethal; body color of rare survivor pale. RK3. # l(2)ax location: 2-106.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 19b28. references: 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeLethal in very early larval stage. RK3. cytology: Located in 60B on salivary chromosome by Bridges but not included in Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2. # l(2)ay location: 2-8.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30d5. # l(2)B location: 2- [in 2L of In(2L)t]. discoverer: Bridges, 1930. # l(2)bl: lethal (2) bluter location: 2-43.8. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kafer, 50b. references: Benz, 1953, DIS 27: 55. 1957, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 88: 78-114 (fig.). phenotypeLethal at end of pupal stage. Homozygotes make emerging movements, but puparia have abnormally thick protein layer so that imaginal hypodermis is punctured in attempt to eclose. Hemolymph is lost, and flies die. Apparently-normal homozygotes may be obtained by artificially opening puparium. Occasionally, a fly spontaneously escapes puparium without serious injury. Differences in content of free amino acids and peptides between l(2)bl and wild type can be distinguished in third-instar larvae, prepupae, and early pupae. RK3. # l(2)Bld: lethal (2) from Blond location: 2-53.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges. # l(2)bw: lethal (2) with brown location: 2-104. origin: Spontaneous in bw[2b] mr chromosome. discoverer: Curry, 36i. cytology: Salivary chromosomes seem to show slight deficiency or disturbance in 59C and D (Bridges). # l(2)C: lethal (2) of Curry location: 2-67.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 34a21. phenotypeLethal before pupation. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary region 49D4 through 49E5 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2R)vg[B] = Df(2R)49D3-4;50A2-3 and in Df(2R)vg[D] = Df(2R)49C1-2;49E2-6 (Morgan, Bridges,and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 306). # l(2)cg: lethal (2) with comb gap location: 2-15 (between dp and cl). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 33d19. references: Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 46. # l(2)crc: lethal (2) cryptocephal location: 2-55. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hadorn, 1942. synonym: crc. references: Hadorn and Gloor, 1943, Rev. Suisse Zool. 50: 256-61. Gloor, 1945, Arch. Julius Klaus-Stift. Vererbungsforsch. Sozialanthropol. Rassenhyg. 20: 209-56. Fristom, 1965, Genetics 52: 297-318. phenotypeHomozygotes undergo pupation but rarely eclose from puparia. Imaginal head is not everted from thorax. Except for slightly reduced eyes and shortened legs, wings, and thoracic bristles, the head and thorax are fully differentiated. Head eversion is inhibited by integument being more rigid than normal. Mutant integument contains more glucosamine than normal. Feeding glucosamine to wild-type larvae produces a phenocopy very similar to l(2)crc. Abdomen often shows no differentiation, and internal organ development is arrested at pupal stage. RK3. # l(2)gl: lethal (2) giant larvae location: 2-0.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33e9. synonym: lgl. references: Hadorn, 1937, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 36: 632-34. 1937, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 23: 478-84. 1938, Rev. Suisse Zool. 45: 425-29. Vogt, 1947, Z. Naturforsch. 26: 292-94. phenotypeHomozygotes undergo embryogenesis and three larval instars. Larvae reach normal maximum size but fail to pupate; they then become bloated to giant size. Pseudopupae are sometimes formed, but no morphogenesis occurs; imaginal disks degenerate. Ring gland small and appears immature in third-instar larva (Scharrer and Hadorn, 1938, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 24: 236-42). A third-instar l(2)gl host transplanted with a normal ring gland pupates but does not metamorphose. Thus, a deficiency of hormones from the ring gland is probably one result of l(2)gl but not the only result. Faulhaber (1959, Z. Vererbungslehre 90: 299-334) finds that the abnormal development affects the quantities of the different amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Welch (1957, Genetics 42: 544-59) finds that DNA of nuclei in several tissues, especially salivary glands, is markedly reduced. RK3. cytology: Locus lies between 21A1 and 21C1 (Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66). other information: The order of l(2)gl and net unknown. # l(2)gl[2] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 51a. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 72. phenotypeLike l(2)gl. RK3. # l(2)gl[3] origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Meyer, 51a. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 73. phenotypeLarvae heterozygous with l(2)gl[2] are like l(2)gl. RK3A. # l(2)H: lethal (2) of Humphrey location: 2-50. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Humphrey, 32k. references: Dunn, 1934, DIS 1: 30. 1935, DIS 4: 9. phenotypeUsually dies as pupa; 10-15% of flies survive and look normal but are weak. Homozygote usually sterile when inbred but fertile in outcrosses. RK3. # l(2)hst: lethal (2) histolytic location: 2-56. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Thompson, 59k. phenotypeHomozygote dies in early pupal stage. Heterozygous viability good. RK3. # l(2)M: lethal (2) from Mohr location: 2- (between dp and b). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33l18. # l(2)mat: lethal (2) maternal location: 2- (near pr). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Redfield, 23b. references: 1924, Am. Naturalist 58: 566-69. 1926, Genetics 11: 482-502. phenotypeHomozygous females produce 1 daughter to 5.5 sons. Abnormal sex ratio caused by inviability of females. l(2)mat does not seem to be allelic to da, which has a similar effect. RK3. # l(2)me: lethal (2) meander location: 2-72 (71-73). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hadorn, 44g20. synonym: lme. references: 1947, Exptl. Biol. Symp., Vol. 2: 177-95, Cambridge Univ. Press. 1947, DIS 21: 68. Schmid, 1949, Z. Induktive Abstamungs- Vererbungslehre 83: 220-53 (fig.). Chen and Hadorn, 1954, Rev. Suisse Zool. 61: 437-51. 1955, Rev. Suisse Zool. 62: 338-47. phenotypeLarvae do not grow normally, die while small. Body length remains relatively shorter than tracheal stems, which become convoluted in a meandering manner. Salivary glands reach 30% normal size; pharyngeal development normal. Intestines lack proteolytic enzymes. RK3. # l(2)mr[2]: lethal (2) with morula location: 2-70. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 25k24. # l(2)NS: lethal (2) Nova Scotia location: 2-107.0 [to the right of l(2)ax and to the left of sp]. discoverer: Bridges, 23j31. references: 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeLethal when larvae are about 2 mm long. Development of tracheae and other chitinized parts abnormal. RK3A. cytology: Exists only as In(2R)NS, px 1(2)NS sp. Salivary chromosome locus in 60B10-12 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2 but not in the 2R[P]X[D] element of T(1;2)Bld = T(1;2)1C3-4;60B12-13 (Bridges). # l(2)pm: lethal (2) polymorph location: 2-30.3. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kafer, 50b. references: Benz, 1953, DIS 27: 55. 1957, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 88: 78-114 (fig.). phenotypeFlies die throughout larval and pupal stages. Larvae do not contract before pupation; hence, pupae are long and thin. Imagos often cryptocephalic. Chief characteristic is a severe muscular dystrophy. Protein metabolism extremely disturbed. In larval stage, free amino acids and one peptide are in abnormally high concentration. Prepupae only slightly different from normal in this respect. Occasional survivors viable and fertile. RK3. # l(2)pup: lethal (2) pupal location: 2-47. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 38j25. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 175. 1945, DIS 19: 46. phenotypeDies during middle or late pupal stage. External anatomy appears normal except for heavy melanization of wings and legs. RK3. # l(2)R: lethal (2) of Redfield location: 2- [in 2L with In(2L)t]. discoverer: Redfield, 1933. # l(2)S1: lethal (2) of Seto location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mad51[n-1]; N-1. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 17-32. 1954, Am. Naturalist 88: 373-78. 1956, J. Heredity, 47: 21-27 (fig.). 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies as larva or prepupa. Puparium elongated, often with larval segmentation, enlarged, resembling l(2)gl. Cephalic complex uneverted. Eye rudiment often pigmented. RK3. # l(2)S1A location: 2- (between Sp and b). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1953. synonym: l(2)Mad53[n-1A]; N-1A. references: 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27 (fig.). 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. 1963, DIS 37: 128-29. phenotypeDies in late pupa; differentiation of external structures almost complete. Color of pupa darker, changing to deep brown after a few days; heavy melanization in thicker parts of exoskeleton; nephrocytes deeply pigmented. Respiration rate 80% normal (Seto, 1959, DIS 33: 159-60). Slight delay in pupation. Development ceases earlier under crowded conditions (Seto, 1957, DIS 31: 160-62). RK3. # l(2)S3 location: 2- (between c and px). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mass38[x-3]; X-3. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 17-32. 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27 (fig.). 1957, DIS 31: 160-62. 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. 1963, DIS 37: 128-29. phenotypeDies in prepupal stage. Puparium small and dumpy. Deformed prepupa only partly fills puparium; anterior structures rudimentary; rest of body saclike. Scattered small pigmented or melanized areas along tracheal trunks; appendages and cephalic complex reduced or absent. Some delay in pupation. RK3. # l(2)S3a location: 2- (between dp and Sp). origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Seto, 1953. synonym: l(2)cn bw[co-3a]; Co-3A. references: 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27. 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. 1963, DIS 37: 128-29. phenotypeDies predominantly in pupal stage; infrequent weak sterile survivors with normal phenotype. Death occurs earlier in crowded cultures (Seto, 1957, DIS 31: 160-62). Pupation delayed 1-2 days beyond normal. Respiration rate during pupation 50% normal (Seto, 1959, DIS 33: 159-60). RK3. # l(2)S4 location: 2- (near pr). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mad51[n-4]; N-4. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 17:32. 1954, Am. Naturalist 88: 373-78. 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27 (fig.). 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1963, DIS 37: 128-29. phenotypeDies in prepupal and pupal stages Puparium small and slender with fragile exoskeleton. Appearance like l(2)crc with uneverted cephalic complex. Development of hypodermal derivatives and pigment variable. Pupation delayed 1-2 days. Crowding suppresses expression (Seto, 1957, DIS 31: 160-62). RK3. # l(2)S7 location: 2- (between Sp and b). origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Seto, 1953. synonym: l(2)cn bw[co-7]; Co-7. references: 1956, J. Heredity, 47: 21-27. 1957, DIS 31: 160-62. 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies predominantly in pupal stage; occasional sterile adults produced. Time of pupation delayed. Respiration rate of prepupae and pupae 50% normal (Seto, 1959, DIS 33: 159-60). RK3. # l(2)S11 location: 2- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mass38[x-11]; X-11. references: 1954, J. Exptl Zool. 126: 17-32. 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies as pupa. Puparium normal. Development may cease before or shortly after eversion of frontal sac. Usually has melanized patches on dorsum. Wings and legs variably developed. RK3. # l(2)S13 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1955. synonym: l(2)Wau55[n-13]; N-13. references: 1957, DIS 31: 160-62. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies as late pupa or as adult. Puparium normal. RK3. # l(2)S32 location: 2- (between dp and Sp). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mad51[n-32]; N-32. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 17-32. 1954, Am. Naturalist 88: 373-78. 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27 (fig.). 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. 1963, DIS 37: 128-29. phenotypeDies in early pupa. Usually no pigment or bristle formation; leg and wing sacs adhere to pupa case, resulting in appendages developing in cramped position; some melanization at extremities. Pupation delayed 1 day; pupa badly shrunken. Crowding suppresses expression (Seto, 1957, DIS 31: 160-62). Respiration rate 50% normal (Seto, 1959, DIS 33: 159-60). RK3. # l(2)S42 location: 2- (between Bl and L). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mad51[n-42]; N-42. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 17-32. 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27. 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies in late pupa. Appears well differentiated externally; eyes with little or no pigment; internal head structures poorly developed. RK3. # l(2)S42[A] origin: Spontaneous derivative of l(2)S42. discoverer: Seto, 1954. synonym: l(2)Mad51[n-42a]; N-42A. references: 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27 (fig.). 1957, DIS 31: 160-62. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeCeases development in early pupa; puparium enlarged, elongated, and larvalike; exoskeleton thin and fragile; pupa adheres to anterior end of puparium, rest of pupa contracted anteriorly. Space between pupa and puparium filled with light, oily fluid. Time of pupation delayed 2-3 days. Imaginal disks poorly developed. RK3. # l(2)S45 location: 2- (between Sp and b). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1953. synonym: l(2)Mad53[n-45]; N-45. references: 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27 (fig.). 1957, DIS 31: 160-62. 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies as late pupa just before eclosion. Slightly smaller than normal; leg sacs do not elongate, and legs develop in cramped and stunted condition. Most flies complete but only rarely able to eclose; rare adults are weak and unproductive. Time of pupation delayed about one-half day. RK3. # l(2)S50 location: 2- (rearrangement). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mad51[n-50]; N-50. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 17-32. 1954, Am. Naturalist 88: 373-78. 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27 (fig.). 1957, DIS 31: 160-62. 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies as pupa. Puparium normal. Development ceases in early pupa; body generally unpigmented; eyes rarely pigmented; hypodermal derivatives underdeveloped; melanotic degeneration of hypodermis in region of eye, external genitalia, and appendage extremities. Pupation delayed. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(2L) and In(2R); breakpoints unknown. # l(2)S51 location: 2- (near pr). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mad51[n-51]; N-51. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 17-32. 1954, Am. Naturalist 88: 373-78. 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27. 1957, DIS 31: 160-62. 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies in prepupal stage. Puparium normal. Development similar to that of l(2)S61 but with certain tissues further developed. Pupation delayed 1-2 days. Respiration less than 50% normal (Seto, 1959, DIS 33: 159-60). RK3. # l(2)S55 location: 2- (between dp and Sp). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1955. synonym: l(2)Wau55[n-55]; N-55. references: 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies in late pupa; occasional weak adult survivors. Phenotype similar to l(2)S45. Crowding results in more and earlier mortality (Seto, 1957, DIS 31: 160-62). Pupation delayed about one-half day. RK3. # l(2)S59 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mad51[n-59]; N-59. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 17-32. 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. phenotypeDies in late larval or prepupal stage. Puparium normal; frontal sacs uneverted; leg and wing sacs incompletely developed; body saclike. RK3. # l(2)S61 location: 2- (near pr). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Seto, 1951. synonym: l(2)Mad51[n-61]; N-61. references: 1954, J. Exptl. Zool. 126: 17-32. 1954, Am. Naturalist 88: 373-78. 1956, J. Heredity 47: 21-27 (fig.). 1957, DIS 31: 160-62. 1958, DIS 32: 157-58. 1961, DIS 35: 94-95. 1963, DIS 37: 128-29. phenotypeDies in prepupal stage. Puparium color darker than normal. Prepupa incompletely developed; frontal sacs uneverted; wing and leg sacs everted but development curtailed; free-floating, fat body fragments may fill fluid space between puparium and prepupa. Pupation delayed 1-2 days. Respiration rate normal for first day and a half, then ceases (Seto, 1959, DIS 33: 159-60). RK3. # l(2)Sp1: lethal (2) of Spiess location: 2-35.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp2b location: 2-49. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp6b location: 2-50.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp7 location: 2-3.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp8 location: 2-61.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp9a location: 2-1.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp9b location: 2-49. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp9c location: 2-55.1 (between rl and stw). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with M(2)S2; viable in combination with l(2)Sp11 and l(2)Sp15. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary region 41A based on its inclusion in Df(2R)M-S2[10] = Df(2R)41A (Burdick). # l(2)Sp9d location: 2-55.1 (to the right of stw). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp10 location: 2-37.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-588. # l(2)Sp11 location: 2-55.1 [between rl and stw; to the left of l(2)Sp15 (Burdick)]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with M(2)S2; viable in combination with l(2)Sp9c and l(2)Sp15. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary region 41A based on its inclusion in Df(2R)M-S2[10] = Df(2R)41A (Burdick). # l(2)Sp12 location: 2-61.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp14 location: 2-32.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Sp15 location: 2-55.1 (between rl and stw). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with M(2)S2; viable in combination with l(2)Sp9c and l(2)Sp11. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary region 41A based on its inclusion in Df(2R)M-S2[10] = Df(2R)41A (Burdick). # l(2)Sp18 location: 2-65.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(2)Su(H): lethal (2) from Suppressor of Hairless location: 2-99. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 37l7. cytology: Located in salivary region 58Al through 58F8 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2R)M-1 = Df(2R)57F11-58A1;58F8-59A1. # l(2)T: lethal (2) of Thompson origin: Spontaneous in normal chromosome of SM1/+ heterozygote. discoverer: Thompson, 1956, 1957. synonym: l(2)56i24 through l(2)57h10. other information: A series of 13 independently-occurring and genetically-located lethals. # l(3)26 location: 3-52.2 [between l(3)S6 and l(3)S7]. origin: X ray induced in a cu kar chromosome simultaneously with ry[26]. discoverer: Schalet. synonym: l(3)52.52. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Placed between l(3)S6 and l(3)S7 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3R)ry[K], Df(3R)ry[51], and Df(3R)ry[66] but not in Df(3R)ry[29], Df(3R)ry[33], Df(3R)ry[52], or Df(3R)ry[70], all of which include l(3)S6 but none of which include l(3)S7. # l(3)36d10 location: 3- (close to D, or rearrangement). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 36d10. # l(3)36d24 location: 3- (near centromere). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 36d24. references: 1937, DIS 7: 13. Bridges and Bridges, 1938, Genetics 23: 111-14. # l(3)62g origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Paik. references: 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 163-64. other information: A series of 65 lethals recovered from Korean wild populations. # l(3)a location: 3-81.6. origin: Spontaneous in In(3R)C. discoverer: Morgan, 11l. synonym: l(3)1. references: Muller, 1918, Genetics 3: 422-99. phenotypeLethal homozygous. Reduced recovery of M(3)w-bearing daughters from In(3R)C, l(3)a/M(3)w females (Schultz). RK3. other information: Results of Bridges interpreted to show allelism to M(3)w[B] (3-79.7); may have been related to maternal effect described by Schultz. Position based on crosses by Muller (1918), in which he used l(3)a separated from In(3R)C. # l(3)ac: lethal (3) accessory location: 3- (midregion). discoverer: Schultz, 25g. phenotypeEnhances maternal effect of In(3R)C, l(3)a on recovery of M(3)w daughters from M(3)w/In(3R)C, l(3)a mothers (Schultz). RK3. # l(3)blo-l: lethal (3) bloated larvae location: 3- (to the left of p). discoverer: Bridges, 25k7. references: Chen, 1929, J. Morphol. 47: 135-99. phenotypeLarvae become very large and transparent, die in the prepupal stage. Growth of imaginal disks irregular. RK2. # l(3)e: lethal (3) with ebony location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous in In(3R)C, e. discoverer: Schultz. phenotypeDies as fully-developed, normal-appearing imago unable to eclose. RK3A. # l(3)hd: lethal (3) head defect location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Bridges, 1924. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 230. phenotypeDies in pupal stage with black, tumor-like growth in head. RK3. # l(3)PL location: 3- (left arm). origin: Spontaneous in 3L carrying In(3L)P. # l(3)PR location: 3-90.2. origin: Spontaneous in In(3R)P. phenotypeHomozygous lethal; lethal in combination with M(3)j. RK3. # l(3)S1: lethal (3) of Schalet location: 3-51 (to the left of kar). origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. other information: Placed to the left of l(3)S2 on the basis of its exclusion from Df(3R)ry[76], which is deficient for l(3)S2 and loci to the right. # l(3)S1[a] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. other information: Allelism with l(3)S1 tentative and based on similarity in interaction with Df(3R)ry[76]. # l(3)S2 location: 3-51.5 [between l(3)S1 and kar]. origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Placed between l(3)S1 and kar on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3R)ry[76] but not Df(3R)ry[29], Df(3R)ry[33], or Df(3R)ry[36]. None of these deficiencies include l(3)S1 and all include kar and genes to its right. # l(3)S3 location: 3-51.7 (between kar and mes). origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. other information: Placed between kar and mes on the basis of its exclusion from Df(3R)ry[78] and its inclusion in Df(3R)ry[27], Df(3R)ry[52], Df(3R)ry[75], and Df(3R)ry[77]. None of these deficiencies include kar and all include mes and loci to its right. # l(3)S4 location: 3-52.1 (to the right of pic). origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal, but there are a few, relatively normal-appearing survivors that are mostly females. RK3. other information: Placed to the right of ry by recombination and to the right of pic on the basis of its survival in combination with ry[35], which behaves as though it were deficient for ry and pic. Placed to the left of l(3)S5 by recombination. # l(3)S5 location: 3-52.1 [between l(3)S4 and l(3)S6]. origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Placed to the right of l(3)S4 by recombination analysis and to the left of l(3)S6 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3R)ry[75] and Df(3R)ry[76], which do not include l(3)S6. # l(3)S5[a] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Placed to the right of l(3)S5 on the basis of its exclusion from Df(3R)ry[75] and Df(3R)ry[76], both of which include l(3)S5 and loci to the left. # l(3)S6 location: 3-52.2 [between l(3)S5 and l(3)26]. origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Placed to the right of l(3)S5 on the basis of its exclusion from Df(3R)ry[75] and Df(3R)ry[76], both of which include l(3)S5 and loci to the left. # l(3)S6[a] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Causes local reduction in crossing over. # l(3)S6[b] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Produces local reduction in crossing over. # l(3)S7 location: 3-53 [to the right of l(3)26]. origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Placed to the right of l(3)26 on the basis of its exclusion from Df(3R)ry[66], which includes l(3)26 and loci to its left. # l(3)S7[a] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Extends farther to the right than l(3)S7 since it is lethal in combination with an undescribed deficiency for red, with which l(3)S7 survives. # l(3)S7[b] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. other information: Extends farther to the right than l(3)S7 by same criterion as l(3)S7[a]. # l(3)S7[c] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. # l(3)S7[d] origin: X ray induced in kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. # l(3)Sp1: lethal (3) of Spiess location: 3-33.8. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Speiss, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(3)Sp2 location: 3-79.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(3)Sp5 location: 3-41.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(3)Sp6 location: 3-40.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(3)Sp9 location: 3-101.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(3)Sp10 location: 3-41.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(3)Sp17 location: 3-38.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(3)Sp19 location: 3-100.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spiess. references: Spiess, Helling, and Capenos, 1963, Genetics 48: 1377-88. # l(3)tr: lethal (3) translucida location: 3-20 (18.1 to 22.0). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hadorn, 40l16. references: 1947, Exptl. Biol. Symp., Vol. 2: 177-95, Cambridge Univ. Press. 1947, DIS 21: 68. 1956, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 21: 363-73 (fig.). phenotypeLarvae become bloated and transparent from accumulation of abnormal amount of hemolymph. Concentration of amino acids in hemolymph higher than normal; concentration of proteins reduced. Pupation delayed one day (25[o]C); dwarfed pupae formed in inflated puparia; death follows pupation or completion of imaginal differentiation of head and thorax; abdomen never metamorphoses. After transplantation into normal hosts, imaginal disks develop normally; ovaries also develop normally and are fully capable of producing viable eggs [Sobels, 1950, Experientia 6: 139-40 (fig.)]. In pure oxygen, frequency and extent of imaginal differentiation strongly increased [Sobels and Nijenhuis, 1953, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 85: 579-92 (fig.)]. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Rosin). # l(3)W location: 3- (right arm). origin: Spontaneous in 3R carrying In(3R)P. # l(3)XaR location: 3-91.8. other information: Used to balance T(2;3)ap[Xa]. # l(4)1 location: 4- [within Df(4)M]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with Df(4)M. No interaction with other genes in Df(4)M. Dies as larva. RK3. cytology: Placed in region 101E through 102B16 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)M = Df(4)101E-F;102B6-17. # l(4)1[a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)27. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)1. RK3. # l(4)1[b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)28. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)1. RK3. # l(4)1[c] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)32. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)1. RK3. # l(4)1[d] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)30. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)1. RK3. other information: Incorrectly reported as an allele of l(4)25 by Hochman, Gloor, and Green (1964). # l(4)2 location: 4- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLethal in embryo. Lethal in combination with the so-called bt[D] fourth chromosome. RK3. # l(4)2[a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)21. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)2. RK3. # l(4)2[b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)23. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeUnlike other alleles, dies as larva. l(4)2[b]/l(4)2[h] heterozygotes survive and have narrow bodies both as pupae and imagos. Viability reduced; fertile. RK3. # l(4)2[btD]: lethal (4) 2 in bent Dominant origin: Spontaneous. Associated with supposedly bt[D] chromosomes. references: Fox, 1947, DIS 21: 85. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with other l(4)2 alleles. RK3. # l(4)2[c] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)29. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)2. RK3. # l(4)2[d] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)37. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)2. RK3. # l(4)2[e] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)38. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)2. RK3. # l(4)2[f] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 61a. synonym: l(4)PT-2: lethal (4) Powell, Tennessee-2. references: 1961, Am. Naturalist 95: 375-82. 1963, DIS 37: 48. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)2. RK3. # l(4)2g origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 63k19. phenotypeLike l(4)2. RK3. # l(4)2[h] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 63l22. phenotypeLethal as embryo. In combination with l(4)2[b], produces a few survivors that have narrow bodies both as pupae and imagos and are fertile. RK3. # l(4)2[i] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1947. synonym: l(4)34. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. # l(4)4 location: 4- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as larvae. RK3. # l(4)4[a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)18. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)4. RK3. # l(4)4[b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)20. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)4. RK3. # l(4)4[c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 61a. synonym: l(4)PT-3: lethal (4) Powell, Tennessee-3. references: 1961, Am. Naturalist 95: 375-82. 1963, DIS 37: 45. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)4. RK3. # l(4)4[d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Lipe, 62k. synonym: l(4)AM-2: lethal (4) Amherst, Massachusetts-2. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)4. RK3. # l(4)5 location: 4- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as embryos. RK3. # l(4)6 location: 4- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as larvae. RK3. # l(4)6[a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)36. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as pupae. RK3. # l(4)6[b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 61a. synonym: l(4)PT-1: lethal (4) Powell, Tennessee-1. references: 1961, Am. Naturalist 95: 375-82. 1963, DIS 37: 48. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as pupae. RK3. # l(4)6[c] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)15. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. # l(4)7 location: 4- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as embryos. RK3. # l(4)8 location: 4- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as pupae. RK3. # l(4)8[a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)10. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK3. # l(4)8[b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)19. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)8. RK3. # l(4)9 location: 4- [within Df(4)G]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stowell, 63k. synonym: l(4)BU-1: lethal (4) Bountiful, Utah-1. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLethal homozygous and when heterozygous with Df(4)3, Df(4)11, Df(4)12, Df(4)24, Df(4)34, Df(4)G, and spa[Cat]. RK3. # l(4)9[a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Crow. synonym: l(4)1-JFC: lethal (4) of J. F. Crow. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)9. RK3. # l(4)9[b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 61e. synonym: l(4)ar: lethal (4) in chromosome containing abdomen rotatum. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)9. RK3. other information: Proof that the lethal is not at the ar locus comes from the observation that Df(4)M/ar l(4)9[b] survives and exhibits the ar phenotype. Thus, whereas the ar locus is within Df(4)M, l(4)9[b] is not. # l(4)9[c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 64a4. phenotypeLike l(4)9. RK3. # l(4)10 location: 4- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)33. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. # l(4)13 location: 4- [within Df(4)M]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Lethal in combination with Df(4)M and ci[D] but not with Df(4)17, Df(4)34, or l(4)18. l(4)13/+ is normal. RK3. cytology: Placed in region 101E through 102B16 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)M = Df(4)101E-F;102B6-17. # l(4)14 location: 4- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as larvae. RK3. # l(4)14[a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)26. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)14. RK3. # l(4)14[b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Wrathall, 61l. synonym: l(4)ST-2: lethal (4) Solway, Tennessee-2. references: Hochman, 1963, DIS 37: 48. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)14. RK3. # l(4)15 location: 4- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Grundmann, 62b. synonym: l(4)ST-4: lethal (4) Solway, Tennessee-4. references: Hochman, 1963, DIS 37: 49. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeMost homozygotes die as pupae. A few survive, especially in uncrowded cultures. Survivors have spread wings and minor vein abnormalities, such as crossveins between L2 and L3; males lack external genitalia but produce motile sperm; both sexes sterile. RK3. # l(4)15[a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Wrathall, 62a. synonym: l(4)SLC-1: lethal (4) Salt Lake City-1. references: Hochman, 1963, DIS 37: 49. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)15. RK3. # l(4)15[b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Lipe, 62l. synonym: l(4)MW-1: lethal (4) Madison, Wisconsin-1. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)15. RK3. # l(4)18 location: 4- [within Df(4)M[63a]]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. synonym: l(4)35. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. l(4)18/ ci is ci; l(4)18/M(4)[63a] is lethal; l(4)18/ ci[D] is viable. About half the l(4)18/ ci[+3] flies raised at 25[o]C show L4 interruption. RK3A. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 101F2-102A5 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)M[63a] = Df(4)101F2-102A1;102A2-5. Associated with T(3;4)l-18; breakpoints unknown. # l(4)21 location: 4- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Wrathall, 61l. synonym: l(4)ST-1: lethal (4) Solway, Tennessee-1. references: Hochman, 1963, DIS 37: 48. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as pupae. RK3. # l(4)22 location: 4- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Wrathall, 62a. synonym: l(4)AM-1: lethal (4) Amherst, Massachusetts-1. references: Hochman, 1963, DIS 37: 49. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as pupae. RK3. # l(4)23 location: 4- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Lipe, 62k. synonym: l(4)AM-3: lethal (4) Amherst, Massachusetts-3. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as embryos. RK3. # l(4)25 location: 4- [within Df(4)M]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 62a. synonym: l(4)ST-3: lethal (4) Solway, Tennessee-3. references: 1963, DIS 37: 48-49. Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as larvae. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 101E through 102B16 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)M = Df(4)101E-F;102B6-17. other information: Incorrectly reported as an allele of l(4)1[d] by Hochman, Gloor, and Green, (1964). # l(4)29 location: 4- [within Df(4)G]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 62k. synonym: l(4)BU-2: lethal (4) Bountiful, Utah-2. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeHomozygotes die as pupae. Lethal when heterozygous with Df(4)3, Df(4)11, Df(4)12, Df(4)24, Df(4)34, and Df(4)G. Wild type when heterozygous with alleles of l(4)9, spa, or sv. RK3. # l(4)29[a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kidwell, 62l. synonym: l(4)OC-1: lethal (4) Ottawa, Canada-1. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike l(4)29. RK3. # l(4)29[b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hochman, 63l9. phenotypeLike l(4)29. RK3. # lac: lacquered location: 1-7.3. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33: 87. phenotypePale fly with chitin glistening as though polished. Bristles long and straggly, frequently duplicated. Eyes smaller and slightly bright. Wings often longitudinally pleated. Slightly delayed eclosion; viability and fertility reduced in both sexes. RK2. other information: Two alleles each induced by X rays, CB. 3034, CB. 1540. One allele each induced by CB. 3025, CB. 1506, CB. 2511. Six alleles induced by CB. 1528. # Lap-A[O]: Leucine aminopeptidase A-less location: 3- (near Lap-D; no recombination yet observed). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Beckman and Johnson. references: 1964, Hereditas 51: 221-30. phenotypeLeucine aminopeptidase A is one of six such enzymes that may be demonstrated in Drosophila by starch gel electrophoresis when a discontinuous Tris borate buffer is used at room temperature at 6-8 V/cm. The enzyme is stained with L-leucyl-(beta-naphthylamide and Black K salt in 0.2 M Tris Maleate buffer pH 5.2. LAP A is found in homogenates of both larvae and pupae but not of adults. Lap-A[O]/Lap-A[O] homogenates have no LAP A electrophoretic band. RK3. # Lap-A[F]: Leucine aminopeptidase A-Fast origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Beckman and Johnson. references: 1964, Hereditas 51: 221-30 (fig.). phenotypeLap-A[F]/Lap-A[F] and Lap-A[F]/Lap-A[O] produce LAP A, which migrates faster in starch gel electrophoresis than LAP A produced by Lap-A[S]. RK3. # Lap-A[S]: Leucine aminopeptidase A-Slow origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Beckman and Johnson. references: 1964, Hereditas 51: 221-30 (fig.). phenotypeLap-A[S]/Lap-A[S] and Lap-A[S]/Lap-A[O] produce slowly migrating LAP A. Lap-A[F]/Lap-A[S] produce enzyme characterized by a rather wide electrophoretic zone of mobility intermediate between that of the slow and fast LAP A types. RK3. # Lap-D[F]: Leucine aminopeptidase D-Fast location: 3-98.3 (Falke and MacIntyre). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Beckman and Johnson. references: 1964, Hereditas 51: 221-30 (fig.). Falke and MacIntyre, 1966, DIS 41: 165-66. phenotypeLeucine aminopeptidase D is one of six such enzymes detected by the method used to demonstrate LAP A. LAP D is found in pupae and to some extent in old larvae but not in young larvae or adults. Lap-D[F]/Lap-D[S] produces LAP D of high mobility. RK3. # Lap-D[S]: Leucine aminopeptidase D-Slow origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Beckman and Johnson. references: 1964, Hereditas 51: 221-30 (fig.). Falke and MacIntyre, 1966, DIS 41: 165-66. phenotypeHomozygotes produce slowly migrating LAP D. Lap-D[F]/Lap-D[S] produce equal amounts of slowly and rapidly migrating LAP D and no enzyme of intermediate mobility. RK3. # ld: loboid location: 3-102 [between ca and bv (Lewis, 1956, DIS 30: 130)]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 39a. references: 1939, DIS 12: 45. phenotypeEyes resemble L/+. Malformation of eyes ranges from slight dorsoventral seam across middle of eye to a more extreme effect in which growth of anterior part is completely inhibited in most-extreme cases. Antenna-like outgrowth frequent where growth of eyes is suppressed. Tends to overlap wild type. RK3. # ld[52a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Edmondson, 52a. references: 1952, DIS 26: 60. phenotypeLike ld. RK3. # lem: lemon location: 1-17.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 12h. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 48 (fig.). phenotypeBody color pale yellow with dark trident and black bristles. Wings and veins pale yellow. Easily distinguished from wild type, viability about 70% wild type, and most flies sterile. RK3. # lf: little fly location: 1-68.1. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 87. phenotypeSmall fly with markedly narrow abdomen, frequently with small tumors. Low viability and fertility in both sexes, especially females. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 3025, CB. 3051, CB. 1592, CB. 1414, CB. 1506, and X rays. Two alleles induced by CB. 1528. # Lg: Large location: 1-27. origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. references: 1950, DIS 24: 55. phenotypeHeterozygote large, late eclosing, with visibly smaller hairs; viability excellent. Tendency toward shortening of L4 and L5, missing postvertical bristles, and islands of vein tissue on either side of L2. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # lgh: long haired location: 1-20.7. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 87. phenotypeSmall fly; size reduction most noticeable in head and thorax. Wings short and slightly altered in shape. Anterior thorax frequently dented in the mid-dorsal line. Hairs deranged; bristles long and straggly. Abdomen nearly always abnormally pigmented, ranging from no melanization of tergites 5-7 to small, irregular, under-pigmented patches on these tergites. Male viability about 25% wild type. Males sterile. RK3. # lgt: leg tumor location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 36c20. references: 1937, DIS 7: 14. phenotypeBlack tumor growth inside thorax ventrally at bases of posterior legs. Sterile in both sexes; poor viability. RK3. # lh: late hatching location: 1-57. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 31d6. phenotypeSlow-developing semigiant. RK3. # lix: little isoxanthopterin location: 1-23. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hessler, 1959. references: 1960, DIS 34: 50. Hubby, 1962, Genetics 47: 109-14. phenotypeFlies indistinguishable from wild type; dissected testis sheath dark yellow-orange, but this character is not dependable for classification; causes striking changes in compounds that fluoresce in ultraviolet light on paper chromatograms of testes. Isoxanthopterin content of testis sheath greatly reduced. A blue fluorescent compound not otherwise detected in D. melanogaster (the lix substance) is present. Drosopterins present in the testis sheath, and quantities of sepiapteridine, biopterin, Compound A, and riboflavinlike are elevated. The colored pteridine gives testis sheath its darker color. Pteridine accmulation in testis sheath alone is affected. RK3. # ll: lanceolate location: 2-106.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23d3. synonym: lance-b. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 227. Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo, Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeWings narrowed at tips and slightly divergent. Eyes slightly smaller than normal and bulging; head nearrow. Waddington finds wing effect detectable in middle pupal stage. RK3. cytology: Placed in region between 59E2 and 60B10 on the basis of its being to the right of In(2R)bw[VDel] = In(2R)41B2-C1;59E2-4 and to the left of Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2. # ll[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23d25. phenotypeWings pointed and narrow. Eyes small and bulging. Head narrow. Wing shape first seen in early contraction stage of wing development (23-hr pupa at 25[o]C) (Waddington, 1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 25: 303). More extreme and more useful than ll. RK2. # lm: limited location: 2-50. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 29l25. phenotypeSternites small, rounded, or irregular; bristles sparse. Females sterile. RK3. cytology: Not included in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # lme: lame location: 1-47.8. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 87. phenotypeLegs weak, frequently deformed, and generally shortened as a result of reduction in length of tarsal segments. Wings atypically shaped and abnormally held. Flies so crippled they cannot move; they die soon after eclosion. RK3. # lt: light location: 2-55.0 (just to the left of spindle attachment). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 24d8. references: 1931, Eos 7: 229-48. de Zulueta, 1931, Eos 7: 249-53. phenotypeEye color yellowish pink - lighter at high temperatures, darker at low. Ocelli colorless. At 25[o]C, eyes have 12% wild-type red pigment and 9% wild-type brown pigment (Nolte, 1954, J. Genet. 52: 127-39); with st, color only slightly lighter than with lt alone; with bw, it is a clear lemon yellow, pinkish in old flies (Schultz and Dobzhansky, 1934, Genetics 19: 344-64; Mainx, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 75: 256-76). Eye color autonomous when larval optic disk is transplanted into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes colorless in lt offspring of lt/lt mothers; some color in tubes if mother is lt/+. lt stw/lt stw is completely inviable (Purdom); however, lt stw[3]/lt stw[3] has good viability. RK1. cytology: Placed in 40B-F on the basis of breakpoints common to rearrangements that produce mottling for lt (Hessler, 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403). # lt[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30b14. references: 1931, Eos 7: 229-48. phenotypeEye color slightly maroon, differs little from wild type. Intensified by bs[2] and more extreme in females. RK3. # lt[3] origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy, al[2] Cy L[4] sp[2]. discoverer: Beadle, 36e23. phenotypeEye color of lt[3]/lt darker than lt/lt. Larval Malpighian tubes of lt[3]/lt colorless when derived from lt mothers. Since lt[3] is in the rearranged lethal-bearing chromosome, the homozygote has not been obtained. RK1A. # lt[4] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 50d. references: Meyer, Edmondson, Byers, and Erickson, 1950, DIS 24: 60. phenotypeLike lt[3] in combination with other lt alleles. Rare homozygotes obtained are short lived and sterile. RK2. # lt[5] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 51d. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 73. phenotypeLike lt[4]. Homozygote lethal, as is lt[4]/lt[5]. lt[3]/lt[5] is viable and has mutant eye color. RK2. # lt[56c] origin: Spontaneous (arose together with Alu[56c]). discoverer: Meyer, 56c. references: 1956, DIS 30: 77. phenotypeLike lt; has good viability. RK1. # lt[m1]: light-mottled origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled; eyes a mixture of light and wild-type ommatidia. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m1] = T(2;3)40B-F;63E-F. # lt[m2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled; eyes a mixture of wild-type and occasional darker ommatidia. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2L)lt[m2] = In(2L)22F-23A;40B-F. # lt[m3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)lt[m3] = In(2LR)40B-F;60D. # lt[m4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m4] = T(2;3)40B-F;67E. # lt[m5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 295-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m5] = T(2;3)40B-F;98C. # lt[m6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m6] = T(2;3)26E-F;40B-F;96E. # lt[m7] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m7] = T(2;3)40B-F;100F. # lt[m8] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m8] = T(2;3)40B-F;92B. # lt[m9] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)lt[m9] = In(2LR)40B-F;56E. # lt[m10] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m10] = T(2;3)40B-F;64E. # lt[m11] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m11] = T(2;3)40B-F;96F. # lt[m12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)lt[m12] = In(2LR)40B-F;60D. # lt[m13] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m13] = T(2;3)40B-F;64F. # lt[m14] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m14] = T(2;3)40B-F;95F. # lt[m15] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m15] = T(2;3)40B-F;92E. # lt[m16] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)lt[m16] = T(1;2)11A;12F;22D;40B-F. # lt[m17] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m17] = T(2;3)40B-F;95C-D. # lt[m18] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m18] = T(2;3)40B-F;98A. # lt[m19] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m19] = T(2;3)40B-F;94B. # lt[m20] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2L)lt[m20] = In(2L)32C;40B-F. # lt[m21] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m21] = T(2;3)40B-F;93D. # lt[m22] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)lt[m22] = In(2LR)40B-F;59D. # lt[m23] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m23] = T(2;3)40B-F;62F. # lt[m24] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m24] = T(2;3)40B-F;59F;75C. # lt[m25] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)lt[m25] = In(2LR)40B-F;57C-D. # lt[m26] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2L)lt[m26] = In(2L)27C;40B-F. # lt[m27] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m27] = T(2;3)40B-F;88E-F. # lt[m28] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m28] = T(2;3)40B-F;97E. # lt[m29] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m29] = T(2;3)40B-F;99F. # lt[m30] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypeDark mottled like lt[m2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m30] = T(2;3)40B-F;99C. # lt[m31] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)lt[m31] = T(1;2)8F;28D;40B-F. # lt[m32] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m32] = T(2;3)40B-F;97A. # lt[m33] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)lt[m33] = In(2LR)40B-F;58E. # lt[m34] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m34] = T(2;3)40B-F;61B. # lt[m35] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hessler, 1957. references: 1958, Genetics 43: 395-403. phenotypePale mottled like lt[m1]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m35] = T(2;3)40B-F;64C. # lt[m100] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Spieler, 60a25. references: Baker and Rein, 1962, Genetics 47: 1399-1407. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Variegated for lt. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)lt[m100] = T(2;3)40;97F. # lt[pk]: light-pinkoid origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Lancefield, 18c18. synonym: pinkoid; pink-wing. references: 1918, Biol. Bull. 35: 207-10. Bridges, 1931, Eos 7: 229-48. phenotypeEye color like pink. Darker than lt and lighter than lt[2]. Wings short and crinkled. Viability 30% wild type. RK3. # ltd: lightoid location: 2-56 (cytology at variance with this location). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 36d6. phenotypeEye color clear, light, translucent yellowish pink. Resembles lt but is lighter, darkens with age. Ocelli colorless; larval Malpighian tubes colorless. Eyes have 38% wild-type red pigment and 7% wild-type brown pigment (Nolte, 1954, J. Genet. 52: 127-39). RK1. cytology: Placed outside the region 41A-44C on the basis of its not being included in Dp(2;3)P32 = Dp(2;3)41A;42D-E;44C-D;89D7-E1 (E. B. Lewis). # ltd[37b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Poulson, 37b. references: Poulson and King. 1948, DIS 22: 55. phenotypeEye color of newly hatched adult bright red like v, darkens to a color like pr in old flies. Ocelli colorless; larval Malpighian tubes colorless. Viability excellent. RK1. # lxd: low xanthine dehydrogenase location: 3-33. origin: Spontaneous (naturally occurring allele ?). discoverer: Keller and Glassman, 61j12. references: 1964, Genetics 49: 663-68. 1964, DIS 39: 61. phenotypeHomozygous flies exhibit only 25% normal xanthine dehydrogenase activity. No obvious morphological expression. The mal[+] complementation factor of Glassman (1962, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 48: 1491-97) inhibited in lxd extracts and oxidase activity of Forrest, Hanly, and Lagowski (1961, Genetics 46: 1455-63) absent. Purine analogs more toxic to lxd than to Oregon-R, mal, or ry. This might mean further derangement of purine metabolism in lxd. RK3. # Ly: Lyra location: 3-40.5. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dubinin, 1929. references: Coyne, 1935, DIS 4: 59. Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301. phenotypeLateral margins of wings excised, giving narrowed shape; angle between veins L2 and L5 reduced. Bristles shortened and stubby; postscutellars frequently missing. Eyes somewhat deformed with tufted vibrissae. Abdomen dark and narrow with rear edge of tergites raised. Homozygous lethal. Ly/M(3)h[33j] is lethal. Modification of wings first visible as marginal scalloping of prepupal wing buds; wing fold narrower (Waddington, 1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 25: 304; 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139). RK1A. cytology: Placed in 70A3-5 on the basis of its association with Df(3L)Ly = Df(3L)70A2-3;70A5-6 (Bridges). # lys: lysine location: 2-22.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 1957. references: 1960, DIS 34: 50. 1961, Genetics 46: 925-33. phenotypeLarvae, pupae, and adults contain a higher concentration of lysine than wild type. Accumulation of lysine is postulated to result from block in its degradation. Flies homozygous for lys occasionally have faintly reddish fat cells, especially in thorax. This effect enhanced by starvation, by combining lys with rc, rc[2], or cho. RK3. # lz: lozenge location: 1-27.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16b12. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 230. Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEye narrower than wild type and ovoid. Irregular facets in some areas cause rough patches; areas of fused facets appear as smooth patches. Eye color appears normal but, in combination with st, slight reduction in red pigment detectable. Tarsal claws reduced. Developmental study by Waddington and Pilkington (1942, DIS 16: 70) shows failure of middle cell layer of optic disk to penetrate between cells of outer layer; surface thus covered with primary pigment cells. Females sterile. Parovaria and spermathecae absent; some lz/+ females have abnormal parovaria (Anderson, 1945, Genetics 30: 280-96). RK1. cytology: Located in 8D (region 8D4 through 8E2) by Green and Green (1956). Earlier Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome (1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191) placed locus between 8C3 and 8C17 based on its inclusion within Df(1)t[282-1] = Df(1)8C2-3;8C14-D1; however, Green and Green suggest that Df(1)t[282-1] may extend into 8D, a region unfavorable for cytology. other information: The lz region has been subdivided into four recombinationally separable groups (Green and Green, 1949, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 35: 586-91; 1956, Green, 1961, Genetics 46: 1169-76). First three groups called spe: spectacle, lz: lozenge, and gly: glossy; lz[K] is sole member of fourth sublocus (see map). All double mutants show extreme phenotype resembling lz[s]. Several comparative studies of lz alleles have been published [Gottschewski, 1936, Zool. Anz. Suppl. 9: 104-12; Anderson, 1945, Genetics 30: 280-96; Oliver, 1947, Texas Univ. Publ. 4720: 167-84; Clayton, 1952, ibid. 5204: 227-51; 1954, ibid. 5422: 189-209, 210-43; Chovnick and Lefkowitz, 1956, Genetics 41: 79-92 (fig.); Chovnick, Lefkowitz, and Fox, 1956, ibid. 41: 589-604; Clayton, 1957, ibid. 42: 28-41 (fig.); 1958, ibid. 43: 261-73 (fig.); 1959, ibid. 44: 1041-52 (fig.)]. # lz[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22b14. synonym: gly[3]: glossy-3. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 230. Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEye size sharply reduced; surface smooth. Optic disk of mature larva and prepupa two-thirds normal size (Chen, 1929, J. Morphol. 47: 135-99). Red pigment greatly reduced; color yellowish brown, cream colored in combination with v. Malpighian tubes of mature larvae lighter than wild type; variable (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). Tarsal claws vestigial. Homozygous females lack parovaria and spermathecae and are sterile; lz[3]/+ females lack parovaria and many have abnormal spermathecae [Anderson, 1945, Genetics 30: 280-96 (fig.)]. RK1. other information: Located in the rightmost (gly) lz sublocus. # lz[3n] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green. synonym: spe[3n]: spectacled-3n references: Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEyes sharply reduced in size; surface smooth; red pigment sparse and confined primarily to margin of eye. Tarsal claws vestigial. Females sterile; spermathecae and parovaria absent. RK1. other information: Located at leftmost (spe) sublocus of lz region. # lz[34] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Beadle, 34k22. synonym: lz[34k]; spe[34]. references: 1935, DIS 4: 9. Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEye phenotype intermediate between lz and lz[3]. Surface of eye has large areas of fused facets with a few normal facets (Clayton, 1957, Genetics 42: 28-41); eye color dark red with small yellowish spots. Larval Malpighian tubes slightly lighter than normal; variable (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). Tarsal claws reduced. Spermathecae and parovaria absent from homozygous females, which are sterile; some lz[34]/+ females have abnormal parovaria (Anderson, 1945, Genetics 30: 280-96). The female-fertile stock, lz[34]; su(lz[34]), described by Bender and Green (1960, Genetics 45: 1563-66) also lack spermathecae and parovaria. Bender and Green's observations indicate that ovarian abnormalities are primarily responsible for sterility of lz[34] females, and absence of spermathecae and parovaria are only a secondary cause. lz[34] ovaries, when transplanted into normal females, however, are more productive than when in lz[34] females (Clancy and Welborn, 1948, Genetics 33: 606). RK1. other information: Located in leftmost (spe) lz sublocus. # lz[35] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gottschewski, 1935. references: 1937, DIS 8: 12. phenotypeEyes reduced and diamond shaped; color opaque brown. Homozygous females sterile. lz[35]/lz females fertile. RK1. # lz[36] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 36c. synonym: lz[36c]; lz[36cS]; spe[36]. references: Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 8: 708-21. phenotypeLike lz[3] in texture, color of eyes, and color of larval Malpighian tubes. Parovaria and spermathecae absent from homozygous females, which are sterile, and tend to be abnormal in lz[36]/+ females [Anderson, 1945, Genetics 30: 280-96 (fig.)]. RK1. other information: Located in the leftmost (spe) lz sublocus. # lz[36cD]: lozenge-36c of Dempster discoverer: Dempster, 36c. phenotypeEyes small, narrow, oval, and glossy; color light brown with red rim and patches at center. Females fertile. RK1. # lz[37] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 37h17. synonym: lz[37h]; spe[37]. references: Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEye size reduced. Areas of irregular facets in posterior region of eye; eye color normal. Larval Malpighian tubes somewhat lighter than normal; variable (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). Tarsal claws reduced. Spermathecae abnormal or absent from homozygous females, which are sterile, and present in lz[37]/+ females [Anderson, 1945, Genetics 30: 280-96 (fig.)]. RK1. other information: Located in leftmost (spe) lz sublocus. # lz[46] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green. references: Green and Green, 1949, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 35: 586-91. 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEye size reduced; surface rough; color near normal. Tarsal claws reduced. Spermathecae and parovaria absent from females; females sterile. RK1. other information: Located in lz sublocus of lozenge region. # lz[48c] origin: X ray induced. synonym: spe[48c]. references: Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEye size sharply reduced, surface smooth, red pigment reduced and largely confined to margin of eye. Tarsal claws vestigial. Females sterile, lack spermathecae and parovaria. RK1. other information: Located in leftmost (spe) lz sublocus. # lz[48f] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Lindsley, 48f. references: Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeLike lz[48c]. RK1. other information: Located in lz sublocus. # lz[48l] origin: X ray induced. synonym: spe[48l]. references: Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeLike lz[48c]. RK1. other information: Located in the leftmost (spe) lz sublocus. # lz[49g] origin: Spontaneous. synonym: spe[49g]. references: Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeLike lz[48c]. RK1. other information: Located in the leftmost (spe) lz sublocus. # lz[49h] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: W. K. Baker, 49h. synonym: spe[49h]. references: Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEye size sharply reduced; surface smooth; red pigment distributed over entire eye. Tarsal claws normal. Spermathecae and parovaria present and normal in females, which are fertile. When heterozygous with all lozenge alleles except lz[49h], phenotype is wild type or very nearly so. RK1. other information: Located in the leftmost (spe) lz sublocus. # lz[50d] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ritterhoff, 50d. references: Glass, 1951, DIS 25: 77. phenotypeLike lz[s]. Females sterile. RK1. # lz[50e] origin: Recovered among progeny of male fed P[32]-containing medium. discoverer: R. C. King, 50e30. synonym: lz[50e30]; spe[50e]. references: 1950, DIS 24: 58. Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeLike lz[49h] in all respects. Eyes reduced in size and almond shaped; no indication of facets; covered with indentations, giving a pock-marked appearance. Hairs on eye surface sparse or absent; eye surface glossy with many large black or brown flecks. Tarsal claws normal. Females fertile; spermathecae and parovaria present and normal. lz[50e]/lz has normal eyes except for a few flecks. Complements most other lz alleles except lz[49h], lz[52c], and those associated with rearrangements or deficiencies. RK1. other information: Located in the leftmost (spe) lz sublocus. # lz[51d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 51d10. references: 1951, DIS 25: 69. phenotypeEye size extremely reduced; surface smooth and glossy; color light yellow with brownish margin and spots. Females sterile. RK1. # lz[52c] origin: Recovered among progeny of male fed Hds-23us+2BOds-23us+2 and exposed to thermal neutrons. discoverer: R. C. King, 52c28. references: 1951, DIS 26: 65. phenotypeEyes mottled, yellowish brown, darker at rim; facets fused. Males semisterile with missing tarsal claws, although pulvilli and endopodia normal. Third antennal segment slightly reduced. lz[52c]/lz[50e] females resemble lz[50e]. RK1. # lz[55d] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Clark, 55d. references: 1956, DIS 30: 71. phenotypeEyes smaller than wild type and oval in shape; all facets run together. Females sterile. RK1. # lz[55l] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Masterson, 55l. references: Clancy, 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeLike lz[s]. Paper chromatography reveals trace of red eye pigments. RK1. # lz[57j] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Mayo, 57j. references: 1958, DIS 32: 82. phenotypeLike lz[s]. RK1. # lz[58d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Schreckengost, 58d. references: Clancy, 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeLike lz[s]. Paper chromatography reveals trace of red eye pigments. RK1. # lz[59] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Polivanov, 1959. references: 1963, DIS 38: 30-31. phenotypeEyes reduced in size and ovoid; facets fused; surface slightly rough and almost or completely hairless; color light brown with darker, slightly reddish rim; almost colorless in combination with v. Tarsal claws practicaly absent as in lz[c1]. Males sterile, transmit no motile sperm to females; therefore, homozygous females not observed. lz[59]/lz[37] females intermediate between the two mutants in eye phenotype, have reduced tarsal claws, and are weakly fertile. RK2. # lz[61f] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Moynehan, 61f. references: Burdick, 1963, DIS 37: 47. phenotypeFacets completely fused; eye color dark, but pigment unevenly distributed and concentrated at margin. Females fertile. lz[61f]/lz females more normal than either mutant; facets disrupted and fused only in posterior third of eye; also fertile. RK1. # lz[62k] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Mickey, 62k11. references: 1963, DIS 38: 28. phenotypeLike lz[s]. RK1. # lz[63] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Halfer, 1963. phenotypeEye shape oval; color brown, darkest at margin; surface smooth and glossy. Viability and fertility of both sexes good. RK1. # lz[63f] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Burdick, 63f17. references: Seiger and Bender, 1963, DIS 38: 31. phenotypeEye size moderately reduced; surface smooth; color brownish with darker margin. Tarsal claws and pulvilli strongly reduced. Spermathecae and parovaria absent; female reproductive capability strongly reduced. lz[63f] complements lz[50e] but not lz[34], lz[D], or lz[61f] (Klingele). Spermathecal number of lz[63f]/lz[K] 0-3. RK1. # lz[268-29] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 38d. phenotypeLethal, but not shown that lethality is at lz locus. Fertile in combination with lz. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)lz[268-29] = T(1;3)8D8-9;81F. other information: Induced simultaneously with ct[268-29]. # lz[BS]: lozenge from Bar-Stone origin: X ray induced. synonym: spe[BS]. references: Oliver, 1947, Texas Univ. Publ. 4720: 167-84. Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEye size reduced; surface rough with scattered fused facets; color nearly normal; some reduction of red pigment detected in combination wth st. Tarsal claws reduced; spermathecae and parovaria absent from females, which are sterile. RK1. other information: Located in the leftmost (spe) lz sublocus. # lz[cl]: lozenge-clawless origin: Appeared as a male from an ovary treated in vitro with CuSO4. discoverer: Hadorn, 45b27. references: Hadorn and Anders, 1946, DIS 20: 65. Anders, 1955, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 113-86 (fig.). phenotypeEyes narrow and small without facets; surface has rough spots; color amber, both pteridines and ommochromes affected, darker at rim. Tarsal claws absent. Third antennal segment reduced; sensillae on antennae abnormal. Phenotype similar in both sexes. Females infertile and lack spermathecae and parovaria. Autonomous in transplants. RK1. # lz[D]: lozenge-Dominant origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Novitski, 47i. references: 1949, DIS 23: 61. phenotypeMales and homozygous females resemble lz[s]. Heterozygous females sometimes have roughened eyes. Apparent dominance shown by H. Bender to be caused by the presence of spa[e(lz)]; heterozygous expression additionally enhanced by presence of In(2LR)bw[V1]. RK1 as recessive; RK3 as dominant. # lz[f]: lozenge-fertile origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller. references: 1946, DIS 20: 67. phenotypeIntermediate allele like lz. Female moderately fertile. RK2. # lz[g]: lozenge-glossy origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 31a7. synonym: gly[1]. references: 1935, DIS 4: 15. Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEyes smaller than wild type; surface glossy from fused facets; a few normal facets also present; color dark blood red, bright red in combination with st or v. Larval Malpighian tubes slightly lighter than normal (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). Tarsal claws reduced. Spermathecae and parovaria absent from homozygous females, which have reduced fertility; lz[g]/+ females tend to have abnormal parovaria [Anderson, 1945, Genetics 30: 280-96 (fig.)]. RK1. other information: Located in rightmost (gly) lz sublocus. lz[g]/lz[s] provided probably the first recorded case of intra-allelic recombination (Oliver, 1940, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 26: 452-54; 1940, DIS 13: 73). # lz[gl]: lozenge-glued origin: X ray induced. discoverer: M. A. Bender, 53k. references: 1955, DIS 29: 69. phenotypeEyes of male reduced and roughened like Gl; color dark; female eyes somewhat less extreme. lz[gl]/lz intermediate between lz[g1] and lz and sterile. Homozygous females fertile. RK1. # lz[gM]: lozenge-glossy of Muller origin: Spontaneous. references: Green and Green, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 708-21. phenotypeEye size reduced; surface rough; red pigment distributed over entire eye. Tarsal claws reduced. Spermathecae and parovaria absent. Females sterile. RK1. other information: Located in lz sublocu m: miniature location: 1-36.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 10h. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 26 (fig.). phenotypeWing size reduced, only slightly longer than abdomen and with normal proportions. Angle between L2 and L5 reduced. Wings dark gray and less transparent than normal. Wing cells smaller than normal (Dobzhansky, 1929, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 115: 363-79). In poor cultures, wings may become divergent and stringy. Cell expansion inhibited in prepupae and pupae [Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)]. Different m mutants complement slightly; m/dy is wild type. RK1. cytology: Locus probably lies in 101E1-2 and extends to the right for a short distance. Salivary chromosome studies by Demerec and Sutton show the locus to lie in region 10C3 to 10E2 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191); however, Dorn and Burdick (1962, Genetics 47: 503-18) showed that Df(1)m[259-4] (the basis for the Demerec and Sutton location) is deficient for only part of the m locus, and some alleles are located by recombination to the right of the deficiency. other information: The miniature-dusky region has been divided into four recombinationally separable sites (Dorn and Burdick 1962); m occupies the third site from the left. No reverse mutations among 2 x 10[5] progeny of m/m females (Gagne). # m[2] origin: X ray induced in In(1)dl-49. discoverer: Glass, 1929. references: 1935, DIS 4: 9. phenotypeLike m. RK1A. other information: Has not been separated from In(1)dl-49. # m[57] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Mayo, 57i. synonym: m[57i]. references: 1958, DIS 32: 82. phenotypeLike m. RK1. other information: Recombines with dy, dy[58k], dy[61a] and m[D] but not with m, m[59], m[60], or Df(1)m[259-4]. May be a submicroscopic rearrangement. No reverse mutation among 2 x 10[5] progeny of m[57]/m[57] females (Gagne). # m[59] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Krawinkel, 59a. synonym: m[59a]. references: Burdick, 1961, DIS 35: 45. phenotypeLike m, but females poorly fertile. RK2. other information: Recombines with Df(1)m[259-4] to its left and with m, m[D], and the dy alleles to its right (Dorn and Burdick, 1962, Genetics 47: 503-18). # m[60] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives, 60l. synonym: m[60l]. references: 1961, DIS 35: 46. phenotypeLike m. RK1. other information: Recombines with Df(1)m[259-4] to its left but has not been extensively tested for recombination with other m alleles. # m[61] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives, 61e. synonym: m[61e]. references: 1962, DIS 36: 38. phenotypeLike m. RK1. # m[259-4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33i. synonym: Df(1)m[259-4]. phenotypeHeterozygote with m has miniature phenotype. Lethal and cell lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)m[259-4] = Df(1)10C2-3;10E2-3 (Demerec). other information: This deficiency must be for only part of the m region since it recombines with m, m[59], and m[D], all of which are to its right (Dorn and Burdick, 1962, Genetics 47: 503-18). # m[D]: miniature-Dominant origin: X ray induced (discovered as a mosaic). discoverer: Slatis, 48k17. references: 1949, DIS 23: 63. Slatis and Willermet, 1954, Genetics 39: 45-58 (fig.). phenotypeWings of homozygote smaller than m/m. m[D]/+ wings intermediate between homozygote and wild type. Viability 20-50% normal in males and 5% in homozygous females; most die in embryo. Fertility low in homozygous females. Wing size of m[D]/m and m[D]/dy intermediate between m[D]/+ and m[D]/m[D]. RK2. other information: Recombines with m alleles to its left but not dy alleles (Dorn and Burdick, 1962, Genetics 47: 503-18). # m[K]: miniature of Krivshenko origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 55l3. references: 1956, DIS 30: 75. phenotypeWings thin textured, smaller than normal, sometimes crumpled, with tips bent slightly upward or downward. Sometimes, fly has m phenotype. m[K]/m female varies from m-like to nearly normal. Viability and fertility high. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)m[K] = In(1)10E;20B. # m[PS]: miniature-Penn State origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Keller and Nash. references: 1960, DIS 34: 51. 1961, DIS 35: 47. phenotypeLike m[D]. Homozygous females produce very few progeny. RK2. # M: Minute A class of genes lethal in homozygous or hemizygous condition, producing smaller (short, fine) bristles and increasing developmental time in heterozygotes. Heterozygotes often exhibit secondary effects such as small body size, large and somewhat rough eyes, missing aristae, thin-textured wings with tendency to plexus venation, missing bristles (usually postverticals), and low fertility, especially in females. Certain Minutes increase somatic crossing over (Stern, 1936, Genetics 21: 625-730). Most Minutes enhance dominance of such venation characters as px and net or of such bristle characters as sc. Complementary dominant lethal effects are frequent, in combination with Dl, J, and occasionally D. Recessive to two wild-type alleles in triploids; lethal when two doses are present. K. C. Atwood has suggested that Minute loci are the sites of synthesis of soluble or transfer RNA. He argues that the best estimate of the number of Minute loci agrees with the probable number of different soluble RNA types; furthermore, the slow rate of development and the weakness of the M/+ fly is a reasonable manifestation of the reduced rate of protein synthesis that might be expected to result from decreased production of a particular transfer RNA; and the lethality of M/M is the expected result from the absence of a transfer RNA. # M(1)3E: Minute (1) in region 3E location: 1-5. discoverer: Demerec, 1938. references: Demerec, Kaufman, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191. phenotypeSlight Minute; barely distinguishable from wild type. RK3A. cytology: Found and located in salivary chromosome bands 3E3-4 on the basis of slight M phenotype of females heterozygous for Df(1)N[264-76] = Df(1)3B4-C1;3E4-5 and non-M phenotype of females heterozygous for Df(1)N[264-38] = Df(1)2D3-4;3E2-3 and Df(1)N[264-117] = Df(1)3A6-7;3E2-3. # M(1)4BC: Minute (1) in region 4BC location: 1-6.8. discoverer: Demerec, 1938. references: Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191. phenotypeStrong Minute; easily distinguishable from wild type. RK2A. cytology: Found and located in salivary gland chromosome region 4B5 through 4C6 on the basis of extreme M phenotype of females heterozygous for Df(1)N[264-73] = Df(1)3C3-4;4C6-7 versus slight M phenotype [M(1)3E] of Df(1)N[264-42] = Df(1)3C4-5;4B4-6. # M(1)30 location: 1-14 (to the left of cv). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Schultz. references: 1929, Genetics 14: 366-419. cytology: Associated with Df(1)M-30; breakpoints unknown. Placed in region 5D3-7B2 on the basis of the Minute phenotype of Df(1)ct[268-37] = Df(1)5D2-3;7B2-3. # M(1)Bld: Minute (1) Blond location: 1-0.1. origin: Synthetic. discoverer: Patterson. synonym: Vi: Viability. references: 1932, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 60: 125-36. Stern, 1936, Genetics 21: 630. phenotypeExtreme Minute of low viability. In Patterson's work, the nonappearance of Minutes led him to postulate a factor for viability (Vi). Stern (1936, Genetics, 21: 625-730) found it increased frequency of somatic crossing over. RK3A. cytology: Locus in region 1B11 to 1C2-3 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Associated with the 2R[D]X[P] element of T(1;2)Bld = T(1;2)1C3-4;60B12-13 when the X[D]2R[P] element is replaced by a normal second chromosome. # M(1)k location: 1-36.3 discoverer: Bridges, 23d28. phenotypeA strong Minute. Male lethal. RK2. # M(1)n location: 1-62.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1923. references: Morgan, Sturtevant, and Bridges, 1924, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 23: 231-36. Bridges, 1925, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 11: 701-6. phenotypeHeterozygous females have Minute bristles. Lethal in males. Viability and fertility low. Pupation delayed about 42 hr at 25[o]C (Brehme). Wing cells smaller than normal (Brehme, 1941, J. Exptl. Zool. 88: 135-60). Increases somatic crossing over in X chromosome (Stern, 1936, Genetics 21: 625-730). RK2. # M(1)n[36] origin: Spontaneous in attached X. discoverer: Curry, 36f10. synonym: M(1)36f. references: 1937, DIS 7: 14. phenotypeA slight Minute. RK3. other information: Allelism inferred from location of M(1)n[36] at 62. # M(1)o location: 1-56.6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 24b4. phenotypeHeterozygous females have Minute bristles. Normal in combination with the duplication for 15 through 16A7 formed by combining the distal portion of the Xf1 from T(1;4)B[S] = T(1;4)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1;102F with the proximal portion of the X from T(1;4)l-v11 = T(1;4)15;101 (Von Halle). Increases somatic crossing over (Kaplan, 1953, Genetics 38: 630-51). Lethal in males. RK2. cytology: Demerec and Sutton place locus between 15B1-2 and 15E7 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # M(1)o[Sp]: Minute (1) o of Spencer origin: Spontaneous as mosaic female. discoverer: Spencer, 34i28. synonym: M(1)34i28; M(1)Sp. references: 1935, DIS 3: 28. 1937, DIS 7: 14. phenotypeModerate Minute. Normal in combination with the duplication for 15 through 16A7 formed by combining the distal portion of the X from T(1;4)B[S] = T(1;4)15F9-16A1;16A7-B1;102F with the proximal portion of the X from T(1;4)l-v11 = T(1;4)15;101 (Von Halle). Lethal in males. RK2. # M(2)21C1-2: Minute (2) in 21C1-2 location: 2-0.0. phenotypeExtreme Minute. RK2A. cytology: Placed in 21C1-2 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)al = Df(2L)21B8-C1;21C8-D1 but not in Df(2L)S5 = Df(2L)21C2-3;22A3-4 (Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66). other information: Exists only as Df(2L)al and various aneuploid deficiencies for the tip of 2L. # M(2)28 location: 2- (not located). discoverer: Schultz. references: 1929, Genetics 14: 366-419. phenotypeModerate Minute. Survives in combination with M(2)e and M(2)l[2]. RK2. cytology: Occurred in chromosome with In(2R)Cy. # M(2)33d location: 2- (not located). origin: X ray induced in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Oliver, 33d14. references: 1939, DIS 12: 48. # M(2)34b location: 2- (not located). origin: X ray induced in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Oliver, 34b3. references: 1939, DIS 12: 48. # M(2)34d location: 2- (not located). origin: X ray induced in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Oliver, 34d25. references: 1939, DIS 12: 48. phenotypeAssociated with rough eye variegation. RK3. # M(2)34k location: 2- (not located). origin: X ray induced in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Oliver, 34k22. references: 1939, DIS 12: 48. # M(2)38b location: 2-57. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 38b18. phenotypeExtreme Minute with small bristles and compact body. Viability varies with modifiers. M(2)38b/stw is non-stw; M(2)38b/M(2)p viable. RK3. # M(2)38k4 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 38k4. phenotypeMedium Minute. RK2. # M(2)40c location: 2-65. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 40c. references: 1941, DIS 14: 39. phenotypeMedium Minute with probable eye effect. RK2. other information: Crossing over normal. # M(2)173 location: 2-92.3. discoverer: Csik. references: 1930, Magy. Biol. Kut. Int. Munk. (Tihany) 3: 438-53. Gottschewski, 1935, DIS 4: 15. phenotypeModerate Minute. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Bridges). # M(2)b location: 2-87.5. discoverer: Bridges, 19k22. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 231. phenotypeBristles extremely small. Abnormal abdomen effects in 90% of females and 40% of males. RK2. other information: First Minute found in chromosome 2. # M(2)c location: 2-108 [based on location of M(2)c[33a]]. discoverer: Sturtevant, 20a7. synonym: M(2)a. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 231. Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeExtreme Minute. Very late hatching; low fertility. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary gland chromosome region 60E3-11 on the basis of Df(2R)M-c[33a] = Df(2R)60E2-3;60E11-12. # M(2)c[33a] discoverer: Schultz, 33a7. synonym: M(2)115; M(2)33a. references: Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeFairly strong Minute. Late hatching; good fertility and viability. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)M-c[33a] = Df(2R)60E2-3;60E11-12. other information: Allelism inferred from location of M(2)c at 107 and M(2)c[33a] at 108. # M(2)d location: 2-72. discoverer: Bridges, 20b25. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 231-34. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 231. phenotypeHeterozygote has no effect except when also heterozygous for M(3)d. The double heterozygote has Minute bristles in about 95% of flies. Probably lethal in homozygote. RK3. # M(2)e location: 2-43 [based on location of M(2)e[S]]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20b25. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 231. phenotypeMedium Minute with delayed hatching. Fifty percent of females and 10% of males show abnormal abdomen effect. Most females sterile and remainder produce few progeny. RK3(A). other information: Useful as balancer for recessive male-sterile genes in the second chromosome. Crossing over probably reduced. # M(2)e[S]: Minute (2) e of Schultz origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 34k21. synonym: M(2)S11. phenotypeBristles almost normal. Not late hatching. RK3. other information: Allelism to M(2)e inferred from location of M(2)e at 40 (+- 5 and M(2)e[S] at 43. # M(2)e[t] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 24l16. synonym: M(2)t. phenotypeMedium Minute. RK2. other information: Allelism to M(2)e inferred from location of M(2)e[t] at 46 (+- 5. # M(2)H: Minute (2) from T(Y;2)H location: 2-53.5 [based on location of M(2)H[S5]; between M(2)m and lt]. origin: Synthetic. discoverer: Schultz. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1931, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 30: 408-15. Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1935, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 34: 284-91. phenotypeWeak Minute. RK3A. cytology: Located in salivary region 37B2 through 40B2 on the basis of its association with deficiency from T(Y;2)H = T(Y;2)37B1-2;40B2-3. # M(2)H[S5]: Minute (2) H of Schultz origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a9. synonym: M(2)S5. phenotypeMedium Minute. RK2. other information: Allelism with M(2)H inferred from location at 53.5 and its survival in combination with M(2)m[S6] (Schultz). # M(2)H[S12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33b7. synonym: M(2)S12. phenotypeSlight Minute. Bristles nearly normal. RK3. other information: Allelism with M(2)H inferred from slight phenotype and inseparability from pr. # M(2)l location: 2-101.2 [based on M(2)l[2]]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23g15. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 231. Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeFairly strong Minute. Flies eclose about 2 days late (at 25[o]C) because of delay in puparium formation (Dunn and Mossige, 1937, Hereditas 23: 70-90). Eyes somewhat rough; veins often show plexus. Abdominal sclerites often abnormal. Ocelli often reduced. Viability 80-90% wild type and fertility low. Homozygote dies in egg state; eggs recognizable by a thin chorion (Li, 1927, Genetics 12: 1-58). RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)M-1 = Df(2R)57F11-58A1;58F8-59A1. Location further restricted to 58F on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2;3)P from T(2;3)P = T(2;3)58E3-F2;60D14-E2;9B5-C1 (Bridges, 1937). # M(2)l[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Schultz, 26a7. synonym: M(2)l'. references: Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 298-305. phenotypeMedium Minute. Puparium formation delayed about 13 hr at 25[o]C (Brehme, 1939, Genetics 24: 131-61); slight delay in time of second larval molt. Viability, fertility, and classification excellent. Homozygote lethal in first larval instar. Increases somatic crossing over (Kaplan, 1953, Genetics 38: 630-51). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Bridges). # M(2)m location: 2-54. discoverer: Bridges, 23g12. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 231. phenotypeRather strong Minute with viability about 60% wild type. RK3. cytology: The deficiency from T(Y;2)G = T(Y;2)36B5-C1;40F with the duplication from T(Y;2)H = T(Y;2)37B1-2;40B2-3 (i.e., a deficiency for 36B6 through 37B2 and from 40B3 into 40F) in combination with a normal second chromosome produces an extreme Minute (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1935, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 34: 284-91). Because of its genetic location and extreme phenotype, M(2)m is assumed to be the type mutant at the locus revealed by the above deficiency, although the appropriate genetic tests cannot be made. # M(2)m[s] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 24l28. synonym: M(2)s. references: Schultz, 1929, Genetics 14: 366-419. phenotypeMedium Minute. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from location at 54.4 but could equally well be an allele of M(2)H. # M(2)m[S6]: Minute (2) m of Schultz origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a12. synonym: M(2)S6. phenotypeMedium Minute. Survives in combination with M(2)H[S5] (Schultz). RK2. cytology: Included in duplication from T(Y;2)G = T(Y;2)36B5-C1;40F but not that from T(Y;2)H = T(Y;2)37B1-2;40B2-3; thus occurs in cytological region assumed to contain M(2)m. # M(2)m[S13] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33b3. synonym: M(2)S13. phenotypeSmall-bristled Minute with chunky body. RK2. other information: Allelism with M(2)m inferred from phenotype and location at 50. # M(2)p location: 2- (to the right of msf). discoverer: Bridges, 24b6. references: Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 46. Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77. phenotypeBristles small. Survives in combination with M(2)e, M(2)38b, or Df(2R)M-S2[vg11]. RK3(A). other information: May also have a second Minute factor to left of pr. Crossing over possibly reduced. # M(2)S1: Minute (2) of Schultz location: 2-15.0 (between dp and tkv). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a12. references: Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 46. phenotypeSmall-bristled Minute with heavy body. Classification good. Viability and fertility fairly good. RK2. other information: Not deficient for neighboring loci. # M(2)S2 location: 2-55.1. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a12. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 304-9. Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77. Morgan, Schultz, and Curry, 1940, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 39: 251-55. phenotypeModerate Minute with relatively good viability. Pale body color. RK2(A). cytology: Placed in region 41A on the basis of Df(2R)M-S2[10] = Df(2R)41A. Salivary gland chromosomes of M(2)S2 apparently normal, but locus is in difficult chromocentric region. other information: Gives mutant phenotype in combination with stw but not with Jag, lt, rl, ap, tk, std, or msf; thus, genetic evidence suggests deficiency. # M(2)S2[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a. synonym: M(2)S3. phenotypeMedium Minute. RK2(A). other information: May be associated with an inversion, since there is no crossing over between b and pr. # M(2)S2[4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a5. synonym: M(2)S4. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 304-9. Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77. Morgan, Schultz, and Curry, 1940, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 39: 251-55. phenotypeMedium Minute bristles. Large pale body with heavy, malformed, bloated abdomen. Female fertility low. RK2A. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal, but the region is in chromocentric part of 2R. other information: Gives mutant phenotype in combination with l(2)Sp9c, l(2)Sp11, l(2)Sp15, stw, and ap but not with Jag, lt, rl, tk, std, or msf. Thus, genetic evidence suggests deficiency. # M(2)S2[8] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a3. synonym: M(2)S8. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 304-9. Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77. phenotypeLong-bristled Minute; readily classifiable. Pale body color. Eyes often deformed; postscutellar bristles may be erect or absent. RK2(A). cytology: No detectable change in salivary chromosomes, but region is in chromocentric part of 2R. other information: Gives mutant phenotype in combination with l(2)Sp9c, l(2)Sp11, l(2)Sp15, and stw but not rl or ap. Thus, genetic evidence suggests deficiency. # M(2)S2[9] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 32k31. synonym: M(2)S9. phenotypeLong-bristled Minute. RK3. # M(2)S2[10] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 32k22. synonym: M(2)S10. references: Morgan, Bridges, Schultz, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77. Morgan, Schultz, and Curry, 1940, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 39: 251-55. 1941, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 40: 282-87. phenotypeLong-bristled Minute; readily classifiable. Enhances variegation of white mottleds and brown Variegateds to same extent as removal of a Y chromosome. Causes abnormal development of hybrids with D. simulans (e.g., melanotic tumors, extra organs, missing organs, death). RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)M-S2[10] = Df(2R)41A. In mitotic metaphase, 2R about three-fourths normal size. # M(2)S2[50j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 50j7. synonym: M(2)50j. references: Tano, 1966, Japan J. Genetics 41: 299-308. phenotypeMedium Minute. RK2(A). other information: Gives nonmutant phenotype in combination with rl and stw. Recombination between pr and cn reduced to 1.5 map units. # M(2)S2[D]: Minute (2) of Schultz 2 in T(Y;2;3)D origin: X ray induced with T(Y;2;3)D. discoverer: Schultz, 1934. synonym: M(2)p[D]; M(2)D. references: 1937, DIS 7: 14. phenotypeBristles almost normal. Bristle and body color pale. Presence of M(2)S2[D] enhances variegated position effects to same extent as removal of Y from male. RK3A. cytology: Presumably associated with deficiency of salivary chromosome regions 41A-C found by Whittinghill in T(Y;2;3)D (1937, DIS 8: 82). # M(2)S2[vg11] Minute (2) of Schultz 2 from vestigial-11 origin: X ray induced; arose simultaneously with vg[11]. discoverer: Ruch, 1931. synonym: M(2)vg[11]. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 304-9. Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77. phenotypeSlight Minute of good viability. Pale body color. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)M-S2[vg11] = Df(2R)40F-41A1;42A19-B1. other information: Originally considered to be part of vg[11] phenotype, but Bridges and Curry showed it to be separable. # M(2)S7 location: 2-77.5. origin: X ray induced (occurred as a mosaic). discoverer: Schultz, 33a2. phenotypeBristles very small; aristae often reduced; venation plexuslike. Hatches late. Viability about 70% wild type and variable. Fertility good. Increases somatic crossing over (Kaplan, 1953, Genetics 38: 630-51). Ratio of total nucleic acid content to total nitrogen content less than normal (Altorfer, 1953, Experientia 9: 463-65). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal. Placed to the right of 52D on the basis of its inclusion in the duplicated section of chromosome 2 carried in chromosome 3 in T(2;3)108 = T(2;3)37-40;42A2-3;52D-F;80;81. # M(2)z location: 2-12.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Schultz. references: 1929, Genetics 14: 366-419. phenotypeMedium Minute with good characteristics. About 2 days delay in puparium formation (Dunn and Mossige, 1937, Hereditas 23: 70-90). Increases somatic crossing over (Kaplan, 1953, Genetics 38: 630-51). RK2. cytology: Located between 24E2 and 25A2 based on its inclusion in Df(2L)M-z[B] = Df(2L)24E2-F1;25A1-2 (Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77). other information: Carries dp[+] and tkv[+]. # M(2)z[B]: Minute (2) z of Bridges origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38d12. synonym: M(2)B. references: Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77. Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 46. Curry, 1941, DIS 14: 50. phenotypeMedium Minute. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2L)M-z[B] = Df(2L)24E2-F1;25A1-2. # M(2)z[C]: Minute (2) z of Curry origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 37g27. synonym: M(2)C. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 304-9. Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77. phenotypeFairly strong Minute; late hatching; eyes rough; viability and fertility low. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2L)M-z[C] = Df(2L)24D2-5;25A2-3 (Bridges). # M(3)1 location: 3-101.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 19b8. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 206-7 (fig.). phenotypeBristles slender and shorter than wild type. Somewhat late hatching. M(3)1/M(3)g survives. RK2. other information: First Minute found. # M(3)32l location: 3- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 32l22. references: 1939, DIS 12: 48. other information: Permits no crossing over with 3-ple except in spindle-fiber region. # M(3)39b location: 3- (not located but probably in 3R). discoverer: Curry, 39b17. references: 1939, DIS 12: 45. phenotypeShort-bristled Minute of low viability. Females infertile except in mass culture. RK3. # M(3)54c location: 3- (rearrangement). origin: Neutron induced. discoverer: Mickey, 54c10. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. cytology: Associated with In(3LR)M-54c = In(3L)73A9-10;75D7-E1 + In(3LR)61C2-3;80C4-5;93B4-5;100B8-9. # M(3)bb location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige. references: 1946, DIS 20: 68. phenotypeMedium Minute. RK2. # M(3)be: Minute (3) beta location: 3-84.5 [based on location of M(3)be[36e]]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 26a20. references: 1927, Naturwissenschaften 15: 740-46. 1934, DIS 1: 35-36. phenotypeMedium Minute of excellent viability. Increases somatic crossing over (Stern, 1936, Genetics 21: 625-730). RK2. # M(3)be[36e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 36e22 synonym: M(3)36e. phenotypeMedium Minute. Good viability and fertility. Wing shows plexus effect along vein L2 and at posterior crossvein. RK2. other information: Allelism to M(3)be based on the location of M(3)be at 87(+- and M(3)be[36e] at 84.5. # M(3)d location: 3-95. discoverer: Bridges, 20b25. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 231. phenotypePart of digenic Minute. Produces no effect except when M(2)d is also heterozygous. Homozygote probably lethal. RK3. # M(3)f location: 3-105. discoverer: Bridges, 20i9. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 236. phenotypeSmall bristles. Poorly viable; females infertile. RK3. # M(3)g location: 3-106.2. origin: Spontaneous in M(3)d strain. discoverer: Bridges, 20i27. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 236. phenotypeVery slight Minute. Stronger in presence of an enhancer located near p. Survives in combination wth M(3)1. RK3. cytology: Schultz found it to be in the deficiency for the tip of 3R from T(3;4)d (cytology not recorded); Dobzhansky (1930, Genetics 15: 347-99) claimed otherwise. other information: May be same as M(3)d. # M(3)h location: 3-40.2 (to the left of D). origin: Spontaneous as a mosaic male. discoverer: P. R. Sturtevant. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 244. Coyne, 1935, DIS 4: 59. Mossige, 1938, Hereditas 24: 110-16. phenotypeMedium Minute. Delayed about 2 days in puparium formation (Dunn and Mossige, 1937, Hereditas 23: 70-90). M(3)H/Ly survives. RK2. # M(3)h[33d] origin: Recovered among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Ives, 33d30. synonym: M(3)33d. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 33. 1935, DIS 2: 35. phenotypeBristles thin and short. Eyes small and rough. Wings broad and waxy. Viability poor. RK3. other information: Allelism inferred from location at 41. # M(3)h[33j] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j25. synonym: M(3)6; M(3)33j. references: 1935, DIS 3: 27. Coyne, 1935, DIS 4: 59. Mossige, 1938, Hereditas 24: 110-16. phenotypeMedium Minute. Prolongs larval life 2 days at 25[o]C (Dunn and Mossige, 1937, Hereditas 23: 70-90). Good viability and fertility. M(3)h[33j]/Ly and M(3)h[33j]/M(3)h are lethal. Increases somatic crossing over in X (Stern, 1936, Genetics 21: 625-730). RK2A. cytology: Genetic data on lethal interaction with both M(3)h and Df(3L)Ly = Df(3L)70A2-3;70A5-6 suggest that M(3)h[33j] is a deficiency that includes bands in 70A. # M(3)h[S37]: Minute (3) h of Schultz origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a12. synonym: M(3)S37. phenotypeExtreme Minute with fine bristles and small body. RK3. other information: Allelism based on lethal interaction with M(3)h[y] (Von Halle). # M(3)h[S38] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a12. synonym: M(3)S38. phenotypeRather extreme Minute. Wings flimsy with plexus effect along vein L2 and at posterior crossvein. Low viability and fertility. RK3. other information: Allelism inferred from location 3.6 units to the left of st (Schultz). # M(3)h[v] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 25d18. synonym: M(3)v. phenotypeMedium Minute. RK2. other information: Allelism based on lethal interaction with M(3)h. # M(3)h[y] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 25g19. synonym: M(3)y. references: Stern, 1927, Naturwissenschaften 15: 740-46. Mossige, 1938, Hereditas 24: 110-16. phenotypeMedium Minute. Good viability and fertility. Increases somatic crossing over in X (Stern, 1936, Genetics 21: 625-730). RK2. other information: Allelism based on lethal interaction with M(3)h. # M(3)i location: 3-28.9. discoverer: Bridges, 23d23. phenotypeMedium Minute of good viability. RK2. # M(3)i[q] discoverer: Bridges, 24b28. synonym: M(3)q. phenotypeExtreme Minute. Very late hatching. Poor viability; females infertile. RK3. other information: Allelism to M(3)i inferred from its published position of 30 +/- 10. # M(3)i[S33] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a6. synonym: M(3)S33. references: 1940, DIS 13: 51. phenotypeExtreme Minute. Females usually sterile. RK3. other information: Allelism with M(3)i inferred from its published location near h. # M(3)j location: 3-90.2. discoverer: Bridges, 23d12. phenotypeExtreme Minute. Late hatching. Females sterile or of low fertility. RK3(A). other information: Lethal in combination with l(3)PR; possibly a deficiency. # M(3)j[Sp]: Minute (3) j of Spencer origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 36c21. synonym: M(3)Sp. references: 1937, DIS 7: 14. phenotypeExtreme Minute with very small bristles. Wings broad with plexus of veins. Abdominal bands somewhat abnormal. Female almost never fertile and then only sparingly. Male has fair viability and fertility. RK3. other information: Allelism with M(3)j inferred from phenotype and published location of 90 (+- 10. # M(3)S31: Minute (3) of Schultz location: 3-50.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a10. references: 1940, DIS 13: 51. phenotypeFine-bristled Minute of medium viability. RK3(A). other information: Gives mutant interaction with cu but not ma. May reduce crossing over in st-sr region. # M(3)S32 location: 3- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a5. phenotypeMedium Minute. Most flies thickset. RK3. # M(3)S34 location: 3-44.3 [3.2 units to the left of Dfd (Schalet, 1960)]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a6. references: Schalet, 1960, DIS 34: 55. phenotypeSlight Minute. Overlaps wild type. In existing lines, bristles appear normal, but recessive lethal effect at 44.3 remains. RK3. # M(3)S35 location: 3-64. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a11. phenotypeExtreme Minute with small body. RK3. # M(3)S35[f] discoverer: Moriwaki, 38f2. synonym: M(3)f. references: 1939, DIS 12: 50. phenotypeMinute bristles. RK2. other information: Allelism to M(3)S35 based on its location at 62.4. # M(3)S36 location: 3- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 32k26. phenotypeVariable phenotypes appear in stock; Minute and variegated for ss-like. Not studied. RK3. # M(3)S39 location: 3-47. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a3. phenotypeExtreme Minute with small body. Low viability and fertility. RK3. # M(3)w location: 3-79.7. discoverer: Schultz, 1925. references: Stern, 1927, Naturwissenschafter 15: 745. Schultz, 1929, Genetics 14: 366-419. phenotypeStrongly reduced bristles. Good viability and fertility. Delays puparium formation about 42 hr at 25[o]C; first and second instars also delayed (Brehme, 1941, Growth 5: 183-95). Homozygote dies in first instar. M(3)w enhances L, B (Dunn and Coyne, 1935, Biol. Zentr. 55: 385-89), Bx[3], Co, fa, ap[4], Jag, Ser, Ly, and ap[Xa] (Bryson, 1940, Genetics 25: 113). Treanor (1962, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Buffalo) suggests that the mitochondrial membrane is defective and labile phosphate formation is disturbed. Recovery of M(3)w from M(3)w/In(3R)C, l(3)a mothers is reduced (Schultz). RK2. # M(3)w[124] discoverer: Csik. synonym: M(3)124. references: 1930, Magy. Biol. Kut. Int. Munk. (Tihany) 3: 438-53. Gottschewski, 1935, DIS 4: 15. phenotypeBristles shorter than average Minute. Hatching later. Viability good. RK2. other information: Allelism based on lethal interaction with M(3)w, M(3)w[B], M(3)w[B2], and M(3)w[Fla]. # M(3)w[B]: Minute (3) w of Burkart discoverer: Burkart. synonym: M(3)B. references: 1935, DIS 4: 15. phenotypeModerate Minute. Good viability and fertility. RK2(A). other information: Interacts lethally with l(3)a (Bridges), whereas M(3)w does not (Schultz). Possibly indicates that M(2)w[B] is a deficiency. Allelism based on lethal interaction with M(3)w, M(3)w[124], M(3)w[B2], and M(3)w[Fla]. # M(3)w[B2]: Minute (3) w of Bridges discoverer: Bridges, 38c6. synonym: M(3)B[2]. phenotypeBristles quite small. Body size reduced. Medium-late hatching. RK2. other information: Allelism based on lethal interaction with M(3)w, M(3)w[124], M(3)w[B], and M(3)w[Fla]. # M(3)w[Fla]: Minute (3) w-Florida discoverer: Mossige, 35d. synonym: M(3)Fla. references: Bryson, 1937, DIS 7: 18. 1939, DIS 12: 50. phenotypeStrongly reduced bristles. Good viability and fertility. M(3)Fla/+ females form puparia at 129 hr after hatching; 41 hr after in wild type. Larval molts also delayed to a lesser extent (Brehme, 1940, Genetics 26: 141). RK2. other information: Allelism based on lethal interaction with M(3)w, M(3)w[124], M(3)w[B], and M(3)w[B2]. # M(3)x: Minute (3) with C(3)x location: 3- (on the left arm). origin: Spontaneous in In(3L)P. discoverer: Muller, 1929. phenotypeRather extreme Minute; expression reduced by H. RK3A. # M(4) location: 4-0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 25l28. references: 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. 1935, Tr. Dinam. Razvit. 10: 463-74. phenotypeMedium Minute. Viability good; development only slightly delayed. M(4)/+/+ triplo-fours are non-Minute (Mohr, 1933, Hereditas 17: 317-32). Homozygotes die in embryonic stage (Farnsworth, 1951, Genetics 36: 550). RK2A. cytology: Placed in salivary gland chromosome section 101F2-102A5 on the basis of Df(4)M[63a] = Df(4)101F2-102A1;102A2-5 (Fahmy and Hochman). Associated with Df(4)M = Df(4)101E-F;102B6-17. # M(4)[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 32k29. references: Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. phenotypeLike M(4) but more extreme; a slight grooveless phenotype. Viability and fertility lower than M(4). RK2A. other information: Gives mutant phenotype in combination with ar, ci, and ci[D]; therefore probably a deficiency. # M(4)[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a8. phenotypeSimilar to M(4). RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(4)M[3], which looks like Df(4)M (Bridges, 1935, Tr. Dinam. Razvit. 10: 463-74). # M(4)[4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Glass, 42h12. references: 1944, DIS 18: 40. phenotypeLike M(4). RK2A. other information: Gives mutant interaction with ci and Ce and therefore probably associated with a deficiency. # M(4)[57g] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor and Green, 1957. references: Hochman, Gloor, and Green, 1964, Genetica 35: 109-26. phenotypeLike M(4). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Hochman). other information: No interaction with ci or ci[D]. # M(4)[62e] origin: Recovered among progeny of male injected with homologous DNA. discoverer: Fahmy, 62e. phenotypeSmall fly with extremely Minute bristles. Eyes large and slightly rough. Wings frequently divergent or upheld. Development severely retarded; viability low. RK3A. cytology: Associated with Df(4)M[62e] = Df(4)101E;102D13-E1 (Fahmy). # M(4)[62f] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 62f. phenotypeMedium Minute. Development slightly retarded; viability good. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(4)M[62f] = Df(4)101E;102B10-17 (Fahmy); Df(4)101E-F;102B2-5 (Hochman). # M(4)[63a] origin: Recovered from progeny of male injected with thymus extract from leukemic mice (Gross Factor). discoverer: Fahmy, 63a. phenotypeMedium Minute. Development slightly retarded; viability good. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(4)M[63a] = Df(4)101F2-102A1;102A2-5 (combined from observations of Fahmy and Hochman). # ma: maroon location: 3-49.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 12c13. references: 1918, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 4: 316-18. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 53 (fig.). phenotypeEye color dull ruby, approaching wild type with age; classification slow. Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). Eye color autonomous in transplant into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Eyes contain 31% normal red pigment and 59% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53: 1-10). RK2. # ma[49d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Oftedal, 49d. references: 1951, DIS 25: 69. phenotypeEye color like bw, darkening with age. RK1. # Ma: Ma dominigene location: 1- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1935. references: Gardner, 1942, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 95. phenotypeIn combination with Ma, vg/+ is strongly scalloped. RK3. # mah: mahogany location: 3-88. discoverer: Beadle, 36b26. references: Beadle and Ephrussi, 1937, Am. Naturalist 71: 91-95. phenotypeEye color translucent brown in young flies, changing toward wild type and becoming dark brown with age. Eyes contain 77% normal red pigment and 102% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53: 1-10). Larval Malpighian tubes wild type in color (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). RK3. # mal: maroonlike location: 1-64.8 (Schalet, 1963, DIS 38: 82). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 30l1. references: 1935, DIS 3: 28. phenotypeEye color brownish purple. Larval Malpighian tubes short, bloated, irregularly formed, and contain yellow to orange pteridine globules (Schwinck, 1960, DIS 34: 105). Lacks detectable amounts of xanthine dehydrogenase and the products of its activity, uric acid and isoxanthopterin (Forrest, Glassman, and Mitchell, 1956, Science 124: 725-26; Glassman and Mitchell, 1959, Genetics 44: 153-62; Hubby and Forrest, 1960, Genetics 45: 211-24). Accumulates the enzyme's substrates (Mitchell, Glassman, and Hadorn, 1959, Science 129: 268-69). mal progeny of mal[+] mothers appear normal in both eye color and Malpighian tube morphology but not chromatographically (Glassman and Mitchell, 1959, Genetics 44: 547-54; Glassman and McLean, 1962, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 48: 1712-18; Schwinck, 1960). mal/mal[bz] heterozygotes appear normal in eye color and Malpighian tube morphology but show only about 10% the normal amount of xanthine dehydrogenase activity and accumulate enzyme's substrates (Glassman and Mitchell, 1959; Schwinck, 1960). In vitro complementation of mal and mal[bz] has not been demonstrated. mal and ry extracts complement to produce xanthine dehydrogenase activity (Glassman, 1962, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 48: 1491-97); they do not complement intercellularly in vivo, however, since reciprocal eye-disk or Malpighian-tube transplants behave autonomously with respect to drosopterin formation (Schwinck, 1960; 1963, DIS 38: 87). mal is nonautonomous in mosaics with wild-type tissue (Glassman, 1957, DIS 31: 121-22) and in transplants of eyes into wild-type hosts (Ursprung, 1961, Z. Vererbungslehre 92: 119-25). Xanthine dehydrogenase level is the same in flies with 1-3 doses of mal[+] (Grell, 1962, Z. Vererbungslehre 93: 371-77; Glassman, Karam, and Keller, 1962, Z. Vererbungslehre 93: 399-403. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1414, CB. 3007, CB. 3025, CB. 3051, and X rays (Fahmy, 1958, DIS 32: 68). # mal[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet, 1961. references: 1961, DIS 35: 46-47. phenotypeBrownish-red eye color, like mal; does not complement with mal, mal[3], or mal[bz]. RK3. # mal[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet, 1961. references: 1961, DIS 35: 47. 1963, DIS 38: 82. phenotypeMale lethal. RK3A. other information: Shows mutant interaction with sw, mal, su(f), at least one lethal locus left of sw, and at least five lethal loci between mal and su(f) but not bb. Therefore, associated with a deficiency. # mal[60] origin: Induced by DNA. discoverer: Fahmy, 60j. synonym: mal[bz60j]. phenotypeResembles mal. Noncomplementing with mal and mal[bz]. RK3. # mal[bz]: maroonlike-bronzy origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. synonym: bz: bronzy. references: 1958, DIS 32: 68. phenotypeMorphologicaly and biochemicaly like mal. Shows a maternal effect like mal. mal/mal[bz] heterozygote appears normal in eye color and Malpighian tube morphology but produces only 10% normal level of xanthine dehydrogenase activity (Glassman and Pinkerton, 1960, Science 131: 1810-11; Ursprung, 1961, Z. Vererbungslehre 92: 119-25; Schwinck, 1960, DIS 34: 105). Produces in vitro complementation with ry (Glassman, 1962, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 48: 1491-97). Behaves nonautonomously in transplants (Ursprung, 1959, DIS 33: 174-75). RK3. # Mal: Malformed location: 2- (near right end of 2R) and 4- (multigenic, according to Bridges). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Steinberg, 36k13. references: 1937, DIS 7: 15, 20. phenotypeHeterozygote has either malformed pit in middle of eye or, more often, nick at front edge of eye and has bristle- or antenna-like outgrowth. Penetrance low; enhanced by addition of extra brewer's yeast to medium. Homozygote shows larger nick and antennal outgrowth with 100% expression in pr Mal stock. RK3. # Mas: Masculinizer location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mischaikow, 58i. references: 1959, DIS 33: 98. phenotypeHeterozygous female transformed into sterile male-like fly. Last abdominal segments show male-type pigmentation; external genitalia essentially male, sometimes completely absent. Sex combs may be present but vary in size. Internal sex organs degenerate; ovaries and uterus rudimentary; spermathecae seldom present. Heterozygous male normal. Homozygous lethal. RK2. other information: May be allele of tra such as tra[D] of Gowen. # mb: minus bar location: 3-43.4. discoverer: Nordenskiold, 33a30. references: 1934, DIS 2: 7. phenotypeModifies Bar in such a way that B/B resembles B/+, and B/+ appears almost wild type; B male modified to resemble B[i]. Homozygous female highly infertile. RK3. # mbs: miniature blistered location: 2-56. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41c13. references: 1942, DIS 16: 51 phenotypeWings small, curled, blistered, and plexate. Bristle positions irregular and bristles often bent and twisted. Viability and fertility poor. RK3. # mc: microchaete location: 1-54.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 28f20. synonym: tb-53. references: 1935, DIS 3: 13. phenotypeHairs on thorax fewer than wild type, more irregular, and frequently doubled. Bristles smaller, more sparse on scutellum, and occasionally on head. Eyes rough. Wings ovoid and short; marginal bristles disarranged. Abdominal sclerites ridged. RK1. # mc[2] origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. synonym: mc-like references: 1958, DIS 32: 71. phenotypeThoracic hairs irregularly distributed, occasionally reduced in number. Bristles small, sparse on scutellum. Eyes small and rough. Wings ovoid and short. Tergites in female sometimes disarranged. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. mc[2]/mch is wild type. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from location of mc[2] at 52.1 and from phenotype. # Mc: Microcephalus location: 3-59.0 (about 0.2 unit to the right of bx). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bateman. references: 1944, DIS 18: 40. 1945, DIS 19: 47. phenotypeEyes of heterozygote small or absent. Scutellars curve upward. Viability and fertility good. Homozygote usually more extreme than heterozygote but not reliably distinguishable. Viability of homozygote varies from 100 down to 40%. RK1A. cytology: Probably associated with a minute rearrangement, perhaps a tandem repeat, of one or more bands in 89E7-11 (E. B. Lewis). # mch: minute chaetae location: 1-52.0. origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 87. phenotypeExtremely short, fine bristles. Hairs and body also small; delayed eclosion. Male viable and fertile. mch/mc[2] is wild type. RK2. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1246, CB. 1356, and CB. 3026. # md: melanotic lesions location: 3-38.0. origin: Found in experiments using benzopyrene. discoverer: Gowen, 1933. phenotypeLesions occur in many places throughout head, thorax, and abdomen. RK3. # mdg: midgoid location: 1-64.7. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 71. phenotypeSmall in all dimensions; frequently underpigmented. Male infertile; viability about 20% wild type. RK3. # me: focal melanosis location: 1-29.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gowen, 1928. references: 1934, Arch. Pathol. 17: 638-47 (fig.). 1934, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 2: 128-36 (fig.). phenotypeMelanotic degeneration occurs at junction of tibia and femur. Lethal at end of pupal stage or shortly after eclosion. RK2. # Me: Moire location: 3-19.2 (to the left of jv; based on location of Me[65d]). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 1929. synonym: Mo. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22: 299-334 (fig.). Glass, 1933, J. Genet. 28: 69-112 (fig.). 1934, Am. Naturalist 68: 107-14. phenotypeEye has watered-silk, shimmering, iridescent pattern owing to a ring of six flecks around normal fleck. Eye color brownish and translucent; 79% normal red pigment and 85% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53: 1-10). Larval Malpighian tubes considerably lighter in color than normal but mutant classifiable with difficulty (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). Contains a modifier of dominance of dp such that dp/+; Me/+ has truncated wings. Classifiable in single dose in triploids (Schultz, 1934, DIS 1: 55). Homozygous lethal. Me/In(3L)P is viable. RK1A. cytology: Placed in region 64C12-65E1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3L)Vn = Df(3L)64C12-D1;65D2-E1 (Mohr, 1938, Avhandl. Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I. Mat.-Naturv. Kl. No. 4: 1-7). Associated with In(3L)P = In(3L)63C;72E1-2 (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301). # Me[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Moore, 1929. references: Glass, 1933, J. Genet. 28: 69-112. phenotypeLike Me. RK1A. cytology: Arose with T(2;3)Me[2] (2L broken near centromere). # Me[65d] origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 65d. phenotypeLike Me. Eyes brownish with watered-silk effect. Tips of large bristles slightly lighter than wild type. Homozygote and Me[65d]/Me lethal. dp[olv]/+; Me[65d]/+ occasionally has truncated wing tips. RK1. other information: Crossing over normal in 3L. Me[65d] apparently not associated with a gross chromosomal rearrangement like other Me alleles. # Me[So]: Moire of Sytko discoverer: Sytko. references: Agol, 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeLike Me. RK1A. cytology: Arose with T(2;3)Me[So] (breaks in 2R and 3R). # meg: megaoculus location: 1-61.9. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 71. phenotypeEyes large, abnormally shaped, and rough. Wings abnormally shaped and sometimes extremely small. Wing surface irregularly curved. Inner margin removed to various degrees and venation abnormal. Viability good; both sexes infertile. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3025. # mel: melanized location: 1-64.1. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 71. phenotypeBody color darker than normal, especially in thorax; trident pronounced. Eye color dull red. Wing tips frequently curve upward. Classification rather difficult, best in young flies. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3025. # mes: messy location: 3-51.9. origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeExtra head and thoracic bristles. Wings inflated, turned somewhat upward and outward, and shorter and broader than normal. Posterior crossvein with a gap or missing. Semilethal; male considerably less viable than female; sterile. mes/mes[2] like mes/mes but mes/mes[3], mes/mes[4], mes/mes[5l], and mes/mes[6l] appear normal. RK3. other information: mes locus subdivisible into two functional units by complementation analysis; mes placed in the left unit on the basis of its being wild type when heterozygous with Df(3R)ry[74]. # mes[2] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeSimilar to mes. Mutant homozygous and in combination with mes but normal in combination with mes[3], mes[4], mes[5l], and mes[6l]. RK3. other information: In the left complementing unit. # mes[3] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeSimilar to mes. mes[3]/mes and mes[3]/mes[2] normal; mes[3]/mes[4], and mes[3]/mes[5l], mes[3]/mes[6l], and mes[3]/ry[74] mutant. RK3. other information: Placed to the right of mes and mes[2] on the basis of its mutant interactions with Df(3R)ry[74]. # mes[4] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeSimilar to mes. mes[4]/mes and mes[4]/mes[2] normal; mes[4]/mes[3], mes[4]/mes[5l], mes[4]/mes[6l], and mes[4]/ry[74] mutant. RK3. other information: Placed to the right of mes and mes[2] on the basis of its mutant interaction with DF(3R)ry[74]. # mes[5l]: messy-5 lethal origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with mes[6l] and Df(3R)ry[74]. mes[5l]/mes[3] mutant; mes[5l]/ms[4] mutant but with low viability; mes[5l]/mes and mes[5l]/mes[2] normal. RK3. other information: In the right complementing unit. # mes[6l] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with mes[5l] and Df(3R)ry[74]. mes[6l]/mes[3] and mes[6l]/mes[4] mutant; mes[6l]/mes and mes[6l]/mes[2] normal. RK3. # Met: Metatarsi irregular location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Jonsson, 56a10. references: Luning, 1956, DIS 30: 73. phenotypeFirst and second tarsal joints fused and swollen with extra hairs. Male sex combs enlarged. Fully penetrant when balanced with Cy; however, Met/ss is wild type or nearly so. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Met. # mf: macrofine location: 1-5.5. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 71. phenotypeFly slightly smaller than normal with short, thin, bristles. Male viable and fertile. Female slightly delayed in eclosion and reduced in viability. RK3. # mfs(3)G: male and female sterile of Gill location: 3-59. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gill, 59a. synonym: fs(3)4[59a]. references: 1960, Anat. Record 138: 351. 1961, Ph.D. Thesis, Yale Univ. 1962, DIS 36: 37. 1963, J. Exptl. Zool. 152: 251-77 (fig.). phenotypeOogenesis incomplete; follicles usually cease development early in vitellogenesis (at or before stage 9); occasional breakthrough produces adult fly. Primary compound chambers in which two, occasionally three, incipient cysts are enclosed occur in about 10% of the cases. Male sterile. Adult fat body hypertrophied; body size reduced. Occasionally, metathoracic legs with tibiae more curved than normal and tarsi crooked. Viability low. RK3. # mgt: midget location: 1-48.7. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 71. phenotypeSmall fly with delayed eclosion. Not easily classified. Male fertile and viability about 20% wild type. Expression more extreme in female and viability further reduced. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 3025 and X rays; two alleles induced by CB. 1506. # mi: minus location: 2-104.7. discoverer: Biddle, 28l. references: Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeBristles almost as small as hairs; hairs reduced in number and size. Body size small. Eclosion delayed. Viability low and erratic. Female entirely sterile; male fertile. RK2. cytology: Locus is in 59E1-2 of salivary gland chromosome (Schultz) on the basis of its being between the right breakpoints of In(2R)bw[VDe1] = In(2R)41B2-C1;59E2-4 and In(2R)bw[VDe2] = In(2R)41A-B;59D6-E1. # mib: miniature bristles location: 1-8.7. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 88. phenotypeShort, thin bristles. Body slightly darker than normal, particularly thorax and posterior border of tergites. Wings occasionally upheld and inner margins frequently incised. Male viable and sterile. RK3. # mis: misproportioned location: 1-1.3. origin: Induced by 1:4-dimethanesulfonoxybut-2-yne (CB. 2058). discoverer: Fahmy, 1951. references: 1938, DIS 32: 71. phenotypeAbdomen deformed: in male, large and broad; in female, tergites abnormal and hairs disarranged. Wings shortened in both sexes. Bristles thin. Body color rather pale. Eclosion slightly delayed. Male viability and fertility normal; female viability 50% wild type. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1540 and CB. 3034. # mk: murky location: 1-0.8. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1950. references: 1958, DIS 32: 71-72. phenotypeSmall fly with dull red eyes and extra body pigmentation; trident pattern especially marked. Delayed eclosion. Male fertile and viability 50% wild type; female sterile. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1414, CB. 1506, CB. 1540, CB. 3007, and CB. 3034; two alleles induced by CB. 3025. # ml: minutelike location: 3-46. discoverer: Mohr, 24c3. synonym: sb: short-bristle. references: 1924, Brit. J. Exptl. Biol. 2: 189-98 (fig.). phenotypeBristles small, as in Minute. Late hatching and poorly fertile. RK3. # ml[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 36c. phenotypeLike ml. RK3. other information: Allelism inferred from phenotype and location on third chromosome. # mo: micro-oculus location: 1-6.7. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 72. phenotypeEyes small. Wings narrow and frequently pleated longitudinally with irregular hairs, giving slight opacity. Body size slightly reduced. Not easily classified. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK3. other information: Two alleles each induced by CB. 3007 and CB. 3026; four induced by CB. 1528; one each induced by CB. 1506, CB. 1540, CB. 1592, and CB. 3025. # moo: moorish location: 3-48.3. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Thompson. synonym: mo (preoccupied). references: 1959, DIS 33: 99. phenotypeBody color black. Homozygous lethal in male; female viability about 10% normal. RK3. # mot-28: mottled location: 3-46.0. origin: Found among progeny of males given supersonic treatment. discoverer: Hersh, 28i19. references: Hersh, Karrer, and Loomis, 1930, Am. Naturalist 64: 552-59. Hersh, 1934, DIS 1: 30. Surrarrer, 1935, Genetics 20: 357-62 (fig.). 1938, Genetics 23: 631-46 (fig.). 1940, DIS 13: 51. phenotypeEyes mottled with patches of dark brown or black on wild-type background. Sensitive to temperature. Always mottled at 18[o]C, almost never above 25[o]C. Temperature-effective period is 25-35 hr after beginning of pupation. Mottling more easily seen in presence of v, also manifested in w homozygotes (Schultz). RK1 at 18[o]C; RK3 above 25[o]C. # mot-32l location: 1- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 32l28. references: 1937, DIS 7: 19. phenotypeEye color mottled in female only. RK3. # mot-36e location: 3- [left arm, with In(3L)P]. discoverer: Bridges, 36e11. references: 1937, DIS 7: 12. phenotypeEyes mottled with translucent spots and roughness. Bristles twisted and stubby; hairs irregular. Wing venation plexoid around posterior crossvein. Female sterile. Enhances somatic crossing over in first, second, and third chromosomes. RK3. # Mot-K: Mottled of Krivshenko location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 54c25. synonym: Mo[K]. references: 1954, DIS 28: 75. 1955, DIS 29: 76. phenotypeEyes liberally mottled with dark color on wild-type background; character barely noticeable in young flies but striking in older ones; number and size of spots variable. Homozygous lethal. Viability and fertility of heterozygotes good. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Mot-K = T(2;3)41;60D;80-81. # mp: microptera location: 3-0.0. discoverer: Serebrovsky, 40g8. references: 1941, DIS 15: 19. phenotypeWings small and spoonlike; veins irregular. Tarsi four jointed (rarely 3 or 5); joints 3 and 4 usually fused. Antennae shortened. Ecloses somewhat late. Viability and fertility low. RK2. # mr: morula location: 2-106.7. discoverer: Bridges, 13c8. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 230 (fig.). Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeEyes rough. Bristles irregularly reduced in size and number. Abdominal sclerites often smaller. Developmental study by Lees and Waddington [1942, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 131: 87-100] shows that effect on bristles results from general slowing of bristle growth. Female entirely sterile, has underdeveloped ovaries. At 19[o]C, bristles nearly normal and eyes nearly wild type. RK2 at 25[o]C and above. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region between 59E2 and 60B10 based on its being to the right of In(2R)bw[VDel] = In(2R)41B2-C1;59E2-4 and to the left of Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2 (Bridges, 1937). # mr[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 25k24. phenotypeLess extreme than mr. Nearly wild type at 19[o]C. Female entirely sterile. Oogenesis normal through stage 4; then compound nurse cell chromosomes fall apart and degenerate. Karyosome of oocyte also disappears. Oogenesis does not proceed beyond sixth stage (King, 1964, Royal Entomol. Soc. London Symposium 2, Insect Reproduction, pp. 13-25). RK2 at 25[o]C or above. # ms(2)1: male sterile (2) location: 2-65.5. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 48c. references: Meyer, Edmondson, Byers, and Erickson, 1950, DIS 24: 60. phenotypeMale sterile; female fertile. Sperm present but not motile. RK3. # ms(2)2 location: 2-44.0 (Meyer). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 1951. synonym: ms. references: Meyer, 1959, DIS 33: 97. phenotypeHomozygous male completely sterile; female fairly fertile. RK3. # ms(2)E3: male sterile (2) of Edmondson location: 2-28. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.3. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E2 (2-22.0). RK3. # ms(2)E4 location: 2-47.9. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.4. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), and ms(2)E8 (2-55.6). RK3. # ms(2)E5 location: 2.54.8. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.5. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), and ms(2)E9 (2-57.0). RK3. # ms(2)E6 location: 2-54.8. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.6. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), and ms(2)E9 (2-57.0). RK3. # ms(2)E7 location: 2-54.8. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.7. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), and ms(2)E9 (2-57.0). RK3. # ms(2)E8 location: 2-55.6. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.8. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E9 (2-57.0), and fs(2)E8 (2-62.6). RK3. # ms(2)E9 location: 2-57. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.9. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E3 (2-47.5), ms(2)E4 (2-47.9), fs(2)E4 (2-48.5), fs(2)E5 (2-50.4), fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), fs(2)E8 (2-62.6), ms(2)E10 (2-66.5), ms(2)E11 (2-68.0), and ms(2)E12 (2-68.2). RK3. # ms(2)E10 location: 2-66.5. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.10. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), ms(2)E9 (2-57.0), fs(2)E8 (2-62.6), ms(2)E11f (2-68.0), and ms(2)E12 (2-68.2). RK3. # ms(2)E11 location: 2-68. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.11. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E6 (2-54.4), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), ms(2)E9 (2-57.0), fs(2)E8 (2-62.6), ms(2)E10 (2-66.5), and ms(2)E12 (2-68.2). RK3. # ms(2)E12 location: 2-68.2. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 1951. synonym: ms2.12. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMale sterile. Fertile in heterozygotes with fs(2)E6 (2-54.5), ms(2)E5 (2-54.8), ms(2)E6 (2-54.8), ms(2)E7 (2-54.8), fs(2)E7 (2-55.2), ms(2)E8 (2-55.6), ms(2)E9 (2-57.0), fs(2)E8 (2-62.6), ms(2)E10 (2-66.5), and ms(2)E11 (2-68.0). RK3. # ms(Y)L1: male sterile in long arm of Y location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation groups kl-2, kl-3, kl-4, and kl-5. One of four such induced changes in KL among 35. # ms(Y)L3 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeMale nearly sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation group kl-5. Three such changes of KL among 35 tested. # ms(Y)L4 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: One of three noncomplementing changes among 35 induced changes of KL. # ms(Y)L7 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation groups kl-3, kl-4, and kl-5. Nine such changes among 35 induced in KL. # ms(Y)L10 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation groups kl-1 and kl-3. The only change induced in KL affecting nonadjacent complementation groups. # ms(Y)L11 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation group kl-3. Four such changes in KL among 35. # ms(Y)L12 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation groups kl-2 and kl-3. Two such changes in KL among 35. # ms(Y)L13 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation group kl-1. Five of 35 KL changes were like ms(Y)L13. # ms(Y)L32 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation groups kl-1, kl-2, and kl-3. Unique among 35 induced KL changes. # ms(Y)L36 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeMale nearly sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation groups kl-4 and kl-5. Unique among 35 induced changes of KL. # ms(Y)L37 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation group kl-2. Unique among 35 KL changes. # ms(Y)L38 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation groups kl-3 and kl-4. Unique among 35 induced changes of KL. # ms(Y)S2: male sterile in short arm of Y location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation group k. One of nine such changes among 11 induced KS alterations. # ms(Y)S5 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeMale sterile. RK3. other information: Affects complementation group ks-2. Unique among 11 induced changes of KS. # ms(Y)S14 location: Y. origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Brosseau. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 257-74. phenotypeMale sterile. bb deficient. RK3. other information: The only noncomplementing KS change found among 11. # msc: melanoscutellum location: 1-52.6. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. synonym: ms (preoccupied). references: 1958, DIS 32: 72. phenotypeExtra pigmentation confined to scutellum. One or more thoracic bristles duplicated. Eyes slightly more oval than normal. Wings slightly abnormal in shape and position. Characters not always penetrant. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1506 and CB. 3025; two induced by CB. 3007. # Msc: Multiple sex comb location: 3-48.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Tokunaga, 64a. references: 1966, DIS 41: 57. phenotypeExtra sex combs on second and third legs of male. Fewer teeth on sex comb of first leg. Homozygote lethal; heterozygote with Pc Scx survives. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)Msc = In(3R)84B;84F. # msf: misformed location: 2-55.2 (originally located at 55.6 but arbitrarily placed at 55.2 to be consistent with cytological indication that it is to the left of pk). discoverer: Bridges, 30b8. references: Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 46. phenotypeEyes misshapen. Wings short and crumpled; legs shortened. Characteristics variable and overlap wild type. RK3. cytology: Placed between 41A and 42A3 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2R)bw[VDe2L]Cy[R] = Df(2R)41A-B;42A2-3 (Schultz). Certainly included in Df(2R)M-S2[vg11] = Df(2R)40F-41A1;42A19-B1 (Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 275). # msg: missing location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 50b4. references: 1951, DIS 25: 69. phenotypeBristles greatly reduced or missing. In extreme cases, almost like sv. Female sterile; male sparingly fertile. RK2. # mtb: matt brown location: 1-3.6. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 88. phenotypeEye color flat and browner than normal with greatly reduced reflection spots. Wing position varies from slightly to completely outspread, sometimes upheld. Male sterile; viability about 30% wild type. RK2. # mu: mussed location: 3-50. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 37l21. references: Mossige, 1939, DIS 12: 47. phenotypeWings thin textured. Dorsal surface of thorax arched. RK1. # mu-F: mutability factor from Florida location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous in Florida wild stock. discoverer: Demerec, 1936. references: 1937, Genetics 22: 469-78. phenotypeHomozygote shows increase in lethal and visible mutation rate. Factor acts during development of germ cells in both male and female. RK3. # mul: multiple location: 1-0.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41c13. references: 1942, DIS 16: 51. phenotypeEyes rough and oval. Wings weak and held out. Bristles occasionally missing or disarranged. Body may show abnormal protuberances covered with hairs. Female sterile. After a few generations in stock, only the eye abnormality showed. RK2. # mur: murrey location: 1-14.3. origin: Spontaneous as one mosaic male. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 57c. references: 1957, DIS 31: 81. phenotypeAt 25[o]C, eye color reddish purple, bristles very small, and body size reduced. At 17[o]C, eye color and body size normal but bristles rather small. Original mosaic male transmitted only an X containing mur. He was mated to his daughters to produce homozygous mur females. mur/mur female and mur male are sterile. RK3. # mw: mottler of white location: 1- (slightly to the right of ct). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 1946. references: 1946, DIS 20: 88-89. phenotypeNormal by itself. A specific dilutor of w[a] and other intermediate alleles at the w locus. Eyes assume a lighter mottled appearance. Expression not affected by dosage of Y chromosome (Oster, 1957, DIS 31: 150). RK1. cytology: Not associated with chromosome aberration (Oster, 1957). Wing hairs. Left: wild type. Right: mwh. # mwh: multiple wing hairs location: 3-0.0 (order with ru and ve not tested). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Di Pasquale, 50l. references: 1951, DIS 25: 70. 1952, Rend. Ist. Lombardo Sci. Lettere, Ser. B 85: 1-8. phenotypeWing cells contain groups of 2-5 hairs instead of one hair per cell as in wild type. Transplants of mutant wing disks to wild-type hosts develop autonomously (Ursprung and Hadorn, 1962, Develop. Biol. 4: 40-60). RK1. cytology: Salvary chromosomes apparently normal. # mwh[semi]: multiple wing hairs-semi origin: Spontaneous derivative of mwh. discoverer: di Pasquale, 51e. phenotypeLike mwh except that the groups of wing hairs are restricted to wing margins. Wing surface between second and fifth longitudinal veins has single hair with only an occasional group. mwh[semi]/mwh is like mwh[semi]/mwh[semi]. RK1. # mwi: misheld wings location: 1-0.4. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 72. phenotypeWings diverge upward and outward at various angles. Eye shape oval. Viability and fertility good in male and reduced in female. RK2. # N: Notch location: 1-3.0. phenotypeWings of heterozygote incised at tips and often along edges. Veins L3 and L5 thickened. Thoracic hairs irregularly distributed. Male and homozygous female lethal. Heterozygotes for any two N alleles lethal. fa/N, spl/N, and nd/N heterozygotes express both the N phenotype and the phenotype of the recessive. N/fa[no] is lethal. For developmental studies of N male embryo, see Poulson, 1939, DIS 12: 64-65; 1940, J. Exptl. Zool. 83: 271-325; Poulson and Boell, 1946, Anat. Record. 96: 508; Counce, 1961, Ann. Rev. Entomol. 6: 295-312. RK1. cytology: Heterozygosity for a deficiency including salivary chromosome band 3C7 produces the N phenotype (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Many but not all N alleles are associated with chromosome rearrangement. other information: The N alleles and the recessives fa, fa[no], spl, and nd belong to a pseudoallelic complex (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). # N[8] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 18j7. references: 1919, Genetics 4: 275-82. 1923, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 32: 108-232 (fig.). 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th, Vol. 1: 190-212. Mackensen, 1935, J. Heredity 26: 163-74. Gottschewski, 1937, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 73: 131-42. Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeTypical Notch. Hemizygous male lethal in egg (Li, 1927, Genetics 12: 1-58). Nervous system hypertrophied; ventral and cephalic hypoderm missing; mesodermal organs absent; foregut rudimentary, and midgut incomplete [Poulson, 1940, J. Exptl. Zool. 83: 271-325 (fig.); 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 240-41]. Cholinesterase activity higher in N[8] than normal embryos (Poulson and Boell, 1946, Biol. Bull. 91: 228; 1946, Anat. Record 96: 508). RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[8] = Df(1)3B4-C1;3D6-E1. # N[25] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 28k22. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[25]; breakpoints unknown (Sutton). # N[26] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 28k29. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[26] = Df(1)3C4-5;3C8-9 (Sutton). # N[27] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 30l15. phenotypeLike N. RK1. other information: N[27]/w not white. # N[29] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Eker, 36e12. phenotypeLike N. RK1(A). cytology: Association with Df(1)N[29] inferred from its mutant interaction with w. # N[30] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 38b21. phenotypeLike N. RK1. other information: N[30]/w not white. # N[33h] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 33h29. synonym: N[264-18]. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 31. 1934, DIS 2: 10, 34. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[33h] = Df(1)3C6-7;3D2-3 (Sutton). # N[34b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 34b3. references: 1937, DIS 7: 19. phenotypeLike N. RK1(A). cytology: Association with T(1;3)N[34b] suspected. Basis of suspicion not mentioned. # N[38g] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 38g. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[38g] = Df(1)3C4-5;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[40j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sismanidis, 40j. references: Mather, 1942, DIS 16: 49. phenotypeLike N. RK1. other information: N[40j]/w not white. # N[47i] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 47i. references: 1952, DIS 26: 67. phenotypeExpression less extreme than N; about 70% of heterozygotes wild type. N[47i]/spl has wild-type eye, but bristles are like spl. N[47i]/fa has wild-type eye. Homozygous lethal. RK3. # N[50k11] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lefevre, 50k11. references: 1951, DIS 25: 71. 1952, DIS 26: 66. Ratty, 1954, Genetics 39: 513-28. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[50k11] = T(1;3)1E3-4;3C6-7;3C8-9,89A. 3C7 and 8 missing. # N[51d] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Byers, 51d. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 73. Meyer, 1952, DIS 26: 67. phenotypeLike N, but whereas N[51d]/fa has characteristic fa phenotype, N[51d]/spl has no spl characteristics. RK1. # N[54l9] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohler, 54l9. references: 1956, DIS 30: 78. phenotypeWeak Notch. Deltas of long veins reliable in classification when wing tips not notched. RK2. # N[55e11] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohler, 55e11. references: 1956, DIS 30: 78. phenotypeWeak Notch. Deltas on wing veins most reliable character for classification. Lethal when heterozygous with fa[no], N[60g11], and N[Co]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Welshons). other information: Located to the left of fa (Welshons, Von Halle, and Scandlyn, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 1-2). Does not show mutant interaction with w, rst, dm, or ec. # N[60f10] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives. phenotypeLike N. RK1. other information: Recombines with fa and spl. Located to the right of spl (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 73-59). N[60f10]/w not white. # N[60g11] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives. phenotypeWings seldom notched; veins thickened; deltas at tips. N[60g11]/+ has rough eyes resembling spl. N[60g11]/spl has extremely rough eyes. N[60g11]/fa eyes like fa. Semilethal with fa[no]; poor viability with nd. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Welshons). other information: Located to the right of N[Co] and probably to the left of nd (Welshons, Von Halle, and Scandlyn, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 1-2). # N[60h21] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives. phenotypeLike N. Lethal in combination with fa[no]. RK1. other information: Located to the right of spl (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). N[60h21]/w not white. # N[60j14] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives. phenotypeLike N. N[60j14]/fa[no] lethal. RK1. other information: Located to the right of spl (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). # N[61f19] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives. phenotypeLike N. N[61f19]/fa[no] lethal. RK1. other information: Located to the right of spl (Welshons, Von Halle, and Scandlyn). # N[61h10] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives. phenotypeLike N. N[61h10]/fa[no] lethal. RK1. other information: Located to the right of spl (Welshons, Von Halle, and Scandlyn). # N[62b10] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives. phenotypeLike N. N[62b10]/fa[no] lethal. RK1. other information: Located to the right of spl (Welshons, Von Halle, and Scandlyn). # N[62l] origin: Found among progeny of male treated with radio frequency waves. discoverer: Mickey, 62l3. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. phenotypeLike N. RK1. # N[63b] origin: X ray induced. references: Lefevre and Wilkins, 1966, Genetics 53: 175-87. phenotypeTypical Notch; inseparable from w[63b]. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[63b] = Df(1)3C2-3;3E2-3. # N[218] origin: X ray induced in R(1)2. discoverer: Barigozzi. references: 1939-40, Rend. Ist. Lombardo Sci. Lettere, A 73: 382-87. 1940, DIS 13: 69. 1942, Rev. Biol. (Perugia) 34: 59-72. phenotypeNotching variable; N[218]/fa and N[218]/spl show variable expression for fa and spl, respectively. Few X/Y males survive below 23[o]C and are sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[218] = In(1)3C;20. Since inversion was induced in ring, position of centromere uncertain. # N[264-2] origin: X ray induced. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-2] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8. # N[264-6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k20. phenotypeHeterozygous female like N/+; N[264-6]/Y male usually lethal; N[264-6]/Y/Y male usually viable but sterile (Schultz). RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-6] = T(1;3)3C9-D1;62A;73E;80C. # N[264-7] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k. phenotypeLike N. Lethal and cell lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-7] = In(1)3C6-7;3C8-9;8C5-7. 3C7 and 8 missing (Hoover). # N[264-8] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. Developmental abnormalities of male same as N[8] (Poulson, 1939, DIS 12: 64-65). RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Slizynska). other information: w, rst, and ec not affected. # N[264-9] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33l5. phenotypeVariegated for N. X/Y male lethal. X/Y/Y male viable and almost normal in appearance but sterile (Schultz). RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-9] = T(1;2)3C;41. # N[264-10] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33l9. phenotypeHeteozygous female like N/+. X/Y/Y male viable but sterile, has slight rst variegation. X/Y male lethal (Schultz). RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-10]; breakpoints unknown. # N[264-12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34a. synonym: N[a8]. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. Judd, 1955, DIS 29: 126-27. phenotypeExpression weak but not variegated. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)N[264-12] = T(1;4)3C6-7;101F (Sutton). # N[264-13] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34a. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-13] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C10-11 (Demerec and Hoover). # N[264-15] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34c. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-15] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-19] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34k. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. Embryonic development of N[264-19] male similar to N[8] (Poulson, 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 240-41). RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-19] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8. # N[264-20] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34g. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)N[264-20] = T(1;4)3C4-5;3C7-8;101F; deficient for 3C5-7 (Sutton). # N[264-23] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 35h. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeLike N but overlaps wild type. Occasional male with normal phenotype survives. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-23] = T(1;2)3C8-9;41A (Demerec and Hoover). # N[264-24] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 35h. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeNotch not expressed in all heterozygous females. Males not observed. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-24] = T(1;2)3C8-9;40F (Demerec). # N[264-29] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 36d. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeNotch not expressed in all heterozygous females. A few males with normal phenotype survive. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-29] = T(1;3)3D4-5;80 (Hoover). # N[264-30] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 36d. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-30] = Df(1)3A4-5;3C7-9. # N[264-31] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 36d. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-31] = Df(1)3B4-C1;3D2-3. # N[264-32] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 36h. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-32] = Df(1)3C3-5;3C7-8. # N[264-33] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 36h. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-33] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8. # N[264-34] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37a. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeLike N. Male shows same abnormalities in embryonic development as N[8] (Poulson, 1939, DIS 12: 64-65). RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-34] = T(1;3)3C3-5;70C2-3 (Hoover). # N[264-36] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37b. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-36] = Df(1)3A3-4;3D2-3. # N[264-37] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37b. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-37] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8. # N[264-38] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37b. references: Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. Male embryo shows same abnormalities as N[8] (Poulson, 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 240-41). RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-38] = Df(1)2D3-4;3E2-3. # N[264-39] origin: Spontaneous in X carrying w[ch]. discoverer: Slizynska, 1937. references: 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99. phenotypeLike N. N[264-39]/fa[no] lethal. RK1(A). cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-39] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8 (Slizynska, 1938; Welshons, 1958, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 44: 254-58). Later reexamination of chromosomes of males from lines carrying w[ch] and marked N[264-39] revealed the presence of 3C7 (Welshons). other information: Recombines with both fa and spl and lies between them (Welshons, Von Halle, and Scandlyn, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 1-2). # N[264-40] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37d. phenotypeLike N. Male embryos have abnormalities like N[8] (Poulson, 1939, DIS 12: 64-65). Lethal with fa[no]. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Hoover). other information: Located between fa[no] and N[Nic] (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-41] origin: Spontaneous in chromosome containing w. discoverer: Slizynska, 37e. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-41] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C8-9 (Sutton). # N[264-42] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37e. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-42] = Df(1)3C4-5;4B4-6 (Hoover). # N[264-46] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37f. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-46] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8. # N[264-47] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37f. phenotypeLike N. Lethal with fa[no]. Male embryos show same developmental abnormalities as N[8] (Poulson, 1939, DIS 12: 64-65). RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Sutton). other information: Probably located to the right of spl, but wild-type progeny from N[264-47]/spl females are frequently nonrecombinant (Welshons, 1958, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 44: 254-58). w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-48] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37f. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-48] = In(1)1B6-7;1B10-11;3C7-8. 1B7-10 missing (Hoover). # N[264-49] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37j. phenotypeLike N but also slight Minute. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-49] = Df(1)3C4-5;3E8-F1 (Sutton). other information: Minute phenotype results from inclusion of M(1)3E in deficiency. # N[264-50] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37k. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeNotching of wings variable and not always penetrant. N[264-50]/fa shows variegation for fa. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-50] = T(1;2)3C7-9;20C1-F;22A2-3 (Hoover). # N[264-51] origin: Found among progeny of radium-treated male. discoverer: Demerec, 37k. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-51] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-52] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38a. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeNotch in wings not always present. N[264-52]/fa shows variegation for fa. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-52] = In(1)3C3-5;20B2-C1. # N[264-53] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeLike N. N[264-53]/fa is not facet. Developmental abnormalities differ from other N alleles (Poulson). RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-53] = T(1;2)3C6-7;34C7-D1. # N[264-54] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38b. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-54] = Df(1)3C3-5;3C7-8 (Hoover). # N[264-55] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38b. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeVariable Notch. N[264-55]/fa variegates for fa. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-55] = T(1;3)3D4-5;80F9-81F1. # N[264-56] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38c. phenotypeProbably variegated for N. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-56] = T(1;3)3D4-5;80 (Sutton). # N[264-57] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeNotch variable. N[264-57]/fa not facet. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-57] = In(1)3C9-11;20D2-E1 (Hoover). # N[264-58] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. references: 1940, Genetics 25: 618-27. phenotypeLike N. N[264-58]/fa variegates for fa. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-58] = T(1;3)3B2-3;3D6-7;80D-F (Sutton). # N[264-59] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeWeak Notch. N[264-59]/spl variegates for spl. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-59] = T(1;2)3C8-9;40F (Hoover). # N[264-60] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. other information: w, dm, and ec not affected. # N[264-62] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38e. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeLike N. N[264-62]/fa variegates for fa. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-62] = T(1;2)3C7-8;41A-B (Sutton). # N[264-63] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38e. references: Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40. Demerec, 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeWeak Notch. Overlaps wild type. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Tp(1)N[264-63] = Tp(1)3C7-9;13C;19F (Hoover). # N[264-64] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38e. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeOverlaps wild type. N[264-64]/fa variegates for fa. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-64] = T(1;3)3E5-6;80C-F (Hoover). # N[264-65] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38e. phenotypeOverlaps wild type. N[264-65]/fa variegates for fa. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-65] = T(1;3)2B10-16;3D4-5;81F;96C4-5 (Hoover). # N[264-66] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38e. phenotypeNotching of wings weak and rarely visible. N[264-66]/fa variegates for fa. Some males viable; have cream-colored eyes with spots of normal red pigment. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-66] = T(1;2)3C6-7;41 + T(1;2)7C9-D1;53F (Hoover). # N[264-68] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38k. phenotypeLike N but with slight Minute effect. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-68] = Df(1)3A10-B1;3E8-F1 (Demerec). other information: Minute phenotype results from inclusion of M(1)3E in the deficiency. # N[264-69] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38k. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-69] = T(1;2)3C7-8;44C4-5 (Demerec). # N[264-70] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38k. references: Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40. phenotypeWing notching overlaps wild type. N[264-70]/fa variegates for fa. Male viable and mottled for w and rst. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-70] = T(1;3)3C4-5;80D-F + T(1;3)6F2-7A1;100B2-3 (Sutton). # N[264-71] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38k. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeStrong Notch. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-71] = In(1)3C6-7;20D-E (Sutton). # N[264-72] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38k. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-72] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-9 (Sutton). # N[264-73] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38l. phenotypeHeterozygous females both Notch and Minute. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-73] = Df(1)3C3-4;4C6-7 (Demerec). other information: Minute phenotype results from inclusion of M(1)3E and M(1)4BC in the deficiency. # N[264-74] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38k. references: Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40. phenotypeLike N. N[264-74]/fa variegates for fa. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)N[264-74] = T(1;2;3)3C10-11;20D-E;40C-D;92E6-8 (Sutton). # N[264-76] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39b. phenotypeLike N. Also slight Minute. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-76] = Df(1)3B4-C1;3E4-5 (Sutton). other information: Minute phenotype results from inclusion of M(1)3E in the deficiency. # N[264-77] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39b. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-77] = Df(1)3B4-C1;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-79] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39c. phenotypeLike N but overlaps wild type. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-79] = Df(1)2C10-D1;3C6-7 (Sutton). # N[264-80] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39d. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-80] = T(1;2)3C6-7;36;40. An inversion with breakpoints in 11 and 20 induced at same time (Sutton). # N[264-81] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39d. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-81] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-82] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39d. phenotypeLike N. N[264-82]/fa variegates for fa. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-82] = T(1;2)3C3-4;41A + T(1;2)20A;57. Tip of 2L in chromocenter and may be involved (Sutton). # N[264-83] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39d. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-83] = T(1;3)3C6-7;12F2-4;79E2-3 + In(3R)81;88. # N[264-84] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39c. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-103. phenotypeLike N. N[264-84]/fa variegates for fa. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-84] = In(1)3C6-7;20A-B (Sutton). # N[264-85] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39d. references: 1940, Genetics 25: 618-27. phenotypeLike N. N[264-85]/fa variegates for fa. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;4)N[264-85] = T(1;2;4)3B4-C1;6A2-B1;60A4-5;101F-102A (Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40). # N[264-86] origin: X ray induced simultaneously with rst[264-86]. discoverer: Demerec, 39i. references: 1940, Genetics 25: 618-27. Demerec and Sutton, 1940, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 26: 532-36. Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40. phenotypeLike N. N[264-86]/fa variegates for fa. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)N[264-86] = T(1;4)3C6-7;3C7-8;3E5-6;101F. # N[264-87] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39j. references: Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)N[264-87] = T(1;2;3)3C7-9;10A2-B1;45F-46A;59F-60A;97C-D;100E-F. # N[264-88] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39j. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-89] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39j. phenotypeLike N. Also slight Minute. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-89] = Df(1)3B2-3;3F2-3 (Sutton). other information: Minute phenotype results from inclusion of M(1)3E in deficiency. # N[264-90] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39j. phenotypeLike N. Also slight Minute. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-90] = Df(1)3C7-8;3E8-F1 (Sutton). other information: Minute phenotype results from inclusion of M(1)3E in the deficiency. # N[264-91] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39g. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-93] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39k. phenotypeLike N. Slight Minute. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-93] = Df(1)3B4-C1;3F3-4 (Sutton). other information: Minute phenotype results from inclusion of M(1)3E in the deficiency. # N[264-94] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39k. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-95] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39k. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-96] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39k. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-96] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-97] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39k. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-99] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-99] = Df(1)2D2-3;3C11-12 (Sutton). # N[264-100] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39l. references: 1940, Genetics 25: 618-27. phenotypeLike N. N[264-100]/fa variegates for fa. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-100] = T(1;3)3B4-C1;4B4-5;80 (Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40). # N[264-101] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-101] = Df(1)3C4-5;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-102] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39l. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)N[264-102] = T(1;2)3C6-7;50E;56C (Sutton). # N[264-103] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLike N. N[264-103]/spl shows variable expression of spl, as though mottled. N[264-103]/fa is facet. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. other information: Located between spl and N[j24] (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). ph, w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-104] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39j. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-104] = T(1;3)3C7-9;87D1-E1 + In(1)1B4-5;18-19 (Sutton). # N[264-105] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-105] = Df(1)3C6-7;3D2-3 (Sutton). # N[264-106] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-106] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-107] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal. other information: Locus seems to lie to the right of spl. Analysis complicated by a lethal between w[a] and N[264-107] (Welshons, 1958, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 44: 254-58). rst and dm not affected. # N[264-108] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeHeterozygous females Notch and slight Minute. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-108] = In(1)3C3-5;3E7-8;20A4-5 (Sutton). other information: Minute phenotype results from absence of section 3C5-3E7, which contains M(1)3E, from the inversion. # N[264-109] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLike N but semilethal with fa[no]. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: Located to the right of spl (Welshons, Von Halle, and Scandlyn). w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-110] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-110] = Df(1)3B4-C1;3D2-3 (Sutton). # N[264-111] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40b. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-111] = Df(1)3C3-5;3C12-D1 (Sutton). # N[264-112] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40b. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-112] = In(1)3C6-7;3F5-6 (Sutton). # N[264-113] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40c. references: Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 628-35. phenotypeVariegates for N and spl. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)N[264-113] = T(1;4)3C10-D1;101 (Sutton). # N[264-114] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kaufmann, 40d. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-114] = Df(1)3C6-7;3D4-5 (Sutton). # N[264-115] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 40e. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-115] = Df(1)3C3-5;3E2-3 (Sutton). # N[264-116] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 40e. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-116] = In(1)2C8-10;3C7-9 (Sutton). # N[264-117] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40g. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-117] = Df(1)3A6-7;3E2-3 (Sutton). # N[264-118] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Demerec, 40h. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-118] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-9 (Sutton). # N[264-119] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40i. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: kz, w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-120] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40j. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-120] = Df(1)3C6-7;3D2-3 (Sutton). # N[264-121] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40j. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-121] = T(1;3)3C7-9;81F;86B6-C1 (Sutton). # N[264-122] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40j. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: kz, w, rst, dm, and ec not affected. # N[264-123] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40k. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: w, rst, dm, and ec not affected. # N[264-124] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 41a. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-125] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 41a. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-125] = Df(1)3C4-5;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-126] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bishop, 40l. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-126] = Df(1)3C3-5;3D4-5 (Sutton). # N[264-127] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 41b. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-127] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-128] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 41b. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-128] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8f (Sutton). # N[264-129] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 41c. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[264-130] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41c. references: 1942, Genetics 27: 530. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[264-130] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[264-131] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 41c. phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). other information: w, rst, and dm not affected. # N[A]: Notch of Aronson origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Aronson, 57g11. references: 1958, DIS 32: 67. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Several bands to the right of 3C4 deranged. # N[B]: Notch of Bernstein origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bernstein, 28a7. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[B] = Df(1)3C4-5;3C12-D1 (Sutton). # N[Co]: Notch-Confluens origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Welshons, 1955. references: 1956, DIS 30: 79. 1958, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 23: 171-76. phenotypeWing tips seldom notched; veins thickened; deltas present at juncture of longitudinals and marginal vein. Acrostical rows irregular. N[Co];fa and N[Co]/spl are facet and split, respectively. N[Co]/fa[n] wings more deeply notched than N[Co]/+. N[Co]/fa[no] lethal; rare survivors sterile and weak. N[Co]/Dp(1;1)Co similar to Dp(1;1)Co/Dp(1;1)Co. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. other information: Located between N[j24] and N[60g11] (Welshons, 1958; Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). # N[EZ] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 1929, references: 1937, DIS 7: 7. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[EZ] = Df(1)3C6-7;3C7-8 (Sutton). # N[G]: Notch of Goldschmidt origin: Found among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: Gottschewski, 1935, DIS 4: 15, 16. 1937, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 73: 131-42 (fig.). phenotypeLike N. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # N[j24] origin: Spontaneous (as cluster of two maternal chromosomes carrying fa). discoverer: Welshons, 1955. synonym: N[22] (Welshons, 1958). references: 1958, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 23: 171-76. phenotypeLike N. fa N[j24]/fa[no] lethal. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Welshons). other information: Located between N[264-103] and N[Co] (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). w not affected. # N[M]: Notch of Mischaikow origin: Spontaneous in the In(1)dl-49, y w f component of C(1)DX. discoverer: Mischaikow, 56l. references: Cicak and Oster, 1957, DIS 31: 80. phenotypeWings notched at tips and occasionally at sides. Thickened veins with deltas. Eyes slightly smaller than normal; occasionally, one eye extremely small. RK1. # N[Nic]: Notch of Nicoletti origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Nicoletti. phenotypeLike N. N[Nic]/fa[no] lethal. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Welshons). other information: Located between spl and N[264-40] (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). w not affected. # N[P]: Notch from P[32] origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. phenotypeLike N. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[P] = In(1)3C;8E (Darby). # N[W]: Notch of Williams origin: Spontaneous in the In(1)sc[8], f component of C(1)DX. discoverer: Williams, 56j. references: Cicak and Oster, 1957, DIS 31: 80. phenotypeLike N. RK1. # N-2G: Notch-2 from Gallop location: 2-72.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 41l17. synonym: N-2. references: 1943, DIS 17: 50. 1957, DIS 31: 83. phenotypeWings notched apically. Sometimes overlaps wild type. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)G = In(2R)50E;54D (T. Hinton). May be inseparable. # N-b: Notch-b location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mann, 1921. synonym: Notch 2. references: 1923, Genetics 8: 27-36. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 232. phenotypeResembles Notch. Wing nicked in about 10% of heterozygous flies. Homozygote probably lethal. RK3. other information: Possibly a vg allele. # na: narrow abdomen location: 1-45.2. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: H. M. Miller, 34c. references: 1934, DIS 2: 9. 1935, DIS 4: 9. phenotypeAbdomen long and cylindrical in both sexes. Viability low; female fertility low. Ovaries in juvenile condition (Brehme). RK2. # na[2] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 51g. references: 1952, DIS 26: 60. phenotypeLike na. RK2. # nd: notchoid location: 1-3.0. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1951. synonym: n[fah]: notch-Fahmy. references: 1958, DIS 32: 72. phenotypeWings notched; veins thickened. At low temperature, wings not notched. Viability and fertility of both sexes excellent. nd heterozygotes with N[264-39], N[Co], or N[264-40] have extremely notched and strap-like wings, small rough eyes, and low viability and fertility (Welshons). fa[no]/nd has slightly thickened wing veins with deltas. About 10% of fa/nd flies have small notches in one or both wings. spl/nd lacks a few bristles, like spl/+. Eyes sometimes smaller than normal and roughened. spl nd males have rough eyes, nd-like wings, and irregular, bushy sex combs. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Fahmy). Placed in band 3C7 on the basis of its interaction with N. other information: Member of Notch pseudoallelic series; located at or to the right of N[60g11] (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). # nd[2] discoverer: R. M. Valencia, 62d16. phenotypend[2]/nd[2] and nd[2]/nd like nd/nd. Normal in combination with other visible mutations at the N locus. RK1. other information: Close to but to the right of nd (Welshons). # ne: nicked eye location: 2- (not located). discoverer: Kiil. references: 1946, DIS 20: 66. phenotypeEye margin nicked. Overlaps wild type. RK3. other information: Probably an allele of L. # net: net location: 2-0.0 [to the left of al; order with l(2)gl not known]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 31c10. phenotypeWing veins form plexus-like net; first posterior cell between L3 and L4 widens toward tip; branch missing from posterior crossvein; all veins fused at base of wing, like bi. According to Waddington [1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)], spaces form between epithelial layers owing to inadequate contraction during pupal period; spaces later fuse and form extra veins. RK1. cytology: Locus of net lies between 21A1 and 21C1 (Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66). # net[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Braun, 1937. phenotypeLike net. RK1. # net[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Williams, 56f. references: 1956, DIS 30: 80. phenotypeWings have extreme plexus of veins, otherwise less abnormal than net. RK1. # net[4] origin: Probably spontaneous. discoverer: Meyer, 56c. references: 1956, DIS 30: 77. phenotypeLike net[3]; less extreme than net. RK1. # neu: neuter location: Autosomal. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Travers, 1955. references: Clarke, 1957, DIS 31: 80. phenotypeHomozygous female intersex; homozygous male normal. RK3. other information: Not an allele of ix (Maynard Smith). # ney: narrow eye location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Becker, 1950. references: 1952, DIS 26: 69. phenotypeHomozygote has narrow eyes halfway between B and wild type. Heterozygote usually normal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)ney = In(1)10A;16D. # ni: nicked location: 3-40 (35 to 45). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41c26. references: 1942, DIS 16: 51. phenotypeSmall notches or nicks in wing tips of 60-90% of homozygous males and 80-100% of homozygous females. RK3. # ni-2: nicked on chromosome 2 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Travers, 1955. references: Clarke, 1957, DIS 31: 80. phenotypeWing tips deeply emarginate between L2 and L4 and occasionally between L4 and L5. Penetrance and viability good. RK3. # Np: Notopleural location: 2-58.7 to 60.2 (between cn and en; inseparable from blo). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 33b20. references: Bridges, Skoog, and Li, 1936, Genetics 21: 788-95 (fig.). Li, 1936, Peking Nat. Hist. Bull. 11: 39-48. phenotypeNotopleural, humeral, presutural, and pretarsal bristles shorter and blunter than normal. Wings short and broad. Female produces few or no progeny. Viability fair. Development retarded. More extreme at 19[o]C than at 25[o], also more extreme in female. Lethal over T(2;3)dp. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Locus lies between 44F1 and 45E2 on the basis of its association with Df(2R)Np = Df(2R)44F1-2;45E1-2 (Bridges). # nrs: narrow scoop location: 1-54.2. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 88. phenotypeWings narrow and slightly shorter than normal; frequently scooped. Slightly thinner bristles. Eyes large and dull red. Eye and body colors darken with age. Viability and fertility good in male; fertility low in female. RK2. # Ns: Nasobemia location: 3-48.0 (no recombinants with p[p] among 1472 flies). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gehring. phenotypeIn extreme cases, Ns/+ forms, in place of an antenna, a complete leg that includes sternopleura, coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Antennal leg has no sex comb in male, and bristle pattern is that of a middle leg. Eyes smaller; whole head tends to be malformed. Expression variable but penetrance complete. Homozygous lethal. Ns ss[a]/+ ss[a] indistinguishable from Ns/+. Ns/Antp[B] viable; phenotype like extreme Ns/+. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. other information: Allelism with Antp not excluded since all Antp alleles are associated with inversions that eliminate recombination in this region. However, all heterozygotes of Antp alleles are lethal, unlike Ns/Antp[B]. # Nu: Nude location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 41a27. phenotypeMany bristles missing from head and thorax; postscutellars, notopleurals, verticals, and postverticals usually present. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Nu = T(2;3)24;36-37;39-40;73-74;75-76;77-78;81-82;85-86;89-90. # nub: nubbin location: 2-47.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mickey, 48e10. references: 1949, DIS 23: 61. phenotypeWings very small, opaque, curved spoonlike up or down; inflated at eclosion. Wing margins interrupted. Only one vein (L2 or L3) present. Halteres somewhat reduced. Viability excellent. RK1. cytology: Not included in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # nub[2] origin: Probably X ray induced. discoverer: R. F. Grell, 56f1. references: 1956, DIS 30: 71. phenotypeWings small and spoonlike but less extreme than nub. Patches of dried blood on wings. Veins L1 to L4 almost indiscernible; L5 and alula frequently absent. Viability and fertility excellent. RK1. # nub[62d] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Seiger, 62d. references: 1963, DIS 37: 53. Abbadessa and Burdick, 1963, DIS 37: 54. phenotypeWings very small and spoonlike. RK1. # nw: narrow location: 2-83. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16b7. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 231. phenotypeWings long, narrow, and somewhat pointed. Low viability and fertility in both sexes. At 25[o]C, may overlap wild type; at 19[o], nearly all flies approach wild type but have longer wings. RK2. # nw[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Payne, 16l5. synonym: lance. references: Payne, 1924, Genetics 9: 327-42 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 227. phenotypeWings like nw. Classification easier in females. Slight notching or tufting of marginal hairs on tip of wings. Both sexes nearly sterile. Ovaries tumorous at eclosion [King, Burnett, and Staley, 1957, Growth 21: 239-61 (fig.); King, 1964, Roy. Entomol. Soc. (London) Symp. Insect Reproduction, pp. 13-25]. Oogonia proliferate asynchronously within ovariole; follicle development inhibited [Beatty, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B 63: 249-70 (fig.)]. RK2. # nw[D]: narrow-Dominant origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 59f. references: 1962, DIS 36: 37. phenotypeWings of heterozygote longer and narrower than normal. Expression variable and sometimes approaches wild type. Viability of nw[D]/+ low. Homozygous lethal, as is nw[D]/nw[2]. RK2. # NX: Notch Xasta location: 3- (between st and Dfd; 44.0-47.5). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ohnishi, 49l16. references: 1950, DIS 24: 61. 1951, DIS 25: 79. Schalet, 1960, DIS 34: 55. phenotypeResembles Notch but more extreme. Homozygote resembles Xasta. Viability of heterozygote fair; homozygote semilethal. Enhanced by D1 and suppressed by H. Combination of NX and ap[Xa] produces small wings, like vg, and lower viability. RK2 as heterozygote. # ny: notchy location: 1-32. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gruneberg, 28j29. references: 1929, Biol. Zentr. 49: 680-94 (fig.). 1934, DIS 2: 8. phenotypeWing tips slightly nicked. Expression variable; overlaps wild type in some females and most males. Viability about 70% wild type. RK3. # ob: oblique location: 1-37.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41f30. references: 1942, Genetics 27: 532. 1942, DIS 16: 51. phenotypeWings obliquely truncated from inner margin outward. Venation disturbed. Viability about 20% wild type. RK3. # obl: oblique wings location: 1-60.1. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 72. phenotypeWings slightly upheld and outspread; small blister occasionally present. Body color slightly darker. Male viability and fertility good; female viability about 40% wild type and fertility reduced. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1506. # obt: obtuse location: 3-77.5. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 35g1. phenotypeWings shorter and blunter but overlap wild type slightly. Thorax somewhat humpy; body chunky; eyes slightly bulging. RK3. # oc: ocelliless location: 1-23.1. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bedichek, 30c15. references: 1934, DIS 2: 9. phenotypeOcelli completely absent. Bristles in ocellar area and on top of head irregular and more numerous; postverticals usually absent. Eyes somewhat reduced and body size dwarfed. Viability about 90% wild type. Females sterile. According to Beatty [1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B 63: 249-70 (fig.)], oocytes often misshapen, eggs abnormal in appearance, and parovaria nearly always absent. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosome studies by Demerec and Sutton show locus to lie between 7C4-5 and 8C1-2 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Further restricted to 7E1 through 8C2 on the basis of its exclusion from Df(1)sn = Df(1)7B2-3;7D22-E1 (Hinton and Welshons, 1955, DIS 29: 125-26). # Oce: Ocellarless location: 1-5.7. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 72. phenotypeOne or both ocellar bristles and frequently postverticals missing; other bristles, especially the scutellars, sometimes absent. Wings frequently positioned abnormally, have incised margins; effect more marked in homozygous females. Bristle effect dominant. Good viability and fertility in both sexes. RK1. other information: One allele induced by each of the following: CB. 3025, CB. 1592, CB. 1540, and CB. 1528. # ocr: ochracea location: 2-0. discoverer: Serebrovsky, 40g25. references: 1941, DIS 15: 19. phenotypeEye color lighter at eclosion, darkening with age. RK1. # Odh[F]: Octanol dehydrogenase-Fast location: 3-49.2. origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Ursprung. references: Ursprung and Leone, 1965, J. Exptl. Zool. 160: 147-54. Courtright, 1966, DIS 41: 59. Courtright, Imberski, and Ursprung, 1966, Genetics 54: 1251-60. phenotypeProduces octanol dehydrogenase that migrates more rapidly to cathode in agar gel electrophoresis at pH 8.7 than Odh[S]. Odh[F]/Odh[S] heterozygote produces enzyme of intermediate mobility in addition to fast and slow types. Hexanol and heptanol, as well as octanol, are subtrates for the enzyme. RK3. # Odh[S]: Octanol dehydrogenase-Slow origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Ursprung. references: Ursprung and Leone, 1965, J. Exptl. Zool. 160: 147-54. Courtright, 1966, DIS 41: 59. Courtright, Imberski, and Ursprung, 1966, Genetics 54: 1251-60. phenotypeProduces octanol dehydrogenase that migrates less rapidly to cathode in agar gel electrophoresis at pH 8.7 than Odh[F]. RK3. # Off: Off location: 2-82. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23e14. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 232. phenotypeSome bristles missing in heterozygotes, especially from side of abdomen; basal rings remain as in H. Homozygote lacks more bristles. Eyes large, creased, and roughened. RK2. other information: Agrees with abr in locus and description; may have been an allele. # om: ommatidia location: 1-0.1 (to the right of sc). origin: X ray induced in (or with) ac[3]. discoverer: Muller. references: Muller, Prokofyeva, and Raffel, 1935, Nature 135: 253-55. Muller, 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotypeOmmatidia disarranged, giving a slight eye roughness difficult to classify. RK3. cytology: Thought by Muller to be in or very close to 1C1. # omm: ommatoreductum location: 1-12.8. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 72. phenotypeSome peripheral ommatidia absent, frequently in an irregular manner, giving a rough eye and a notched border. Shape of head abnormal; head bristles deranged or absent. Palps absent or deformed. Thoracic bristles deranged. Wings often unexpanded. Good viability and fertility in both sexes. RK2. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1246, CB. 1522, CB. 1592, CB. 1528; two alleles induced by CB. 3026. # On: Open location: 3-26. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Tanaka, 36c26. references: 1937, DIS 7: 21. 1937, DIS 8: 11. phenotypeWings spread. Homozygous viable. RK2. # op: opaque location: 1-50. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: H. M. Miller, 33k. references: 1934, DIS 2: 9. 1935, DIS 3: 14. 1935, DIS 4: 10. phenotypeWings opaque and whitish, usually divergent and slightly convex. Viability and fertility good in male, poorer in female. RK3. # opb: opaque broad location: 1-28.3. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 88. phenotypeShort, broad, and opaque wings with slightly convex or concave membranes. Slightly brownish eye color. Legs short with long segments frequently bowed. Abdomen slightly abnormal in shape; genitalia deformed. Males fertile; viability about 10% wild type. Females sterile. RK3. # oph: ophthalmopedia location: 2-45. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gordon, 1934. references: 1936, J. Genet. 33: 25-60. 1941, DIS 14: 39. phenotypeIn extreme form, an appendage grows from eye; in less extreme form, eye is kidney shaped. Expression sensitive to genetic and environmental modification. Effect caused by enlargement and abnormal folding of eye-forming portion of optic disk in late larvae [Waddington and Pilkington, 1943, J. Genet. 45: 44-50 (fig.)]. RK3. # or: orange location: 2-107.2 (to the left of Fo). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 1942. references: 1950, DIS 24: 61. phenotypeEye color bright orange. or/pd wild type (Von Halle). RK1. # or[45a] origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy, Cy cn[2] sp[2], probably simultaneously with bw[45a]. discoverer: Ives, 45a. references: 1951, DIS 25: 70. phenotypeEye color like or. RK1. # or[49h] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 49h31. references: 1951, DIS 25: 70. phenotypeEye color like or. RK1. # os: outstretched small eye location: 1-59.2. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Abrahamson, 1953. synonym: odsy. references: Verderosa and Muller, 1954, Genetics 39: 999. phenotypeWings held virtually at right angles to body. Eyes small and rounded. os/os[o] has wing effect but eyes normal. os/os[s] has eye effect but wings normal. RK1. cytology: Placed in region 16E-17A on the basis of its being to the right of Df(1)C-PL = Df(1)15F;16E and to the left of Dp(1;1)Bx[r49k] = Dp(1;1)17A;17C. # os[bdw]: outstretched small eye-bending wings origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Halfer, 1960. synonym: bdw. phenotypeWings divergent and drooping, size and shape normal. Males sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)os[bdw] = T(1;3)16E;80C. # os[o]: outstretched small eye-outstretched origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 1930. synonym: od. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22: 303 (fig.). 1935, DIS 3: 30. Verderosa and Muller, 1954, Genetics 39: 999. phenotypeWings extremely divergent, often at right angles to body. os[o]/os[s] is wild type. RK1. # os[s]: outstretched small eye-small eye origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 19g3. synonym: sy. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 236. phenotypeEyes small and rounded, high on the head but not bulging. RK1. # osh: outshifted location: 1-33.0 (no crossover with v in 997 chromosomes). origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeWings shortened and often slightly divergent. Body and wings pale in color. Eyes somewhat smaller and browner than normal. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK2. # ot: outheld location: 1-65.7. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeWings held horizontally; inner margin slightly cut away in many males. Ocellar bristles usually absent or reduced; effect variable. Hairs sparse, especially in posterior midthoracic region. Males sterile; viability about 20% wild type. RK3. # ov: oval location: 1-17.5. discoverer: Steinberg, 37h15. phenotypeEyes somewhat oval and quite rough. RK1. # ove: overetherized location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Plaine and Aubele, 64b. references: 1965, DIS 40: 36. phenotypeWings held vertically within 1 hr after eclosion, vibrate feebly but are incapable of supporting flight. Movements of first two pairs of legs uncoordinated. Viable and fertile although ove male often unsuccessful in mating with ove[+] female. RK2. # ovi: ovioculus location: 1-0.9. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeEyes small, egg shaped, and rough. Wings spread or elevated to varying degrees; edges incised, especially inner margin. Eclosion slightly delayed. Males sterile. Viability 20-60% wild type. RK2. # ovl: ovaless location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 21a3. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 232. phenotypeRough eyes. Males fertile; females entirely sterile. Small groups of cells in place of ovaries; ducts and genitalia normal. Abdomen of female grayish and translucent. RK3. # p: pink location: 3-48.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 10g. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 44 (fig.). phenotypeEye color dull ruby with purplish tone. Eyes contain 40% normal red and 33% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity, 13: 233-41). Larval Malpighian tubes colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK2. cytology: Tentatively placed in region 85A6-B3 on the basis of position of the breakpoint common to In(3)p[100.48] = In(3)80-81;85A6-B1 and In(3R)p[100.290] = In(3R)85B3-4;85D12-15 (Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54). # p[53h] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Thoday, 53h. references: 1954, DIS 28: 78. phenotypeLike p[p]. RK1. # p[56] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Williams, 56h. references: 1956, DIS 30: 80. phenotypeLike p[p]. RK1. # P[100.48] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypePink eye color. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(3)p[100.48] = In(3)80-81;85A6-B1. # p[100.88] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeEye color pink. Homozygous semilethal. RK2A. cytology: Induced with In(3)p[100.88] = In(3)80-81;94D11-E1, which does not involve the pink region. # p[100.290] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeEye color pink. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)p[100.290] = In(3R)85B3-4;85D12-15. # p[p]: pink-peach discoverer: Bridges, 13a24. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 82 (fig.). phenotypeEye color lighter and more orange than p. Eyes have 9% normal red and 15% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41), become brown with age. In combination with cn, eyes orange-red in young flies, darkening toward deep red with age; with bw, eyes light reddish yellow to rose-brown, darkening with age; color autonomous in larval optic disk transplanted into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes colorless (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). Females heterozygous for p[p] and for a white allele (e.g., w, w[h], w[bf]) have brownish eyes (Judd, 1955, DIS 29: 126). RK1. # p[p56] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Williams, 56c. references: 1956, DIS 30: 80. phenotypeEye color light ruby with orange tone. RK1. # P: Pale location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17j16. references: Bridges, and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 184 (fig.). phenotypeHeterozygote a specific dilutor of the w[e] series of white alleles, tends to darken eye color of w[a] series. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)P = T(2;3)58E3-F2;60D14-E2;96B5-C1 (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1934, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 33: 278). # pa: patulous location: 2-101.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Edmondson and Meyer, 49d. references: 1949, DIS 23: 61. phenotypeWings spread wide apart. Excellent viability; fair fertility. RK1. cytology: Placed to the right of 58F2 on the basis of its being covered by Dp(2;3)P from T(2;3)P = T(2;3)58E3-F2;60D14-E2;96B5-C1. # pads: pads location: 2-55. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17e9. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 212 (fig.), 232. Stern, 1934, DIS 1: 36. phenotypeWings malformed, often remain in condition of those of newly emerged flies. RK2. # pads[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 20b15. references: 1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 50: 126. phenotypeLike pads. RK2. # pat: patchytergum location: 1-32.4. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeWings divergent. Pigmentation of anterior border of fifth tergite patchy. Ocelli light. Male sterile; viability about 10% wild type. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3007. # patch: patched location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 13k25. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 241. phenotypeAbdominal sclerites fewer or sharply cut into triangular segments obliquely fitted together. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # pb: proboscipedia location: 3-47.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 31d27. references: Bridges and Dobzhansky, 1933, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 127: 575-90 (fig.). phenotypeOral lobes changed to tarsus-like or arista-like appendages. Cold (15[o]C) shifts expression toward aristalike, heat (29[o]) toward tarsuslike [Villee, 1944, J. Exptl. Zool. 96: 85-102 (fig.)]. Temperature-sensitive period in last larval instar [Vogt, 1946, Z. Naturforsch. 1: 469-75 (fig.)]. Very short lived because adults cannot feed. Male fertile; female sterile. Ovaries normal but few, if any, eggs formed (Beatty, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B 63: 249-70). RK2. # pbx: postbithorax location: 3-58.8 (to the right of bxd). origin: X ray induced (arose simultaneously with Cbx). discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1954, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 9th., Pt. 1: 100-5. 1954, DIS 28: 76. 1955, Am. Naturalist 89: 73-89. 1963, Am. Zoologist 3: 33-56 (fig.). phenotypeTransforms posterior metathoracic segment into a posterior mesothoracic structure. Transformation suppressed by Cbx. bx[3] pbx homozygotes show virtually complete mesothoracic transformation of the metathorax. bx[3] +/+ pbx is wild type. bxd pbx/+ + is wild type, but bxd +/+ pbx shows moderate pbx-like transformation. RK3. cytology: Locus probably in 89E3-4 (Lewis). other information: The rightmost member of the pseudoallelic series including, from left to right, bx, Cbx, Ubx, bxd, and pbx. # Pc: Polycomb location: 3-48 (0.3 unit to the left of Scx). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: P. H. Lewis, 1947. references: 1947, DIS 21: 69. Lewis, 1956, DIS 30: 76. Hannah-Alava, 1958, Genetics 43: 870-905. phenotypePresence of sex combs (1-4 teeth) on second and third legs of male is most conspicuous effect. Other effects are: elevated, divergent, or crinkled wings; bent humeral and anterior notopleural bristles; abnormal sternopleurals; terminal gaps in L4; and leg-like antennae - all are less extreme in male than in female or are absent in male. Homozygous lethal and lethal with Pc[2] but not with Scx. Enhances the Antennapedia phenotype when mutally heterozygous with Antp[Yu] and Antp[B]; in the latter, antennal leg is completely expressed only in Pc ss[a]/Antp[B] ss[a] compound (Stern). Possibly lethal with Antp[49] but not with Antp[50]. Expression of Pc enhanced in male heterozygous for bx, bxd, and Ubx; enhancement more extreme when mutants (at least bx and bxd) are in coupling than in repulsion (Hannah-Alava, 1964, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 95: 1-9). RK2. # Pc[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Puro, 61j. phenotypeSimilar to Pc, but sex combs of male are larger and resemble those of Scx. Other pleiotrophic effects more extreme than in Pc. Enhances expression of Antp[49] and Antp[50]; reduces viability of Antp[50]. RK2. # pd: purpleoid location: 2-106.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16h31. references: 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeEye color dark pink or maroon, like pr but less extreme; 20% normal red pigment and 61% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53: 1-10). Semidominant; eye color of heterozygote duller than wild type; color autonomous in larval optic disk transplanted into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Malpighian tubes wild type (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). RK2. cytology: Placed in region between 59E2 and 60B10 by Bridges (1937) on the basis of its being to the right of In(2R)bw[VDel] = In(2R)41B2-C1;59E2-4 and to the left of Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2. # pdf: pod foot location: 1-57.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Welshons, 57h6. references: 1960, DIS 34: 54. phenotypeTerminal tarsus swollen in one or more legs. Classification, viability, and fertility good. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)pdf = In(1)16B;19F-20A. Tentatively placed in 16A and at 57.0 since pdf is covered by B[S]Y but not by Ymal[+]2. # Pdr: Purpleoider location: 3-46. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22f20. phenotypeThe combination pd/pd; Pdr/+ gives lighter, yellower eye color than pd alone. pd/+; Pdr/Pdr has eye color like pd/pd. pd/pd; Pdr/Pdr is lethal. Pdr/Pdr is rosier than wild type. Pdr/Pdr and pd/pd; Pdr/+ Malpighian tubes normal (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK3. # pe: petit location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous in In(3L)P. discoverer: Mohr, 38k30. references: 1939, DIS 12: 47. phenotypeBody small. Eyes small and rough. Viability good; female fertility low. RK2A. # peb: pebbled location: 1-7.3 (0.4 unit to the right of bi). discoverer: Dubinin. phenotypeEyes markedly rough at 28[o]-30[o]C, slightly rough (like S) at 25[o], and wild type at 19[o]. RK2 (28[o]-30[o]C). cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 4C7 through 4D2 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # pers: persimmon location: 3- (left arm). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37l2. references: 1940, DIS 14: 40. phenotypeEye color dull orange. Larval Malpighian tubes colorless (Brehme, 1942, Genetics 27: 133). Viability and fertility good. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3L)pers = In(3L)63C2-5;73B2-5. # Pfd: Pufdi location: 2-70.8. discoverer: Brierley, 1935. references: Shull, 1937, DIS 8: 10. 1938, Proc. Michigan Acad. Sci. 23: 647-49. Baker, 1950, Am. Naturalist 84: 51-70. phenotypeWings spread; fluid often accumulates between membranes. Degree of wing divergence inversely correlated with temperature; wings more divergent in male. In transfers from 19[o] to 31[o]C, temperature-effective period begins 6-8 hr before eclosion in male and 4-6 hr before eclosion in female and ends with eclosion. In transfers from 31[o] to 19[o]C, the temperature-sensitive period begins 8-10 hr before eclosion and ends 2-4 hr before eclosion (P. H. Baker, 1950). RK2. # pg: prong location: 2-40. discoverer: Mohr, 19e. references: 1923, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 32: 218. phenotypeExtra crossveins distal to anterior crossvein, usually incomplete. Overlaps wild type in at least 10% of flies. RK3. # Pgd[A]: Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase-A location: 1-0.9. origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Young. references: Kazazian, Young, and Childs, 1965, Science 150: 1601-2. Young, 1966, J. Heredity 57: 58-60 (fig.). phenotypeProduces phosphogluconate dehydrogenase that migrates faster in starch gel than that produced by Pgd[B]. Pgd[A]/Pgd[B] produces, in addition to the fast and slow bands, a hybrid band of intermediate mobility; hybrid enzyme may also be produced in vitro. Male and female produce equivalent enzyme levels. RK3. # Pgd[B] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Young. references: Kazazian, Young, and Childs, 1965, Science 150: 1601-2. Young, 1966, J. Heredity 57: 58-60 (fig.). phenotypeProduces a slow-migrating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Enzyme level same in male and female. RK3. # pi: pied location: 2-17. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Harnly, 38k31. phenotypeEyes like S but more extreme, smaller, and rougher; facets jumbled. Wings larger, flimsy, arched, and fringed. Male usually sterile, have abnormal genitalia. Viability erratic, varying from 20 to 80%. RK3. # pic: piccolo location: 3-52.1. origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeBristles short and fine; tergite morphology abnormal as in bb. Inviable in combination with pic[2l] and pic[3l]. Homozygote sterile. RK2. # pic[2l]: piccolo-2 lethal origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with pic and pic[3l]. RK3. # pic[3l] origin: X ray induced in a kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeLethal homozygous and in combination with pic and pic[2l]. RK3. # pig: pigmy location: 1-29. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l8. synonym: pg (preoccupied). references: 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotypeFly small and melanotic. Viability about 25% wild type. RK3. # pil-3: pilosus in third chromosome location: 3- (near or identical with tra). discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1953, J. Exptl. Zool. 122: 53-96 (fig.). phenotypeProduces setae on sixth sternite of male or transformed female. Semidominant. Enhanced by pil-X. RK3. # pil-X: pilosus in X location: 1- (left of w). discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1953, J. Exptl. Zool. 122: 53-96 (fig.). phenotypeProduces setae of varying numbers and sizes on the sixth sternite of male and of X/X; tra/tra female. Effect enhanced by presence of pil-3 and also by Y chromosome of tra stock. RK3. # Pin: Pin location: 2-107.3 (to the right of sp). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 39a9. references: 1940, DIS 13: 50. phenotypeThoracic bristles, especially dorsocentrals and scutellars, shortened and thick at base but taper sharply. Strong in homozygote; heterozygote reliably classified. RK1. cytology: Located between 60C5 and 60D2 on the basis that Pin[2] is lethal in combination with Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2 and Df(2R)Px[2] = Df(2R)60C5-6;60D9-10. # Pin[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 57b. references: 1960, DIS 34: 50. phenotypeThoracic bristles of heterozygote very short. At low temperature (17[o]C), heterozygote appears normal. Homozygote usually lethal; rare survivors have virtually no thoracic bristles. Pin[2]/Pin has smaller bristles than Pin[2]/+ and low viability. Pin[2]/Pin[Yt] is lethal. Df(2R)Px/Pin[2], Df(2R)Px[2]/Pin[2], and Df(2R)Px[4]/Pin[2] are also lethal. bw[+]Y; Pin[2]/+ has bristles intermediate in length between Pin[2]/+ and wild type. RK1. # Pin[Tac]: Pin-Tack origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Weiskettel, 57l. synonym: Tac. references: Kadel, 1958, DIS 32: 80. phenotypeAt 22[o]C, thoracic bristles very small; other bristles not so small. At 18[o], phenotype is nearly wild type. Older female holds wings in abnormal position. Homozygous lethal. RK1. # Pin[Yt]: Pin-Yellow tip origin: Spontaneous as one-half of a mosaic male. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 57e. synonym: Ylt. references: 1957, DIS 31: 81. phenotypeDistal third of thoracic bristles pale yellow, thin, and slightly twisted. Lethal homozygous and in combination with Pin and Pin[2]; survives in combination with Df(2R)Px and resembles Pin[Yt]/+. RK1. # pk: prickle location: 2-55.3 (between ap and tuf). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 38k. references: 1947, DIS 21: 68-69. phenotypePosterior acrostichals irregularly erect and whorled. Lateral costal hairs of wing regularly slanted anteriorly instead of posteriorly. Flies slightly larger than wild type. Occasional extra dorsocentral and scutellar bristles appear at temperatures above 23[o]C. RK1. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 42A3-19 on the basis of its inclusion in In(2R)Cy = In(2R)42A2-3;58A4-B1 and its being to the left of tuf, which is within Df(2R)M-S2[vg11] = Df(2R)40F-41A1;42A19-B1 (Sturtevant, 1959, DIS 23: 98). # pkh: pinkish location: 2-100. discoverer: Bridges, 14g27. references: 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 28: 365. Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 247 (fig.). phenotypeSpecific dilutor of w[e]. RK3. # pl: pleated location: 1-47.9. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Moore, 31c15. references: 1935, DIS 3: 27. phenotypeWings folded lengthwise in pleats. Overlaps wild type at 25[o]C, more extreme at 19[o]. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 13B2-F17 on the basis of its being included in Dp(1;f)A12 = Dp(1;f)1B-C;13B1-5 but not in the proximal part of the X derived from T(1;4)A4 = T(1;4)13F6-14A1;102F (inferred from Patterson, 1938, Am. Naturalist 72: 193-206, also frontispiece of Texas Univ. Publ. 4032). # Pl: Pearl location: 2-6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Rosin, 1948. references: 1951, DIS 25: 75. 1952, Rev. Suisse Zool. 59: 261-68. Nef, 1958, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 89: 272-319 (fig.). phenotypeHeterozygote has pearl-like nodes in wings. Wing margins often snipped; venation disturbed. Bristle pattern defective. Eyes small and rough. At 28[o]C, at least one of these characters always present; at 18[o], phenotype virtually normal. Viability good; fertility of male slightly reduced. Fraction of cells die in all imaginal disks. In wing disks, dead cells surrounded by epithelial cells and produce pearl-like structures in adult wing. Homozygote dies as pupa (Tschanz). RK2. # pld: pallid location: 1-0. origin: Found in progeny of flies treated with Janus green. discoverer: Muller, 28e20. synonym: pl. references: 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotypeBody and wings pale. Viability about 10% wild type. RK3. # plw: pale wing location: 1-37.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1959, DIS 33: 88. phenotypeBody, wings, and bristles pale silvery yellow. Eclosion delayed; viability low. RK3. # pn: prune location: 1-0.8. discoverer: Bridges, 16d14. phenotypeEye color of newly emerged fly transparent brownish red, darkening with age to brownish purple. Lethal with K-pn. Eye color autonomous in larval optic disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Eyes contain 26% normal red and 110% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). Larval Malpighian tube color normal (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosome locus placed at 2D5-6 by Demerec and Sutton (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191) and by J. I. Valencia. # pn[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 28f30. synonym: se-like 62. phenotypeEye color like pn but lighter and more ruby. Eyes contain 18% normal red pigment and 114% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). Larval Malpighian tube color normal (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). RK1. # pn[3] discoverer: Weinstein. phenotypeLike pn. RK1. # pn[5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Glass, 1929. references: 1934, DIS 2: 7. 1935, DIS 3: 14. phenotypeLike pn. RK1. other information: Induced in, but separable from, In(1)dl-49. # pn[26-20] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sobels, 57j. references: 1958, DIS 32: 85. phenotypeEye color like pn. RK1. # pn[27-9] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels, 57j. references: 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeLike pn. RK1. # pn[27-22] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels, 57j. references: 1958, DIS 32: 84. phenotypeLike pn. RK1. # pn[51b] origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: R. C. King, 51b. references: 1952, DIS 26: 65. phenotypeLike pn. RK1. # pn[51h8] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: W. K. Baker, 51h8. references: 1956, DIS 30: 69. phenotypeLike pn. RK1. # pn[55] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kivett, 1955. references: Clancy, 1959, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeLike pn. RK1. # pn[62] origin: X ray induced in Y[S].Y[L], In(1)EN+dl-49, y v f. discoverer: Petty, 62d. phenotypeLike pn. K-pn sensitive. RK1A. # pn[I10Ac4] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49. discoverer: Muller, Valencia, and Valencia, 1946-53. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. cytology: Associated with Df(1)pn[I10Ac4] = Df(1)2C8-9;3A1-2 (J. I. Valencia). # po: pale ocelli location: 2-65.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38d1. phenotypeOcelli virtually colorless; some pigment bordering inner margins. Eye color slightly brighter than wild type. RK2. # po[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20j13. synonym: do: dilute ocelli. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 224. phenotypeOcelli pale. RK3. # pod-G: podoptera of Goldschmidt location: Multifactorial. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1943. references: 1945, Science 101: 389-90. 1945, J. Morphol. 77: 71-103 (fig.). Goldschmidt, Hannah, and Piternick, 1951, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 55: 67-294. phenotypeWing transformation into legs varies from almost wild type to three-jointed, leg-like appendages. Penetrance of 1-2% was increased to 2-4% by selection. Scalloped, blistered, and unexpanded wings and various abnormalities of legs are pleiotropic effects. RK3. other information: Podoptera may be similar to tetraltera effects. # pod-H: podoptera of Hannah location: Multifactoral (principal factor on chromosome 2). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hannah, 1943. references: Goldschmidt, Hannah, and Piternick, 1951, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 55: 67-294. phenotypeWings transformed into leg-like appendages. Legs characteristically changed and parts often duplicated. Average penetrance of 2.5% increases to 5% in selected lines. Somatic elimination of X chromosome produces more than 2% gynandromorphs. RK3. other information: Claimed to have a maternally inherited component. # pod-K: podoptera of Kellen-Piternick location: Multifactorial. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kellen-Piternick, 1944. references: Goldschmidt, Hannah, and Piternick, 1951, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 55: 67-294. phenotypeLike pod-G. Wings sometimes replaced by palpus-like structure. Average penetrance 30% in X/X/Y females and X/Y males. Females without Y or Y[L] do not show podoptera phenotype. Rough eyes, notched wings, and absence of postverticals occur. RK3. # pod-M: podoptera in M(3)w-124 location: Multifactorial. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Piternick, 1944. references: Goldschmidt, Hannah, and Piternick, 1951, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 55: 67-294. phenotypeWings transformed into leg-like structures. Penetrance of 15% in selected stocks is increased by presence of Y[L]. RK3. # pop: popeye location: 1-0.4. origin: Induced by p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylbutyric acid (CB. 1348). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeEyes small, round, bulging, and rough. Often some central ommatidia protrude. Small body. Wings short, broad, and frequently blistered. Male sterile; viability less than 10% wild type. RK3. # port: port location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Morgan, 14c. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 125. phenotypeEye color slightly diluted. RK3. # port-b: port-b location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Bridges, 19i11. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 214. phenotypeEye color maroon. RK3. # pph: polyphenic location: 1-60.8 (originally located at 61.0 but genetic location arbitrarily interchanged with that of sby for consistency with cytological observations). origin: Induced by D-1:6-dimethanesulfonyl mannitol (CB. 2511). discoverer: Fahmy, 1959. synonym: pph-61: polyphene 61. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotypeBody small. Eyes brighter than normal. Wing size and shape slightly altered. Scutellar bristles occasionally kinked. Both sexes viable; fertility of homozygous female low. RK3. cytology: Not included in deficiency for 18A4 through 18B8 produced by combining left end of In(1)y[4] = In(1)1A8-B1;18A3-4 and right end of In(1)sc[9] = In(1)1B2-3;18B8-9 (Norton and Valencia, 1965, DIS 40: 40). # pr: purple location: 2-54.5. discoverer: Bridges, 12b20. references: 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 28: 264-305. Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 169 (fig.). Sturtevant and Beadle, 1939, An Introduction to Genetics, Saunders, p. 64 (fig.). phenotypeEye color ruby at hatching, darkening to purplish ruby with age; orange in combination with st, reddish brown in combination with bw (Mainx, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 75: 256-76). Eye color autonomous in larval optic disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes normal (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). A lethal interaction of pr and ey reported by Clemente (1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., p. 90) could not be confirmed by Green (1955, DIS 29: 121). RK1. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 37B2 through 40B2 on the basis of its being within the deficiency from T(Y;2)H = T(Y;2)37B1-2;40B2-3. # pr[2] discoverer: L. V. Morgan. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 233. phenotypeEye redder than in pr. RK1. # pr[42d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nolte, 42d. references: 1957, DIS 31: 84. phenotypeEye color somewhat more transparent than pr and has a redder tone; less brown pigment than pr (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53: 1-10). RK1. # pr[bw]: purple-brown origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38d20. phenotypeEye color brownish pink; lighter in female. RK2. # pr[lM60]: purple-lethal of Meyer origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Meyer, 60g. references: 1963, DIS 37: 51. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. pr[lM60]/pr has purple eye. RK2. other information: May be a small deficiency. # pr[M60] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Meyer, 60f. references: 1963, DIS 37: 51. phenotypeEye color dark brown in pr[M60]/pr; light apricot in pr[M60] cn homozygote at eclosion. RK1. # pr[s]: purple-sterile origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 38k. references: 1937, DIS 13: 50. phenotypeEye color weak pr. Eggs of pr[s]/pr[s] female do not hatch; eggs of heterozygote and pr[s]/pr female develop normally. Viability good. Male fertile. RK2. # Pr: Prickly location: 3-90.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 27e17. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22: 299-334 (fig.). 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotypeBristles very short; tips thin and twisted. Postdorsocentrals and scutellars usually missing; dark granule present beneath normal bristle location. Homozygote has low viability. RK1. # Pr[L]: Prickly-Long origin: Spontaneous derivative of Pr. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 65f. phenotypeBristles of Pr[L]/+ one-third as long as wild type; longer than Pr/+. Enhanced by H/+ so that it resembles Pr/+. Homozygote viable, has small vestiges of bristles. RK1. # pra: prawny abdomen location: 1-15.2. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 88. phenotypeThorax narrow. Abdomen slender, often flexed between fourth and fifth segments. Wings short, rather broad, and often held atypically. Eclosion delayed. Viability about 15% wild type. RK3. # Ps: Pigmentless location: 2-57.5 (inseparable from cn). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 56l15. references: 1959, DIS 33: 95. phenotypeBlack strips on last abdominal segments of female reduced; expression variable. Male unaffected. Homozygous lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal. # pt: platinum location: 1-23.1. origin: Deuteron induced. discoverer: Hildreth, 51h. synonym: pa (preoccupied). references: 1953, DIS 27: 56. phenotypeBody color very pale yellow, almost colorless. Bristles colorless and translucent except for dark bases. Male sterile and short lived. Tyrosinase forms in adult (Horowitz and Fling). RK2. # Pt-1[1.01]: Protein 1 with mobility of 1.01 location: 3- (10 crossovers with gl[3] among 43 tested). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Hubby. references: 1963, Genetics 48: 871-79 (fig.). phenotypeProtein 1 is one of about 10 bands found after electrophoresis on acrylamide gel of the 40-50% ammonium sulfate out of whole fly homogenates. Protein 1 produced by Pt-1[1.01] has a relative electrophoretic mobility of 1.01 under conditions used by Hubby (1963). RK3. other information: May be the same locus as Pt-8 described by Duke (1966, Genet. Res. 7: 287-94). # Pt-1[1.13] origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Hubby. references: 1963, Genetics 48: 871-79 (fig.). phenotypePt-1[1.13]/Pt-1[1.13] produces protein 1 with electrophoretic mobility 1.13. Pt-1[1.01]/Pt-1[1.13] produces both protein types but none with intermediate mobility. RK3. # Pt-4[n]: Protein 4-negative location: 1- (not located). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Pantelouris and Duke. references: 1963, Genet. Res. 4: 441-45 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote apparently lacks detectable amount of one of a number of protein fractions demonstrable by starch gel electrophoresis of larval lymph [fraction A according to Pantelouris and Duke (1963); fraction 4 according to Duke (1966, Genet. Res. 7: 287-94)]. RK3. # Pt-5[n] location: 2- (not located). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Pantelouris and Duke. references: 1963, Genet. Res. 4: 441-45 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote apparently lacks detectable amount of one of a number of protein fractions demonstrable by starch gel electrophoresis of larval lymph [fraction B of Pantelouris and Duke (1963); fraction 5 of Duke (1966, Genet. Res. 7: 287-94)]. RK3. # Pt-5p[n]: Protein 5 prime-negative location: 2- (not located). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Pantelouris and Duke. references: 1963, Genet. Res. 4: 441-45 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote apparently lacks detectable amount of one of a number of protein fractions demonstrable by starch gel electrophoresis of larval lymph [fraction C of Pantelouris and Duke (1963); fraction 5' of Duke (1966, Genet. Res. 7: 287-94)]. RK3. # Pt-8[n] location: 3- (not located). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Duke. references: 1966, Genet. Res. 7: 287-94 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote apparently lacks detectable amount of one of a number of protein fractions demonstrable by starch gel electrophoresis of larval lymph (fraction 8). RK3. other information: May be the same locus as Pt-1 described by Hubby (1963, Genetics 48: 871-79). # Pt-9[n] location: Autosomal. origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Duke. references: 1966, Genet. Res. 7: 287-94 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote apparently lacks detectable amount of one of a number of protein fractions demonstrable by starch gel electrophoresis of larval lymph (fraction 9). RK3. # Pt-13[n] location: Autosomal. origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Duke. references: 1966, Genet. Res. 7: 287-94 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote apparently lacks detectable amount of one of a number of protein fractions demonstrable by starch gel electrophoresis of larval lymph (fraction 13). RK3. # pte: pterygion location: 1-1.4. origin: Induced by 1:4-dimethanesulfonoxybut-2-yne (CB. 2058). discoverer: Fahmy, 1951. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeWings shortened, usually spread, and slightly drooping. Eyes misshapen and somewhat rough. Abdomen disproportionately large. Eclosion slightly delayed and viability about 20% wild type. RK3. # ptg: pentagon location: 1-23.2. discoverer: Bridges, 22l8. phenotypeThoracic trident darker than wild type, especially the pentagonal spot just ahead of scutellum; more extreme at 19[o]C. Hard to classify in young flies. RK3. cytology: Located in salivary chromosome region 7C4-8C2 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Further restricted to 7E1 through 8C2 on the basis of its exclusion from Df(1)sn = Df(1)7B2-3;7D22-E1 (Hinton and Welshons, 1955, DIS 29: 125-26). # ptg[2] discoverer: L. V. Morgan, 24j21. references: 1935, DIS 3: 14. phenotypePentagonal spot darker and sharper than in ptg. Scutellum often dark and prongs of trident sometimes so. Best classification at lower temperatures. RK2 at 19[o]C. # ptg[3] discoverer: Kaliss, 35l. synonym: cro: crown. references: 1937, DIS 7: 6, 18. Felsenstein, 1937, DIS 7: 21. phenotypeTrident darker than in ptg; dark color extends to head, sides, and abdomen. RK2. other information: Occasionally reverts to wild type or weak ptg. Allelism with ptg shown by Bridges. # ptg[4] origin: Spontaneous in In(1)AM. discoverer: Curry, 38b8. phenotypeDarkness of pentagon intermediate between that of ptg and ptg[2]. RK2A. # pu: pupal location: 2-51. discoverer: Duncan, 20d. synonym: pads-b. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 232. phenotypeWings unexpanded or incompletely expanded. More extreme at 19[o]C. RK2. cytology: Placed in region between 34E5 and 35D1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)35E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). other information: Not allelic to pads. # Pu: Punch location: 2-97 (location of Pu[2]). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 28k4. references: Muller, 1930, J. Genet. 22: 326 (fig.). Oliver, 1932, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 61: 484. 1935, DIS 3: 14. phenotypeEye color dilute purple. Gives normal eye color when heterozygous with T(2;4)A34 = T(2;4)56F6-7 (Oliver, 1943, Anat. Record 87: 461). Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Pu = T(2;3)40F-41A;70D-E + T(2;3)57B5-C1;79F. Tentatively placed in region 57B-C on the basis of breakpoint common to T(2;3)Pu, T(2;3)Pu[Gr] = T(2;3)57C;81F, and T(2;3)Pu[W] = T(2;3)57B-C;80. # Pu[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 57b. references: 1960, DIS 34: 50. phenotypeHeterozygote has purplish eye color resembling pr. Homozygous lethal. Pu[2]/Pu, Pu[2]/Pu[Gr], and Pu[2]/Pu[W] also lethal. RK1. cytology: Apparently not associated with a chromosomal rearrangement. # Pu[Gr]: Punch-Grape origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 29l. synonym: p[Gr]: pink-Grape. references: Glass, 1933, J. Genet. 28: 69-112 (fig.). 1934, Am. Naturalist 68: 111. phenotypeEye color rosy purple. With st, eyes show patchwork of light to deep orange areas. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Pu[Gr] = T(2;3)57C;81F (Lewis, 1956, DIS 30: 130). # Pu[K]: Punch of Krivshenko origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 53k24. synonym: Pm[K]. references: 1954, DIS 28: 75. Rowan, 1966, DIS 41: 166-67. phenotypeLike Pu[Gr]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)Pu[K] = In(2R)41;57E-F. # Pu[rv]: Punch-reversed origin: X-ray-induced derivative of Pu. discoverer: Oliver, 32l27. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., p. 228. phenotypeEye color appears wild type at 25[o]C; frequently homogeneous brownish shade in young flies at 16[o]. Pu/Pu[rv] flies viable but sterile; eye color like Pu/+; often wings are opaque, bristles thin, trident dark, and eyes rough, dark, and sometimes variegated. Homozygous lethal. RK3A. cytology: Reportedly associated with T(2;3)Pu[rv] = T(2;3)57B5-C1;79F superimposed on T2;3)Pu = T(2;3)40F-41A1;70D-E + T(2;3)57B5-C1;79F. # Pu[W]: Punch-Wine origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 55h. phenotypeLike Pu with variegated appearance. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Pu[W] = T(2;3)57B-C;80. # pub: pubescent location: 1-63. origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. references: 1950, DIS 24: 55. phenotypeHairs and bristles M-like; black pigment on terminal abdominal segments nearly absent; male sterile. Tendency toward short, fat, gnarled legs; shortened L2; and posterior nicking of wings. After several generations, only bristle effect and male sterility remained. RK3. # Pub: Pub location: 1- (rearrangement). discoverer: P. Farnsworth. references: Lefevre, 1954, DIS 28: 75. phenotypeEye size of heterozygote variably reduced, ranging from something like B[i]/+ to wild type. Eyes of homozygote greatly reduced, similar to double Bar. Interacts with B to give small, glazed, almost facetless eyes. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)Pub; breakpoints unknown. # puf: puff location: 2-58. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 35k19. phenotypeWings puffed or blistered; effect centering in third posterior cell; wings warped and creased longitudinally along vein L3. Penetrance usually 90-100% in female and 20-40% in male. RK3. # pun: puny location: 1-41.1. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1950. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeBody small. Wings slightly shorter than normal. Eyes occasionally deformed. Eclosion delayed. Both sexes fertile; viability about 50% wild type. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1356 and CB. 3025. # pvt: postverticalless location: 1-20.9. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 88. phenotypeWings either divergent or slightly held up. Thoracic hairs sparse, and one or both postvertical bristles almost invariably absent. Shape of head and eyes varies from almost normal to anteroposterior flattening of head and deep grooving of eyes. Male viable and fertile; female sterile. RK2. # pw: pink wing location: 2-14. discoverer: Bridges, 20b17. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 213. 1931, Eos 7: 229-48. phenotypeEye color like pink. Wings shorter than normal and crumpled. Viability low. RK3. # Pw: Pointed wing location: 3-94.1. discoverer: Bridges, 21c29. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 238 (fig.). phenotypeWings narrowed slightly at tips; extra venation near tips of L3 and L4. Homozygous lethal. RK3. other information: Not an allele of Bd (3-93.8). # pw-c: pink wing-c location: 2-79. discoverer: Bridges, 31c18. phenotypeEye color lighter than normal. Wings short and blunt. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # px: plexus location: 2-100.5. discoverer: Bridges, 14h20. references: Bridges, and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 251 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 212 (fig.), 233. phenotypeWings have network of extra veins, especially toward tips and margins; L4 bent near tip. Semidominant with some Minutes. Suppressed by S (Bedichek, 1936, DIS 5: 24). Venation effect caused by inadequate contraction of wing during pupal stage, leaving spaces between epithelial layers (Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139). RK1. cytology: Placed in 58F on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2R)M-1 = Df(2R)57F11-58A1;58F8-59A1 and Dp(2;3)P from T(2;3)P = T(2;3)58E3-F2;60D14-E2;96B5-C1 [Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55]. # px[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Villee, 40a. references: 1942, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 125-84. phenotypeLike px. RK1. # px[52g] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Iyengar, 52g. references: Iyengar and Meyer, 1956, DIS 30: 73. phenotypeLike px. RK1A. cytology: Induced simultaneously with In(2LR)px[52g]; breakpoints not determined. # px[54h] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Meyer, 54h. references: 1954, DIS 28: 77. phenotypeLike px. RK1. # px[55k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Williams, 55k. references: 1956, DIS 30: 80. phenotypeLike px. RK1. # Px: Plexate location: 2-107.2 (107.0-107.4 inclusive). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22f6. references: 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeWing veins of heterozygote have plexus-like or delta-like thickenings, most often near posterior crossvein, and free fragments of veins, most often in third posterior cell; L4 bent near margin. Wings smaller and narrower than wild type and dusky textured. Closely resembles bs. Expression more extreme in female and enhanced by cold (19[o]C). Homozygote lethal in egg stage (Li, 1927, Genetics 12: 1-58). RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;60D1-2. Locus placed in salivary chromosome region 60C6 through 60D1 on the basis of the region of overlap of Df(2R)Px and Df(2R)Px[2] = Df(2R)60C5-6;60D9-10 (Bridges, 1937). other information: May be part of a pseudoallelic complex with ba and bs. # Px[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 32l1. references: Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55. phenotypeLike Px. Px[2]/Px is lethal. Homozygote dies as embryo. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)Px[2] = Df(2R)60C5-6;60D9-10 (Bridges, 1937). # Px[4] origin: Synthetic. discoverer: Thompson, 56f. references: Burdick, 1956, DIS 30: 69. phenotypeWing venation like Px. Thickening of L5 at posterior crossvein produces a vesicle, as in bs. More extreme in female. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)Px[4] = In(2LR)22A3-B1;60B-C[L];21C8-D1;60D1-2[R] derived from single recombinant between In(2LR)bw[Vl] and SM1, which is deficiency for 60B-69D1. # Px[5] origin: Spontaneous in In(2LR)bw[V1]. discoverer: Thompson, 1957. references: 1963, DIS 38: 28. phenotypeSacs or vesicles in wing but little irregularity of venation. Lethal in homozygote and in heterozygote with other Px alleles. RK1A. other information: bs and ba affected but not sp. # pyd: polychaetoid location: 3-39. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 39h31. synonym: Pch. references: 1935, DIS 3: 28. 1937, DIS 7: 15. Neel, 1939, Genetics 24: 81. 1941, Genetics 26: 52-68. 1943, Genetics 28: 49-68. phenotypeExtra bristles present in homozygote at or near almost all normal bristle locations but most frequently in dorsocentral and scutellar regions. Heterozygote in some stocks occasionally shows extra bristles, especially vibrissae. Character expressed better at low temperatures and in large flies. Combinations with h and Hw generally superadditive for bristle number. RK3. # pym: polymorph location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bryson, 1939. references: 1940, DIS 13: 49. phenotypeEye color translucent dull ruby. Wings small, may be absent. Bristles slightly Minute. Posterior crossvein often missing. Both sexes sterile. Viability low, especially in female. RK3. # pym[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 1941. references: 1942, Am. Naturalist 76: 630-34. phenotypeEyes ruby; ocelli pale. Body small and abnormally shaped. Wings small, thin, and wavy; second crossvein often interrupted or missing; plexus often present near wing tip or in third posterior cell; marginal hairs irregular; shallow incisions present in posterior margin. Bristles slender and either increased or decreased in number. External genitalia normal in both sexes and internal genitalia abnormal. Viability about 80% normal. RK3. # pyp: polyphene location: 1-53.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 37l26. phenotypeWings spread, yellowish, and have uneven surface. Trace of extra vein in third posterior cell near second crossvein. Eyes rough, pitted, bulging, and smaller than wild type. Trident more darkly pigmented in male. Female sterile. Viability about 70% wild type. RK3. # pys: polychaetous location: 2-52. discoverer: Curry, 37k15. phenotypeExtra or double bristles present; most easily seen are scutellars, dorsocentrals, orbitals, and vibrissae. Extra bristles on scutellum curve upward. Overlaps wild type at 19[o]C; classification good at 28[o]-30[o]. RK3. # Q: Queer wing location: 2- (not located). discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 1931. phenotypeWings irregularly incised; marginal bristles irregular. Heterozygote has low penetrance; homozygote better. RK3. # Qd: Quadroon location: 1-6.8. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Thompson, 58k. references: 1959, DIS 33: 99. phenotypeBroad dark band on margins of all abdominal tergites, giving abdomen superficial appearance of uniform darkness. Viability of heterozygous female normal, of homozygous female 40% normal, and of male 30% normal. RK2. # r: rudimentary location: 1-54.5. discoverer: Morgan, 10f. references: 1915, Am. Naturalist 49: 240-50. Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 25 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 24, 56-57, 234 (fig.). phenotypeWings obliquely truncated to about tip of abdomen; marginal hairs sparse and ruffled; veins L4 and L5 generally shortened. Wings usually arclike and often blistered. Viability irregular. Female usually sterile in cross with r male but occasionally gives a few offspring (mostly daughters) in outcross; for morphology of female sterility, see r[39]. RK2. other information: The r locus was subdivided into six complementation groups by Fahmy and Fahmy (1959, Nature 184: 1927-29) and into at least three groups, on the basis of both complementation and recombination analysis, by Green (1963, Genetica 34: 242-53). Unfortunately, the two analyses were performed on different groups of mutants, and the maps cannot be correlated. Complementation varies from partial to complete, and the degree may be related to distance apart on the complementation map. # r[2] discoverer: Bridges, 14g. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 151. phenotypeLike r. RK2. # r[2L]: rudimentary of Lancefield discoverer: Lancefield. references: 1918, Am. Naturalist 52: 264-69. phenotypeLike r. RK2. # r[3] discoverer: Sturtevant, 17j30. phenotypeLike r except that about one-third of females are fertile (Lynch, 1919, Genetics 4: 501-33). RK2. # r[9] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20b3. synonym: r[7]. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 234. phenotypeWings truncated. Veins sometimes incomplete; slight deltas at crossveins; marginal hairs uneven. Female usually fertile. RK1. # r[12] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 22k8. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 234. phenotypeMuch less extreme than r and somewhat less so than r[9]; female more fertile. Overlaps wild type in female. RK3. # r[14] discoverer: Bridges, 24d4. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 234. phenotypeFormerly more extreme than r, later less extreme. RK2. # r[35] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gottschewski, 1935. phenotypeStrong allele of r. RK2. # r[35a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 35a10. references: 1939, DIS 12: 48. phenotypeLike r but less viable. RK3. # r[39] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Auerbach, 1951. references: Counce, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 482-92. phenotypeWings like r. Homozygous female sterile in cross to r[39] male; fertile in outcross, producing mostly daughters (1-3% of progeny are male). Homozygous female produces many malformed eggs and unfertilized eggs with normal morphology. Ovarian development often retarded or fails. Yolk deposition affected. Lethal effect in progeny results from generalized disturbance in differentiation 13-16 hr after fertilization at 25[o]C. Surviving embryos hatch late and may produce larvae that neither move nor feed. RK2. # r[39k] origin: Recovered among progeny of cold-treated female. discoverer: L. V. Morgan, 39k9. synonym: r[s1] (Green, 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53). references: 1940, DIS 13: 51. phenotypeWings short and crumpled; legs weak. Homozygous female sterile, but r/r[39k] female partially fertile. RK2. other information: Complements completely with r[s2]; partially with r[X7], r[X8], r[X9], r[X10], and r[X14]; and slightly with r[X3]. Genetically to the left of r[S2], r[X7], r[X8], r[X9], r[X10], and r[X14] (Green, 1963). # r[41] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Auerbach, 1951. references: Counce, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 482-92. phenotypeLike r[39] but slightly more extreme. RK2. # r[53l] origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 53l. references: 1959, Nature 184: 1927-29. phenotypeTypical r. RK2. other information: Occupies complementation group III of the Fahmys. # r[54c] origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 54c. references: 1959, Nature 184: 1927-29. phenotypeTypical r. RK2. other information: Occupies complementation group I of the Fahmys. # r[54d] origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 54d. references: 1959, Nature 184: 1927-29. phenotypeTypical r. RK2. other information: Occupies complementation groups I and II of the Fahmys. Complementation group II inferred from its interaction with r[55a]. # r[54j] origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 54j. references: 1959, Nature 184: 1927-29. phenotypeTypical r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele. Fourteen such alleles found among 31 tested by the Fahmys. # r[55a] origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 55a. references: 1959, Nature 184: 1927-29. phenotypeTypical r. RK2. other information: Occupies complementation groups II and III of the Fahmys. # r[55k] origin: Induced by p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylethylamine (CB. 3034). discoverer: Fahmy, 55k. references: 1959, Nature 184: 1927-29. phenotypeTypical r. RK2. other information: Occupies complementation group V of the Fahmys. Seven such alleles among 31 tested by the Fahmys. # r[56d] origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 56d. references: 1959, Nature 184: 1927-29. phenotypeTypical r. RK2. other information: Occupies complementation groups IV and V of the Fahmys. # r[56j] origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 56j. references: 1959, Nature 184: 1927-29. phenotypeTypical r. RK2. other information: Occupies complementation groups I through IV of the Fahmys. # r[56k] origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 56k. references: 1959, Nature 184: 1927-29. phenotypeTypical r. RK2. other information: Occupies complementation group VI of the Fahmys. Four such alleles among 31 tested by the Fahmys. # r[58a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: M. Burdick, 1958. references: A. B. Burdick, 1961, DIS 35: 45. phenotypeLike r and r[9]. Females sterile. RK2. # r[63c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Clancy, 63c. references: 1964, DIS 39: 65. phenotypeLike r. Female conditionally sterile. RK2. other information: Does not complement with r[39k] or r[S]. # r[G]: rudimentary of Goldschmidt origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: r[px b1]. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 501-3. phenotypeLike r. RK2. # r[H] origin: Induced by formaldehyde. discoverer: Auerbach, 1951. references: Counce, 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 482-92. phenotypeLike r[3]. RK2. # r[K]: rudimentary of Krivshenko discoverer: Krivshenko. references: Agol, 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeWings like r. Semilethal; female sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)r[K]; proximal break in chromocenter. # r[s2]: rudimentary-spontaneous origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green, 59k22. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complements with r[39k], r[s8], r[X5], r[X13], and r[X14]. Genetically to the right of r[39k], r[X5], r[X13], and r[X14]. # r[s3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green, 58b. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complements slightly with r[X14]. Genetically to the right of r[39k]. # r[s4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green, 59b. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele. # r[s5] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green, 60i7. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele located to the right of r[39k] by recombination. # r[s6] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green, 60l12. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele located to the left of r[s2] by recombination. # r[s7] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green, 60l12. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele. # r[s8] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green, 61g2. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complements like r[39k]. Genetically to the right of r[X10]. # r[S]: rudimentary-Swiss origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hadorn, 59d. references: Rohr, 1962, DIS 36: 39. phenotypeLike r. Wings smaller in homozygous female than in male. Duplicated bristles often arising from same socket. Lateral marginal wing bristles of r[S]/r[12], but not r[S]/r[39k] or r[S]/r[9], occasionally normal. Female sterile. RK2. # r[SN]: rudimentary of Silberman discoverer: Silberman.. references: Agol, 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeLike r. RK2. # r[X1]: rudimentary from X irradiation origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60b13. references: 1963, Genetics 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele located to the right of r[39k] by recombination. # r[X2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60c15. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele located to the left of r[s2] by recombination. # r[X3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60c15. references: 1953, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complements slightly with r[39k], r[s8], r[X5], and r[X13]. Genetically to the right of r[39k]. # r[X4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60c15. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele. # r[X5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60c15. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complementation behavior like r[39k]. Genetically to the left of r[s2] and r[X10]. # r[X6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60d1. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 342-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele located to the right of r[39k] by recombination. # r[X7] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60e24. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Shows partial complementation with r[39k], r[s8], and r[X5]. Genetically to the right of r[39k]. # r[X8] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 58a. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complements completely with r[X13] and partially with r[39k], r[s8], r[X5], and r[X14]. Genetically to the right of r[39k]. # r[X9] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor, 57a. references: Green, 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complementation pattern like r[X8]. Genetically to the right of r[39k]. # r[X10] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gloor, 57a. references: Green, 1963, Genetics 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complementation pattern like r[X8]. Genetically to the right of r[39k]. # r[X11] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60k27. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele. # r[X12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60k27. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: A noncomplementing allele located to the right of r[39k] by recombination. # r[X13] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 60k27. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complements completely with r[s2], r[X8], r[X9], and r[X10]; partially with r[X14]; and slightly with r[X3]. Genetically to the left of r[s2]. # r[X14] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 62j7. references: 1963, Genetica 34: 242-53. phenotypeLike r. RK2. other information: Complements completely with r[s2]; partially with r[39k], r[s8], r[X5], r[X8], r[X9], r[X10], and r[X13]; and slightly with r[s3] and r[s5]. Genetically between r[39k] and r[s2]. # R: Roughened location: 3-1.4. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 35i. phenotypeEyes of R/+ rough, have some large dark facets. Male genitalia frequently rotated and male sometimes sterile; viability about 80% wild type. Homozygote semilethal; wings spread. Thorax short; acrostichal hairs deranged, some missing; eyes small. Homozygous female fertile. RK1. # R[51b] origin: Recovered among progeny of female treated as embryo with cold shock. discoverer: Mickey, 51b21. references: 1951, DIS 25: 74. 1951, Genetics 36: 565-66. phenotypeEyes of heterozygote small, oblong, and rough; facets and eye hairs irregular. Viability good. Homozygote lethal. R[51b]/R has very small eyes, much fusion of facets, and resembles gl and Gl. RK1. # ra: rase location: 3-97.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Beadle, 34d. references: 1935, DIS 4: 10. phenotypeBristles and hairs small and irregularly absent, especially from head and thorax. Viability good; developmental time normal. RK2. # ra[2] origin: Spontaneous in In(3R)P. discoverer: Mossige, 36k21. synonym: bd: bald. references: 1937, DIS 8: 9. phenotypeHomozygote lacks all head bristles and some scutellars. Heterozygote has extra anterior scutellars in about 30% of flies. RK2A. cytology: Occurred in and probably inseparable from In(3R)P = In(3R)89C2-4;96A18-19. # rab: rabbit location: 1-58. origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. references: 1950, DIS 24: 55. phenotypeHairs on mesonotum near dorsocentral bristles turned inward toward midline. Air bubbles occasionally in thorax, beneath dorsocentrals, and scutellum. Wings rarely held up. Viability and fertility normal. RK2(A). other information: Slight disturbance of crossing over proximally. # rag: ragged location: 3-37 (Steinberg). discoverer: Charles, 1932. references: Dunn, 1934, DIS 1: 30. phenotypeHairs missing from sections of wing margin. RK3. # rai: raisin location: 3-17 (Stanley). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hersh. references: 1953, DIS 27: 55. phenotypeEye color deep brown, like se. Eclosion delayed 1 or 2 days. RK2. # ras: raspberry location: 1-32.8. origin: Recovered among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Muller, 28d17. references: 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotypeEye color dark ruby, 25% normal red pigment and 114% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). Color autonomous in larval optic disks transplanted into wild type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes nearly wild type, not useful for classification Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. cytology: Placed in 9E-F on the basis of its being included in the section of the X translocated into the base of 3R by T(2;3)ras[v] = T(1;3)9E;13C;81F and its genetic position to the left of v in 10A1-2. # ras[2] discoverer: Grossman, 1932. references: Dunn, 1934, DIS 1: 30. phenotypeEye color translucent ruby, lighter than ras and darkens less with age. Eyes contain 15% normal red pigment and 103% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1959, Heredity 13: 233-41). RK1. # ras[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 37b18. phenotypeEye color of male maroon, light and translucent immediately after eclosion, becomes nearly wild type after 1 day. Female wild type. RK3. # ras[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 38f. phenotypeLike ras but female sterile. RK2. # ras[v]: raspberry-variegated origin: Fast neutron induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1953. references: Brokaw, 1954, DIS 28: 73. phenotypeVariegates for ras. Homozygous viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ras[v] = T(1;3)9E;13C;81F (Lewis). # rb: ruby location: 1-7.5. discoverer: Bridges, 14j18. phenotypeEye color clear ruby, white in combination with w[a], orange with st, and brownish red with bw (Mainx, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 75: 256-76). Development of pigment autonomous in rb eye disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosome location between 4C8 and 4D1 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191; J. I. Valencia). Located at 4C7-8 or possibly 4C6 by Hannah. # rb[48a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fox, 48a7. references: 1948, DIS 22: 53. 1949, Genetics 34: 647-64. phenotypeLike rb. Fly lacks an antigen produced by wild type; the same antigen removed by v[48a]. rb[48a] fly has no antigen not shared with wild type or v[48a]. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # rb[m48aH5]: ruby-mottled origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49. discoverer: Muller, Valencia, and Valencia, 1946-53. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. cytology: Associated with In(1)rb[m48aH5] = In(1)3E3-4;11A7-8;20F. Euchromatic section of X inserted into XR in reverse order. # rb[R15BH3] origin: X ray induced in R(1)2. discoverer: Muller, Valencia, and Valencia, 1946-53. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. cytology: Associated with Df(1)rb[R15BH3] = Df(1)4B4-5;4D5-6 (J. I. Valencia). # rc: red cells location: 2-36.8 (between d and J). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1946. synonym: rbc: red blood cells. references: 1950, DIS 24: 59. Jones and Lewis, 1957, Biol. Bull. 112: 220-24 (fig.). Grell, 1961, Genetics 46: 925-33. phenotyperc/rc normal; in lys rc/lys rc, fat cells of head and thorax acquire brownish red pigment. Effect most prominant in one or more rows of pigmented cells along mid-dorsal line of thorax just beneath chitin. Pigment is ommochrome since lys rc bw cells are pigmented, whereas v; lys rc cells are colorless except in kynurenine-fed flies. RK3. # rc[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: R. F. Grell, 1957. references: Grell, 1961, Genetics 46: 925-33. phenotypeWild type at 25[o]C on standard medium; at 17[o], a few red fat cells are visible. Early third instar larvae placed on glucose-agar medium produce flies with numerous red cells. lys rc[2] has red cells under any conditions. RK3. # rd: reduced location: 2-51.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 17g15. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 233. phenotypeBristles, in varying numbers and positions, strongly reduced in size; others unaffected. Reduced bristles usually curved and pointing in odd directions. Sternopleurals best criterion. Male more extreme than female. Female usually sterile (Lynch, 1919, Genetics 4: 501-33). RK2. cytology: Placed in region between 35C3 and 36B5 on the basis of its being to the right of Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 and to the left of the deficiency from T(Y;2)G = T(Y;2)36B5-C1;40F. # rd[s]: reduced-scraggly origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 18j2. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 235. phenotypeMore bristles reduced and remaining ones more irregular than in rd. More extreme in male. Abdominal banding abnormal in female. Both sexes fertile. RK1. # RD(1): Recovery Disrupter (1) location: 1-62.9 [10% of the distance between car and su(f)]. origin: Found in a chronically irradiated population obtained from B. Wallace. discoverer: Hanks, 1957. references: Novitski and Hanks, 1961, Nature 190: 989-90. Erickson and Hanks, 1961, Am. Naturalist 95: 247-50. phenotypeMales containing this factor, RD(2), and certain other factors produce approximately 67% female and 33% male progeny. The effect is not produced by zygotic mortality but by a mechanism that operates during meiosis, leading to fragmentation of the Y chromosome and production of fewer than 64 sperm heads per sperm bundle (Erickson, 1965, Genetics 51: 555-71). The effect is maximal at 25[o]C and less pronounced at both 18[o] and 27[o]. Viability good but fertility reduced in both sexes. RK3. # RD(2) location: 2- (not located). origin: Found in a chronically irradiated population obtained from B. Wallace. discoverer: Hanks, 1960. references: Novitski and Hanks, 1961, Nature 190: 989-90. phenotypeMales with this factor, RD(1), and certain other factors produce about 67% female progeny. RK3. # rdb: reddish brown location: 1-21.7. origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 89. phenotypeEye color deep reddish brown. Wings frequently curve slightly upward at tips. Body somewhat small. Male sterile. Viability about 30% wild type. RK3. # rdm: reduced macros location: 1-59.8. origin: Induced by 2-fluoroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1522). discoverer: Fahmy, 1957. references: 1959, DIS 33: 89. phenotypeMost bristles thin and short. Eye shape slightly abnormal. Body short; wings short, broad, and frequently pleated. Male fertile. Viability about 10% wild type. RK3. # rdo: reduced ocelli location: 2-53. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 37l13. phenotypeOcelli small and colorless, often missing, leaving top of head smooth and sometimes pigmented. Hairs between ocelli fewer than wild type. Eye surface irregular. RK2. # rdo[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38b10. phenotypeLike rdo. RK2. # rdp: reduplicated location: 1-34.7. discoverer: Hoge-Richards, 12k. references: Hoge, 1915, J. Exptl. Zool. 18: 241-97. phenotypeAt low temperatures, most flies have malformed or branched legs, often with mirror image reduplication. At 25[o]C, most flies normal. RK3. # rdt: reduced thorax location: 1-54.4. origin: Induced by p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylethylamine (CB. 3034). # re: reduced eyes location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Rapoport. references: 1940, Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR 27: 1030-32. phenotypeEye size reduced from the normal 750 to about 180 facets. Reduction more extreme in combination with B; some flies have no facets and are sterile. RK2. # re-b: reduced eyes-b location: 3-45. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Whittinghill, 53g. references: Schacht, 1954, DIS 28: 78. phenotypeEyes reduced in 80% of homozygotes. Expression varies independently in each eye from absence of facets to wild type. RK2. other information: Possibly allelic to re. # rea: rearranged tergites location: 1-25.4. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeTergites highly abnormal, partly missing, and have different segments united. Expression variable. Viability and fertility inversely related to tergite abnormality. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3025. # red: red Malpighian tubules location: 3-53.6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 49a. synonym: bw-l: brown-like. references: Oster, 1954, DIS 28: 77-78. Aslaksen and Hadorn, 1957, Arch. Julius Klaus-Stift. Vererbungsforsch. Sozialanthropol. Rassenhyg. 32: 464-69. phenotypeMalpighian tubes of larva and adult rusty red. Eye color brown, darkening with age. Malpighian tubes of v; red and cn; red are colorless and tubes of bw; red are red; therefore, pigment an ommochrome. Eyes contain less drosopterin and isoxanthopterin and more of the other pteridines than normal. Eye color autonomous in red eye disks transplanted into wild-type host. Wild-type Malpighian tubes acquire some red pigment after transplantation into red hosts. RK1. cytology: Placed in region 88A through 88C based on its inclusion in duplication derived from T(1;3)O5 = T(1;3)4F2-3;62B-C;88A-C;92C-D (Lindsley and Grell, 1958, DIS 32: 136) and its genetic position to the left of cv-c (C. Hinton), which has been placed in region 88A-C. # ref: refractaire location: 2-52.8. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ohanessian-Guillemain, 53b. references: 1953, DIS 27: 59. phenotypeMorphologically normal. Growth of the carbon dioxide-sensitivity virus inhibited in ref/ref. RK3. # ret: reticulated location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeWing veins increased to anastomosing reticulated areas. Wings shortened, deformed, and blistered. Eyes large and rough. Postvertical bristles usually absent. Male sterile; viability about 20% wild type. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)ret = T(1;2)20A5-B2;2R. # Rev: Revolute location: 2- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dobzhansky, 31b5. phenotypeWings of heterozygote spread at 45[o] from midline; edges curled, giving spoon shape. Sense organs along veins enlarged. Eyes mottled in Rev/lt. Homozygote viable and fertile, somewhat more abnormal than heterozygote. Phenotype suppressed by extra Y's, probably a variegated position effect. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)Rev = In(2LR)40F;52D10-E1 [Bridges and Li, in Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz (1936, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 35: 293)]. # Rev[B]: Revolute of Bridges origin: Spontaneous as a single homozygous female in a culture with no heterozygote. discoverer: Bridges, 36e22. synonym: Rvd: Revolutoid. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1936, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 35: 293. phenotypeWings spread and curved. Extreme Rev allele. Homozygous lethal; Rev/Rev[B] viable (E. B. Lewis). RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)Rev[B] = In(2LR)40;52C-E (Lewis). # rey: rough eye location: 1-0.6 (from combined measurements on rey, rey[2], and rey[3]). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41g7. synonym: re (preoccupied). references: 1942, DIS 16: 52. phenotypeEyes small and rough. RK3. # rey[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1948. synonym: Described as rey. references: 1948, DIS 22: 55-56. phenotypeEyes extremely small and rough in male, less extreme in female. Areas of thorax often underdeveloped, sometimes hemithoracic. RK1. other information: Allelism inferred from similarity of phenotype and location to rey. # rey[3] origin: Induced y L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. synonym: re[2]: rougheye-like. references: 1958, DIS 32: 73. phenotypeEyes small and rough. Homozygous female viable and infertile. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3007. Allelism to rey inferred from phenotype and genetic position. # rf: roof wings location: 2-81. discoverer: Bridges, 1921. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 233. phenotypeWings rotated on long axis so that inner margins are raised and costal margins lowered. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # rf[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Redfield, 1926. references: Franke, 1933, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Berlin. phenotypeLike rf. RK3. # Rf: Roof location: 3-59. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Waddington, 38a. references: 1939, DIS 12: 48-49. phenotypeWing position normal at eclosion, becomes rooflike in 12-hr imagos. RK1. # Rf-c: Roof-c location: 3- (to the left of se). discoverer: Bridges, 20a1. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 228 (fig.). phenotypeWings slanted at roof-like angle. RK3. # rfr: refringent location: 1-67.9. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. synonym: ref (preoccupied). references: 1959, DIS 33: 89. phenotypeWing surface yellowish and iridescent; occasionally, one or both wings held out; inner margins may be incised. Expression more extreme in male than in female. Male viable and fertile; female has reduced viability and is sterile. RK2. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 3026 and CB. 3034. # rg: rugose location: 1-11.0. discoverer: Demerec, 28f23. synonym: rough-64. phenotypeEyes rough. Wings thin; margins somewhat frayed. Viability excellent. RK2. cytology: Locus at 4E1-3 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # rg[0] discoverer: Bridges, 21c4. synonym: roughish. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 234. phenotypeEyes uniformly rough. Viability 70% wild type. RK2. # rg[2] discoverer: Bridges, 30d24. synonym: pebbled. phenotypeEyes slightly rough; occasionally overlaps wild type. Viability 80% wild type. RK3. # rg[4] discoverer: Ives, 33g22. synonym: rg[33g]. references: Plough and Ives, 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69. 1934, DIS 2: 34. phenotypeEyes somewhat rough. Viability excellent. RK2. # rg[5] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38c9. phenotypeMore extreme than rg. Viability low. RK2. # rg[7] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Cantor, 46d20. references: 1946, DIS 20: 64. phenotypeEyes rough and smaller than wild type. Eclosion delayed. Viability and fertility excellent. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)rg[7] = In(1)4E;7A (J. I. Valencia). # rg[P]: rugose from P[32] origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. synonym: fas: facetious. references: 1950, DIS 24: 54. 1951, DIS 25: 77-78. phenotypeEyes small and rough; body pale; wings often curled upward. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)rg[P] = In(1)3C;4E (Darby). # rgt: reduced pigment location: 1-11.5. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 89. phenotypeCharacteristic pigmentation of fifth tergite reduced or absent in male. Body color yellowish. Eyes bright red. Male sterile. RK2. # rh: roughish location: 2-54.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 21a3. phenotypeEyes moderately rough. At 19[o]C, bristles slightly wavy and wings broad. RK2. # ri: radius incompletus location: 3-47.0; to the left of the centromere, based on mapping to left of Dp(1;3)sn[13a1] = Dp(1;3)6C;7C9-D1;79D2-E1 x ller, 1958, DIS 32: 140) and Df(1;3)N[264-58] = Dp(1;3)3B2-3;3D6-7;80D-F (Gersh, 1966, DIS 41: 89). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Tshetverikov, 1926. phenotypeVein L2 interrupted. Wings slightly warped and blunt. Acts during contraction period in D. simulans, inhibiting fusion of small spaces into a vein (Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139). RK1. cytology: Tentatively placed in salivary region 77 (Hannah, Arajarvi, and Puro). # ri[2] discoverer: Nordenskiold, 36c5. references: 1937, DIS 7: 18. phenotypeLike ri. RK1. # ri[51k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Meyer, 51k. references: 1952, DIS 26: 67. phenotypeLess extreme than ri. RK1. # ri[53j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Meyer, 53j. references: 1953, DIS 27: 58. phenotypeLike ri. RK1. # rk: rickets location: 2-48.2. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 48h. references: 1948, DIS 22: 53. phenotypeLegs, especially hind ones, flattened and bent. Femora and tibiae bowed in middle; first two tarsal joints shortened, bent, and flattened; last three tarsal joints almost a unit, shortened, and flattened; tarsal claws disarranged. Wings not expanded, sometimes partially extended, sometimes drooping. Postscutellar bristles crossed. Body small. Viability about 90% wild type. RK2. cytology: Placed in region between 34E5 and 35D1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)35E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # rk[2] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Erickson, 50a. references: Meyer, Edmondson, Byers, and Erickson, 1950, DIS 24: 60. phenotypeTarsi weak, usually not deformed. At 21[o]C, wings curved downward and held out slightly, may be crumpled or unexpanded. Expression more extreme at 27[o]C, overlaps wild type at 17[o]. Viability fair at 17[o]C, low at 27[o]. rk[2]/rk intermediate between the two homozygotes. RK2. # rk[3] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 54d. references: 1955, DIS 29: 74. phenotypeWings unexpanded; legs warped; body small; bristles fine. Viability low. RK2. # rk[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Jackson, 54c. synonym: cq: creeper. references: 1954, DIS 28: 74. Meyer, 1958, DIS 32: 83. phenotypeWings unexpanded, spread, and drooping. Posterior legs malformed. Both sexes fully viable and fertile. rk[4] male mates with wild-type female only if wings removed from female. Viability 60% wild type. RK2. # rk[5] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mischaikow, 59a. references: 1959, DIS 33: 98. phenotypeLess extreme than rk. No leg abnormality. Wings sometimes fully expanded and held out. RK3. # rk[6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Thomas, 60g. references: Meyer, 1963, DIS 37: 51. phenotypeLegs weak. Wings unexpanded. Viability higher at higher temperature. RK2. # rk[cyl]: rickets-cylindrical origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stroher, 1958. synonym: cyl. references: Mainx, 1958, DIS 32: 82. phenotypeAbdomen cylindrical; terminal segments thickened. Posterior scutellars erect. Wings fail to expand; halteres small and melanotic. Legs as in bal but less deformed. Subnormal viability; fertility good. RK2. # rl: rolled location: 2-55.1 [between centromere and stw (Sturtevant); 0.03 unit to the left of stw (Tano, 1966, Japan J. Genet. 41: 299-308)]. discoverer: Bridges, 22f23. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 233. phenotypeWing edges rolled downward; margins somewhat frayed; L4 interrupted distal to posterior crossvein. Eyes small, dark, and rough. Most extreme at 25[o]C, less extreme above and below that temperature (Lakovaara, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 175). RK2. cytology: Placed in 41A on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2R)M-S2[10] = Df(2R)41A (Morgan, Schultz, and Curry, 1941, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 40: 284). # rl[G29]: rolled of Goldschmidt origin: Recovered among progeny of heat-treated flies. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1929. references: 1929, Biol. Zentr. 49: 437-48. 1939, Am. Naturalist 73: 547-59. phenotypeLike rl. RK2. # rlu: rolled up location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: Spontaneous in In(1)sc[S1]+d1-49. discoverer: Reddi. references: 1963, DIS 37: 53. phenotypeWings rolled. Good viability and fertility. RK2A. # rm: rimy location: 1-48.1. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeEyes often dull brownish red with conspicuous white hairs between ommatidia. Wings longitudinally pleated. Viability and fertility good. RK2. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1540 and CB. 1592. # rmp: rumpled location: 1-14.4. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. synonym: rm. references: 1959, DIS 33: 89. phenotypeWings variably unexpanded. Bristles deranged; postverticals frequently crossed. Derangement of bristles correlated with degree of wing abnormality. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK2. # rn: rotund location: 3-47.7 [from location of rn[2] (Carlson, 1956, DIS 30: 109)]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Glass, 1929. references: 1934, DIS 2: 8. phenotypeWings shortened but of normal width, nearly round. Tarsi three jointed. Sex combs absent. Both sexes sterile; ovaries, follicles, oocytes, and eggs small (Beatty, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B 63: 249-70). Viability 50% normal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)rn; breakpoints not determined, are probably chromocentral. # rn[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Carlson. references: 1956, DIS 30: 70, 109. phenotypeWings round and tarsi small, like rn. L2 usually interrupted. Male sterile; female fertility low. Viability good. RK2. # ro: rough location: 3-91.1. discoverer: Muller, 13f. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 93 (fig.). phenotypeEye rough; facets irregular in size and arrangement. Eyes slightly smaller and narrower than wild type. RK1. # roe: roughened eye location: 3-47.6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Markowitz, 61g. references: 1963, DIS 38: 31. phenotypeEyes rough and slightly smaller than wild type. RK1. # Roi: Rough eye location: 2- [left arm, not separated from In(2L)t]. origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)t. discoverer: Ives, 47k18. references: 1952, DIS 26: 65. 1956, DIS 30: 72. phenotypeEye facets of Roi/+ irregularly rounded, sometimes enlarged; eyes sometimes bulge. Roi/Roi lethal; Roi/S viable. Acts as a partial suppressor of B (E. H. Grell). Viability good. RK2A. # rp: rotated penis location: 3-41.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 29c15. references: Morgan, Sturtevant, and Bridges, 1929, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 28: 339. phenotypeAs viewed from behind, external genitalia of male rotated counterclockwise from 0[o] to 270[o], usually about 180[o]; overlaps wild type in 30% of flies. Eyes rough. Fly small; legs weak; tergites ridged; abdomen narrowed. Male sterile, even when genitalia not rotated. RK3. # rs: rose location: 3-35.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23c10. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 234. phenotypeEye color translucent purplish pink but approaches wild type. Often sterile, especially male. Viability 80% wild type. RK2. # rs[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38d5. phenotypeEye color translucent pink. Viability and fertility excellent. Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. # rsc: reduplicated sex combs location: 1- (between y and cv). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Yanders, 56f6. references: 1957, DIS 31: 85. phenotypeSex combs present on all six legs of males. Overlaps wild type in crowded cultures. Wings droop. Male fertile; viability only 15% wild type. Female lethal. RK2. # rsd: raised location: 3-95.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 40i5. references: 1945, DIS 19: 46. 1947, DIS 21: 69. phenotypeWings held straight up, nearly meeting over thorax. Viability and fertility normal. RK1. other information: Possibly an allele of tx: taxi (3-91). # rsi: reduced size location: 1-0.6 (no crossovers with be in 1038 flies). origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 89. phenotypeBody small; eclosion delayed; viability reduced. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1506 and CB. 3026. # rst: roughest location: 1-1.7. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ball, 32b25. phenotypeEyes rough and bulging; facets irregular in size and arrangement. Body small. Viability 70% wild type. Male sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)rst; breakpoint unknown in chromosome 3; X chromosome breaks near w and bb (Beadle). rst locus in 3C4 (Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99; confirmed by Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # rst[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33d7. references: Gersh, 1965, Genetics 51: 477-80. phenotypeEyes extremely rough and bulging; facets irregular in size and arrangement. Body small. Some bristles absent; hairs sparse and irregular. Viability about 50% wild type. Fertility low. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)rst[2] = Df(1)3C3-4;3C6-7 (Schultz; confirmed by Gersh, 1965). other information: Df(1)rst[2] deficient for loci of both rst and vt; bristle abnormalities of rst[2] associated with the deficiency for vt (Gersh, 1965). # rst[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gruneberg, 33l16. references: 1935, DIS 3: 27. 1935, J. Genet. 31: 163-84. 1937, J. Genet. 34: 169-89. phenotypeEyes rough; more extreme in male than female. Less extreme than other rst alleles. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)rst[3] = In(1)3C3-4;20B (Emmens, 1937, J. Genet. 34: 191-202; Kaufmann, 1942, Genetics 27: 537-49). # rst[264-57] origin: X ray induced simultaneously with N[264-57]. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. references: 1941, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 7th., pp. 99-102. phenotypeDescribed only as not variegated. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(1)N[264-57] = In(1)3C9-11;20D2-E1 (Hoover). # rst[264-86] origin: X ray induced simultaneously with N[264-86]. discoverer: Demerec, 39i. references: 1940, Genetics 25: 618-27. Demerec and Sutton, 1940, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 26: 532-36. Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40. phenotypeLike rst. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)N[264-86] = T(1;4)3C6-7;3C7-8;3E5-6;101F. # Rst: Resistance A term used to denote genes that confer resistance to the killing effects of insecticides. The symbol Rst is followed by parenthetical designation of the chromosomal location of the gene and then by an indication of the insecticide. Both dominant and recessive genes for insecticide resistance are conceivable. Several investigators have exposed populations to insecticides for numerous generations and selected resistant lines. In most cases, the genetic basis of resistance is polygenic, and these strains are not included in this list. # Rst(2)DDT: Resistance (2) DDT location: 2-65 (64.5-66). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Tsukamoto and Ogaki, 1953. synonym: RI[DDT]: Resistance to Insecticide-DDT; RI[II]: Resistance to Insecticide on chromosome 2. references: 1954, Botyu-Kagaku 19: 25. Tsukamoto, 1958, DIS 32: 87. Kikkawa, 1961, Ann. Rept. Sci. Works, Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ. 9: 1-20. phenotypeMedian lethal dose of DDT for Rst(2)DDT lines is about 4000 (microgram/cc of medium; that for sensitive lines is 50-100 (microgram/cc. Also resistant to BHC (benzene hexachloride) and organophosphorus insecticides such as parathion and malathion. Median lethal dose of parathion is 2 ppm for resistant line and 0.08 ppm for sensitive. Sensitive to phenylthiourea (Ogita, 1958, Botyu-Kagaku 2: 188-204). Shows maternal effect in that progeny of Rst(2)DDT/+ female crossed to +/+ male are more resistant that those of reciprocal cross. Larva more resistant than adult. RK3. other information: Strains selected for resistance to DDT found to be resistant to parathion and to carry a factor for resistance in the same region of 2R as resistance factors found in strains from the same population selected for resistance to parathion and subsequently shown to be resistant to DDT. Thus, the resistance factors selected by exposure to DDT and parathion have been judged to be the same. # Rst(3)ns: Resistance (3) nicotine sulfate location: 3-49.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Tsukamoto, 1954. references: 1955, Botyu-Kagaku 20: 73. 1956, Botyu-Kagaku 21: 71. 1958, DIS 32: 87. phenotypeMedian lethal dose to homozygote is 600 ppm of nicotine sulfate added to culture medium (from first instar larva through eclosion); to heterozygote, it is 300 ppm; to susceptible strains, 40 ppm. RK3. # rstl: roughestlike location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 29d3. synonym: lz-l: lozenge-like. references: 1935, DIS 3: 28. phenotypeEyes rough; more extreme than lz. Viability low. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)rstl; breakpoints unknown. # rt: rotated abdomen location: 3-37 (based on location of rt[2]). discoverer: Bridges, 18g28. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 190 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 54 (fig.). phenotypeAbdomen twisted clockwise through 60[o] to 90[o], as viewed from behind. Both sexes sterile. Viability low. RK2. # rt[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 25l14. phenotypeAbdomen twisted, as is rt. Viability erratic, usually about 50% wild type. Male fertile; female not tested. RK2. # rt[W]: rotated abdomen of Wallbrunn origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Wallbrunn, 61i26. references: 1964, DIS 39: 59. phenotypeLike rt. RK2. # rta: reduced tarsi location: 1-4.5. origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonste (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 89. phenotypeTarsi short and sometimes deformed. Body small. Eyes and wings small and abnormal. Bristles often waved or bent; postscutellars often held upright. Male sterile. RK2. # ru: roughoid location: 3-0.0 (actually about 4 units to the right of the end of the chromosome, based on the location of y[+] in T(1;3)sc[J4]). discoverer: Sturtevant, 19b14. references: Strong, 1920, Biol. Bull. 38: 33-37. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 212 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 215 (fig.), 234. phenotypeEyes small and rough, have irregular facets and hairs, and have black specks from erupted facets. Expression variable; sometimes overlaps wild type. RK2. cytology: Placed in 61F5-62A3 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3L)ru-K2 = Df(3L)61F4-5;61A10-B1 (Krivshenko, 1958, DIS 31: 81) and Df(3L)ru[300.234] = Df(3L)61E;62A2-4 (Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54). # ru[40k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Steinberg, 40k. references: 1942, DIS 16: 54. phenotypeMore extreme than ru. RK1. # ru[100.392] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. cytology: Associated with Df(3L)ru[100.392] = Df(3L)61E;62A10-B1. # ru[100.393] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. cytology: Associated with Df(3L)ru[100.393] = Df(3L)61F2-3;62A4-6. # ru[300.234] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. cytology: Associated with Df(3L)ru[300.234] = Df(3L)61E;62A2-4. # ru[g] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Glass. references: 1934, DIS 2: 8. phenotypeEyes small and extremely rough. More reliable in classification than ru. RK1. # rub: rubroad location: 2-5.0 (to the right of ho). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 31k20. phenotypeEyes rough and kidney shaped. Wings broad and somewhat arclike. Abdomen short and bloated; tergites irregular. External genitalia of male rotated in varying degrees. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # rub[48d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Chute, 48d. references: Sturtevant, 1948, DIS 22: 56. phenotypeLike rub; wings also show slight network of extra veins and thickening between L3 and L4. RK3. # rud: ruddle location: 1-3.3. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeEye color dull reddish brown. Classification best in newly eclosed flies. Good viability and fertility. RK2. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1528, CB. 3026, and X rays. # rux: roughex location: 1-15.0. discoverer: Bridges, 33d24. phenotypeEyes smaller than wild type and uniformly rough. Male sterile. RK2. cytology: Locus from 5D3 through 6A2 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # rux[2] discoverer: Curry, 37l1. phenotypeEyes small and rough like rux. Both sexes fertile. RK1. # rux[60d] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Rolfes, 1960. references: Hollander, 1960, DIS 34: 50. phenotypeEyes variably roughened; little reduction in size. Both sexes fertile; viability about 60% wild type. RK2. other information: Males of rux[60d] stock mated to attached-X females produced 17 homozygous rub[60d] exceptional daughters among 9447 progeny (Hollander and Festing, 1962, DIS 36: 79). This production of equational exceptions has been shown to be caused by a factor near f, probably an allele of eq, by Thompson. # rv: raven location: 1-4.4. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33: 89. phenotypeBody small and heavily melanized. Eye color dark. Wings short and frequently divergent or not fully expanded. Male fertile but viability reduced; female more inviable and infertile. RK2. # rw: raised wing location: 2-93.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gomes, 55a. references: Burdick, 1955, DIS 29: 70. phenotypeWings held vertically; venation normal. Legs morphologically normal, but fly has difficulty walking. Penetrance and expressivity good. Viability poor. RK2. # Rw: rough wing location: 2-56 [locus from crossing over in triploids (Schultz)]. discoverer: Harnly. phenotypeWings notched and veins irregular. An occasional extra antenna. Rw/+/+ triploid female slightly fertile. Rw/+ female sterile. RK3. # ry: rosy location: 3-52.0 [0.3 unit to the right of kar (Schalet)]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38c4. references: Glassman and Mitchell, 1959, Genetics 44: 153-62. Hubby and Forrest, 1960, Genetics 45: 211-24. Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Talsma, 1962, Am. Naturalist 96: 281-96. Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. phenotypeEye color reddish brown, contains about 35% normal red pigment and 82% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1955, J. Genet. 53: 1-10). Lacks detectable amount of xanthine dehydrogenase, like mal (Forrest, Glassman, and Mitchell, 1956, Science 124: 725-26; Glassman and Mitchell, 1959; Hubby and Forrest, 1960). Accumulates enzyme's substrates, hypoxanthine and 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine, and lacks its products, uric acid and isoxanthopterin -tchell, Glassman, and Hadorn, 1959, Science 129: 268-69). In vitro and in vivo complementation between mal[+] and ry[+] demonstrated (Glassman, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 48: 1491-97; Glassman and McLean, 1962, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 48: 1712-18). Pigmentation nonautonomous in ry eye disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Hadorn and Schwink, 1956, Nature 177: 940-41). RK1. cytology: Placed in region 87D-F on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3R)ry = Df(3R)87D-E;87E-F (Grell, 1962, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 93: 371-77). other information: Separable into at least six noncomplementing but recombinationally separable sites (Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964). ry recombines with ry[26] and ry[2] but not with ry[23], ry[9], ry[8], or ry[42] and has been interpreted as an intracistronic rearrangement. # ry[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hadorn and Schwinck, 55c. references: 1956, Nature 177: 940-41. 1956, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 87: 528-53. phenotypeEye color reddish brown, like ry; color of ocelli and testes approximately normal. Malpighian tubes slightly lighter than normal, short and malformed, and contain large pteridine globules in lumen. Lacks xanthine dehydrogenase, like ry (Forrest, Glassman, and Mitchell, 1956, Science 124: 725-26). Pigmentation nonautonomous in transplants of ry[2] eye anlage into wild-type hosts and in eyes of ry[2] hosts transplanted with wild-type fat bodies, Malpighian tubes, and eye disks. Wild-type eye disks transplanted into ry[2] hosts form reduced amount of red eye pigment. Reciprocal transplants of eye disks or Malpighain tubes between ry[2] and mal did not increase drosopterin formation (Schwink, 1969, DIS 34: 105). Survival of ry[2] temperature sensitive in early pupa: low at 25[o]C and normal at 18[o]. Drosopterin formation at 18[o]C during late pupa and early imago about twice that at 25[o]. RK1. other information: To the right of ry[26] (Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59). # ry[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hubby. references: Hubby and Forrest, 1960, Genetics 45: 211-24. Hubby, 1961, DIS 35: 46. phenotypeEye color reddish brown. Produces traces of uric acid and isoxanthopterin but xanthine dehydrogenase activity not demonstrable in extracts. RK1. # ry[3a] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the right of ry[23] and ry[24] and to the left of ry[26]. No crossovers recovered with ry[5], ry[9], ry[4], or ry[8]. # ry[4] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: Between ry[24] and ry[26]. No crossovers recovered with ry[9], ry[3a], ry, or ry[8]. # ry[5] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the left of ry[8]. No crossovers recovered with ry[23], ry[24], ry[9], or ry[3a]. # ry[6] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the right of ry[26]. # ry[7] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the right of ry[26]. # ry[8] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the right of ry[23], ry[24], ry[5], and ry[9] and to the left of ry[26]. No crossovers recovered with ry[3a] or ry[4]. # ry[9] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: Between ry[23] and ry[8]. No crossovers recovered with ry[24], ry[5], ry[3a], or ry[4]. # ry[10] origin: X ray induced in l(3)26 Sb Ubx chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[11] origin: X ray induced in l(3)26 Sb Ubx chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[12] origin: X ray induced in l(3)26 Sb Ubx chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[13] origin: X ray induced in l(3)26 Sb Ubx chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[14] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[15] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[16] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[17] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[18] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[19] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[20] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[21] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[22] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[23] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the left of ry[9]. No crossovers recovered with ry[24] or ry[5]. # ry[24] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the right of ry[3a]. No crossovers recovered with ry[23], ry[5], or ry[9]. # ry[25] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the right of ry[26]. # ry[26] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the right of ry[42] and to the left of ry[2]. Used as a reference point for locating mutants to the right or left portions of the ry cistron. # ry[27] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[27]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[27] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[28] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[28]/ry[2], like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[28] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[29] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[29]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[29] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[30] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[30]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[30] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[31] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[31]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[31] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[32] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[32]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[32] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[33] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[33]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[33] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[34] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[34]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[34] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[35] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[35]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ry[35] = T(1;3)20;87C-E;91B-C (Lindsley). # ry[36] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[36]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[36] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[37] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[38] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[40] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[41] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the right of ry[26]. # ry[42] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. references: Chovnick, Schalet, Kernaghan, and Krauss, 1964, Genetics 50: 1245-59. Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. other information: To the left of ry[26]. Position to the right of ry[8] inferred from low rate of recombination of ry[42] compared to ry[8] with ry[26]. # ry[43] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[44] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[45] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[46] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[47] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[48] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[49] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[50] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[51] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[51]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[51] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[52] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[52]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association wth Df(3R)ry[52] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[53] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[54] origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. references: 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. references: Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygotes almost completely lethal; a few homozygous females, which are also pic, survive. Eye color of ry[54]/ry[2] like ry. RK2(A). # ry[55] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[56] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[57] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[58] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[59] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[60] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[61] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[62] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[63] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[64] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[65] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[66] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[66]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[66] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[67] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[68] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[69] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[70] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernahgan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[70]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[70] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[71] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[72] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[73] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. phenotypeEye color like ry. RK1. # ry[74] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[74]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[74] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[75] origin: X ray induced in kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[75]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[75] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[76] origin: X ray induced in kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[76]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[76] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[77] origin: X ray induced in kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[77]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[77] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[78] origin: X ray induced in kar[2] chromosome. discoverer: Schalet. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[78]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[78] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # ry[el-F]: rosy-electrophoretic Fast origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Yen. references: Yen and Glassman, 1965, Genetics 52: 977-81 (fig.). 1966, Genetics 54: 369-70. phenotypeSpecifies a xanthine dehydrogenase molecule that migrates relatively rapidly in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kinetic parameters of enzyme same as those of other xanthine dehydrogenase isozymes. In hybrids with ry[el-S], enzymes with at least three mobilities formed; strongest activity found in a position intermediate between mobilities of the enzymes specified by the two parental types. RK3. # ry[el-I]: rosy-electrophoretic Intermediate origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Yen. references: Yen and Glassman, 1965, Genetics 52: 977-81 (fig.). 1966, Genetics 54: 369-70. phenotypeSpecifies a xanthine dehydrogenase molecule whose mobility is intermediate between mobility of molecules specified by ry[el-F] and ry[el-S]. Kinetic parameters same as those for other xanthine dehydrogenase isozymes. RK3. # ry[el-S]: rosy-electrophoretic Slow origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Yen. references: Yen and Glassman, 1965, Genetics 52: 977-81 (fig.). 1966, Genetics 54: 369-70. phenotypeSpecifies a xanthine dehydrogenase molecule that migrates relatively slowly in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kinetic parameters of enzyme same as those of other xanthine dehydrogenase isozymes. In hybrids with ry[el-F], enzymes with at least three mobilities formed; strongest activity found in a position on the gel intermediate between the positions of the enzymes specified by the two parental types. RK3. # ry[el-S1]: rosy-electrophoretic Slow Intermediate origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Yen. references: Yen and Glassman, 1965, Genetics 52: 977-81 (fig.). 1966, Genetics 54: 369-70. phenotypeSpecifies a xanthine dehydrogenase molecule whose mobility is intermediate between mobility of molecules specified by ry[el-S] and rh[el-I]. Kinetic parameters same as those for other xanthine dehydrogenase isozymes. RK3. # ry[K]: rosy of Kernaghan origin: X ray induced in cu kar chromosome. discoverer: Kernaghan. references: Schalet, 1964, DIS 39: 62-64. Schalet, Kernaghan, and Chovnick, 1964, Genetics 50: 1261-68. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Eye color of ry[K]/ry[2] like ry. RK2A. cytology: Association with Df(3R)ry[K] inferred from genetic data; breakpoints unknown. # s: sable location: 1-43.0. discoverer: Bridges, 12g19. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 34. phenotypeBody color dark with prominent trident. Classification good at 19[o]C, overlaps wild type increasingly with higher temperature. Viability sometimes reduced. s is nonautonomous in gynandromorphs containing both s and + tissue (Lewis, 1955, DIS 29: 134). Tyrosinase formed in adult (Horowitz and Fling). s/s[2] easily classified. RK1 at 19[o]C. # s[2] discoverer: Bridges, 17e9. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 234. phenotypeBody color less dark than s and trident more prominent. Expression best at 19[o]C, overlaps wild type at 25[o] and 30[o]. Viability excellent. RK1 at 19[o]C. # S: Star location: 2-1.3 (0.02 unit to the left of ast). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15b12. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 259 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 213 (fig.). Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74 (fig.). phenotypeEyes slightly smaller and narrower than wild type; texture somewhat rough from rounded, irregular facets. Arrangement of hairs on surface of eye irregular. S/ast has small rough eyes; S ast/+ + is like S/+. Enhanced by E(S); partially suppresses px and net (Bedichek, 1936, DIS 5: 24; Lewis, 1945). Homozygote dies in late embryonic stage (Sivertzev-Dobzhansky, 1927, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 109: 535-48; Sonnenblick and Huettner, 1938, Genetics 23: 169). RK1. cytology: Salivary glands normal. Placed in the 21E1-2 doublet on the basis of its inclusion in the synthetic deficiency derived by combining Y-centric portion of T(Y;2)21E = T(Y;2)21D4-E1 and 2-centric portion of T(2;4)ast[v] = T(2;4)21E2-3;101. Heterozygosity for deficiencies including 21E1-2 produces S phenotype (Lewis, 1945). other information: A pseudoallele of ast. In crossover tests, S localizes to the left of ast (Lewis, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 31-35; Lewis, 1945, 1951). # S[2] origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy and not separated from inversions. discoverer: Redfield, 25k. references: Stern and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11: 507-8. phenotypeLike S. RK1A. # S[51b] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 51b. references: 1952, DIS 26: 67. phenotypeEyes of S[51b]/+ rough but not reduced in size. RK1. # S[56f] origin: Synthetic. discoverer: Thompson, 56f. references: Burdick, 1956, DIS 30: 69. phenotypeLike S. S[56f]/S lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)S[56f] = In(2LR)21C8-D1;60D1-2[L]22A3-B1;60B-C[R] derived from single recombinant between In(2LR)bw[V1] and In(2LR)SM1, which is deficient for 21D1-22A3. # S[Df1]: Star-Deficiency origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 147-51. phenotypeLess extreme than S. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(2L)S1 = Df(2L)21C3-4;22A2-3. # S[Df2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 147-51. phenotypeLike S. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(2L)S2 = Df(2L)21C6-D1;22A6-B1. # S[Df3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 147-51. phenotypeLess extreme than S. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(2L)S3 = Df(2L)21D2-3;21F2-22A1. # S[Df4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 147-51. phenotypeLike S. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(2L)S4 = Df(2L)21C3-4;22B2-3. # S[Df5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 147-51. phenotypeLess extreme than S. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(2L)S5 = Df(2L)21C2-3;22A3-4. # S[Df7] origin: X ray induced in net ho. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 147-51. phenotypeLike S. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Df(2L)S7 = Df(2L)21C3-4;21F2-22A1. # S[K]: Star of Krivshenko discoverer: Krivshenko. references: 1936, DIS 5: 8. phenotypeEyes rough like S. Reported to be homozygous viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)S[K]; breakpoints near ends of 2L and 2R. # S[L]: Star of Lewis origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1940. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 147-51. phenotypeLike S. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)S[L] = T(2;3)21E2-3;81F;88D6-8. # S[M]: Star of Muller origin: X ray induced in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: Muller, 1928. references: Painter and Muller, 1929, J. Heredity 20: 287-98. phenotypeEyes like S, perhaps more variable. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)S[M] = T(2;3)21E2-3;79D2-E1. Superimposed on In(2L)Cy = In(2L)22D1-2;33F5-34A1 + In(2R)Cy = In(2R)42A2-3;58A4-B1; separable from the latter. # S[W]: Star of Whittinghill origin: X ray induced in Cy. discoverer: Whittinghill, 47b. phenotypeLike S but somewhat more extreme. RK1A. other information: Inseparable from In(2L)Cy. # S[X]: Star from X irradiation origin: X ray induced simultaneously with ast[X]. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 157. phenotypeEyes of S[X] ast[X]/+ + slightly smaller than S/+; L2 occasionally interrupted distally; resembles S +/+ ast[X] except for L2 abnormality. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. other information: ast[X], but not S[X], has been recovered alone from S[X] ast[X]. # Sa: Salmon location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Van Atta, 30k1. references: 1932, Am. Naturalist 66: 93-95. 1932, Genetics 17: 637-59. 1935, DIS 3: 15. phenotypeEye color wine at eclosion, becomes dark salmon with age. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Sa; breaks proximal in 2L and 3L. # sab: straight abdomen location: 1-58.9. origin: Induced by D-1:6-dimethanesulfonyl mannitol (CB. 2511). discoverer: Fahmy, 1958. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotypeAbdomen long, narrow, and straight. Bristles somewhat fine. Male viable and fertile. RK3. # saw: sawtooth location: 1-0.0 (very close to right of sc). origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 51g. references: 1952, DIS 26: 60. phenotypeHairs along wing edge arranged so that edge appears serrated. Wings may warp, especially in female. Fertility and viability excellent. Classification originally easy, but stocks apparently accumulate modifiers so that they now appear nearly wild type. RK2. other information: Not separated from sc in two crossovers between ac and sc or in 60 crossovers between sc and pn. Not covered by Dp(1;2)sc[19] = Df(1;2)1B1-2;1B4-7;25-26. Locus must be slightly to the right of sc. # saw[2] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 51f. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotypeMore extreme than saw. Wing margins as in saw, but wings are strongly warped up or down; thin textured, especially in female. Viability reduced. Fly often becomes stuck in food owing to warped wings. Fertility good; classification easy. RK2. # Sb: Stubble location: 3-58.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23d21. references: Dobzhansky, 1930, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 54: 427-57 (fig.). phenotypeBristles of Sb/+ less than one-half normal length and somewhat thicker than wild type. Homozygous lethal. Sb/sbd[2] more extreme than Sb/+. sbd[2] Sb behaves as a recessive sbd allele but is homozygous lethal. Classifiable in single dose in triploids. Developmental studies by Lees and Waddington [1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B. 131: 87-110 (fig.)] show that trichogen is shifted to lie more or less on the level of the tormogen. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301). Placed in 89B4-5, probably in 89B4 by Lewis (1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74). These probably correspond to 89B9-10 on Bridges's revised map. other information: Sb is pseudoallelic to and lies 0.01-0.03 unit to the right of sbd[2]. Deficiency for the Sb locus produces no dominant phenotype (Lewis, 1951). # Sb[63b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Merriam, 63b. phenotypeBristles somewhat shorter and thicker than Sb. Wings and legs normal. Homozygous lethal. Sb[63b]/Sb viable and fertile, more extreme than either heterozygote. RK1. other information: Allelism inferred from failure to recover recombinants among 100 progeny of Sb[63b]/Sb. # Sb[Spi]: Stubble-Spike origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Moore, 31d15. references: 1935, DIS 3: 27. phenotypeBristles of Sb[Spi]/+ about two-thirds normal length. Wings and legs normal. Bristles of homozygote one-fourth normal length. Wings reduced, crumpled, or blistered. Legs often short and bowed. Sb[Spi]/Sb viability about 30% wild type. Bristles and wings shorter than homozygous Sb[Spi]. RK1. # Sb[V]: Stubble-Variegated origin: X ray induced in In(3R)Mo, Sb sr. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1948. references: 1956, DIS 30: 76-77. phenotypeSb[V]/+ has mixture of wild-type and Sb bristles. In X/X/Y female and X/Y/Y male, bristles nearly all Sb. In X/0 male, bristles usually all wild type. Sb[V]/Sb and homozygous Sb[V] are lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Sb[V] = T(2;3)41A-C;88;89B. Superimposed on In(3R)Mo = In(3R)93D;98F2-6. # sbd: stubbloid location: 3-58.2. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1926. synonym: Sb[r]: Stubble-recessive. references: Stern, 1929, Biol. Zentr. 49: 261-90. Dozhansky, 1930, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 54: 427-57 (fig.). phenotypeBristles short but usually slightly longer than in Sb/+. One or both wings often shortened and crumpled at base. Tibia and femur often shortened, thickened, and bowed. Viability somewhat low. RK2. cytology: Placed in region 89B4-5 by Lewis (1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74). This probably corresponds to 89B9-10 on Bridges's revised map. other information: Pseudoallelic to Sb and lies to the left of it (Lewis, 1951). # sbd[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Harnly, 27l. synonym: Sb[r2]. phenotypeMost bristles about three-fourths normal length although some (i.e., posterior postalars) are shorter. Less extreme than sbd. sbd[2]/Sb has shorter bristles than homozygous sbd[2] or Sb/+. sbd[2] Sb/+ + has wild-type bristles (Lewis, 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74). RK1. # sbd[105] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1948, DIS 22: 72-73. cytology: Associated with Df(3R)sbd[105] = Df(3R)88F;89B4-5. # sbd[106] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)sbd[106] = T(2;3)22E;89B. # sbd[l]: stubbloid-lethal origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1949, DIS 23: 92. phenotypesbd[l]/sbd is sbd; sbd[l]/Sb is lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Me = T(2;3)48C1-2;59D2-3;80-81 + In(3L)63C;72E1-2 + In(3LR)69E;91C + In(3R)89B;97D. # sbr: small bristle location: 1-33.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry. phenotypeBristles small; one or more missing, particularly the postscutellars. RK2. # sbs: stubs location: 1-0.9. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotypeWing abnormalities vary from extreme reduction in size to partial incision of margin with L2 and L3 closer together. Eyes small and slightly rough. Male viable and fertile; female sterile. RK2. # sbt: shorter bristles location: 1-32.8 (no crossovers with ras among 669). origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotypeBristles slightly short and thin. Wings slightly divergent. Male late hatching. Viability and fertility greatly reduced. RK3. # sby: small body location: 1-60.8. origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1958. synonym: sby-61. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotypeExtremely small, lightly pigmented fly. Viability and fertility reduced. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary region 18A4 to 18B8 on the basis of its inclusion within deficiency resulting from recombining left end of In(1)y[4] = In(1)1A8-B1;18A3-4 with right end of In(1)sc[9] = In(1)1B2-3;18B8-9 (Norton and Valencia, 1965, DIS 40: 40). # sc: scute location: 1-0.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16a22. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 235, 211 (fig.). phenotypeCauses loss or marked reduction in number of scutellar, coxal, ocellar, first and second orbital, anterior notopleural, postvertical, tergital, and sternal bristles. Bristle patterns for sc through sc[15] tabulated by Dubinin (1933, J. Genet. 27: 446). Bristle sockets missing; bristle cells absent 19 hr after pupation, when normally present [Lees and Waddington, 1942, DIS 16: 70-70a; 1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 131: 87-110]. Suppressed by su(Hw) and su(Hw)[2]. RK1. cytology: Placed in 1B3 on the basis of its exclusion from Df(1)260-2 = Df(1)1B2-3 and its inclusion in the inverted section of In(1)sc[8] = In(1)1B2-3;20B-D1 but not of In(1)sc[4] = In(1)1B3-4;19F-20C1 (Muller and Prokofyeva, 1935, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 21: 16-26; Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191; Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17). # sc[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dubinin, 1928. references: 1929, Biol. Zentr. 49: 328-39 (fig.). Serebrovsky and Dubinin, 1930, J. Heredity 21: 259-65 (fig.). phenotypeAlmost all bristles and hairs missing from sternites and tergites. Most scutellars and some humerals absent. Most bristles on head and thorax present, but the bare abdomen provides easy classification. Abdomen tends to be swollen. Wings poorly expanded. Viability low. RK2. other information: Reported to be a transposition of tip of X to X heterochromatin (Dubinin, 1929). The sc[2] studied by Sturtevant was not a transposition and mapped as a point mutation at the left end of the X. # sc[3] origin: X ray induced (simultaneously with ac[2]). discoverer: Dubinin, 1928. references: 1929, Biol. Zentr. 49: 328-39 (fig.). Serebrovsky and Dubinin, 1930, J. Heredity 21: 259-65 (fig.). phenotypeMost bristles affected, principally ventrals, orbitals, verticals, postverticals, ocellars, humerals, presuturals, notopleurals, supra-alars, postalars, sternopleurals, abdominals, and anterior dorsocentrals; scutellars and postdorsocentrsls usually present. Viability of male low; female virtually lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1935, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 34: 290). # sc[3-1] origin: Spontaneous derivative of sc[3]. discoverer: Sturtevant. references: 1935, DIS 3: 15. phenotypePartial reversion from sc[3]. RK2. # sc[3B]: scute-3 of Bridges discoverer: Bridges, 26d26. phenotypeLike sc but does not affect anterior notopleurals. RK1. # sc[4] origin: X ray induced in y. discoverer: Agol, 1928. references: 1929, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 5: 86-101 (fig.). Serebrovsky and Dubinin, 1930, J. Heredity 21: 259-65 (fig.). Agol, 1931, Genetics 16: 254-66. Muller and Raffel, 1940, Genetics 25: 541-83. phenotypeExtreme scute. Bristles of head, except anterior verticals, absent. Only posterior notopleurals and alars remain on sides; abdominals, ventrals, coxals, and scutellars also missing. Slight variegation for Hw. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[4] = In(1)1B3-4;19F-20C1. # sc[5] origin: X ray induced in y. discoverer: Gaissinovitsch, 1928. references: 1930, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 6: 15-24. Serebrovsky and Dubinin, 1930, J. Heredity 21: 259-65 (fig.). phenotypeSternital and scutellar bristles reduced in number; others rarely affected. sc[5]/sc[6] is practically wild type. RK1. # sc[6] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Serebrovsky, 29a21. references: 1930, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 122: 88-104. Serebrovsky and Dubinin, 1930, J. Heredity 21: 259-65 (fig.). phenotypeSlight sc; removes coxals, ocellars, first and second orbitals, postverticals, and anterior notopleurals. Scutellars and sternitals not affected. RK1. other information: No inversion. # sc[7] origin: X ray induced in w[a]. discoverer: Dubinin, 1929. references: 1930, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 6: 300-24. Serebrovsky and Dubinin, 1930, J. Heredity 21: 259-65 (fig.). Dubinin, 1933, J. Genet. 27: 443-64. phenotypeLike sc but anterior notopleurals not affected. sc[7] tends to suppress expression of h (Steinberg, 1942, DIS 16: 68). RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[7] = In(1)1B4-6;5D3-6. other information: w[a] separable from sc[7] by exchange in triploid female. # sc[8] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sidorov, 1929. references: 1931, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 7: 28-40. Noujdin, 1935, Zool. Zh. (Moscow) 14: 317-52. Sidorov, 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5: 3-26. phenotypeSlight sc; supra-alars, sternopleurals, or other bristles sometimes affected. Extra bristles may be present. Shows Hw effect and may be recognized in heterozygote, homozygote, or male by presence of one or more hairs on anterior mesopleural region. The Hw effect interacts strongly with h to produce extremely hairy wings (Steinberg, 1942, DIS 16: 68). sc[8]/0 male nearly lethal; survivors show variegation for y and ac; lethality suppressed by a Y chromosome, partially suppressed by parts of the Y (Hess, 1962, DIS 36: 74-75; 1963 Verhandl. Deut. Zool. Ges., Zool. Anz. Suppl. 26: 87-92). RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[8] = In(1)1B2-3;20B-D1. # sc[9] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Levit, 1929. references: 1930, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 122: 770-83. phenotypeLike sc but scutellars always absent. Abdomen swollen and wings poorly expanded, like sc[2]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[9] = In(1)1B2-3;18B8-9. # sc[10-1] origin: X ray induced in In(1)ac[3]. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1930. references: 1935, DIS 3: 15. 1936, Genetics 21: 444-66. phenotypeLike sc[3] but more extreme. Viability low. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)sc[10-1] = Df(1)1B1-2;1B2-14, which is superimposed on In(1)ac[3] = In(1)1B2-3;1B13-C1 and is therefore deficient for only band 1B2 (Schultz). # sc[12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Shapiro, 1929. references: 1930, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 6: 347-64. phenotypeFirst and second orbitals reduced or absent; other head bristles, posterior scutellars, and coxals also affected. Also shows achaete effect. Viability of homozygous female low. RK2. # sc[13] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of sc (induced simultaneously with ac[4]). discoverer: Dubinin, 1929. references: 1930, Zh. Eksperim. Biol. 6: 300-24. 1932, J. Genet. 26: 37-58. 1933, J. Genet. 27: 443-64. phenotypeLike sc but scutellars invariably absent and ocellars, postverticals, and first and second orbitals less frequent. Anterior and posterior dorsocentrals also absent, as are thoracic hairs, because of ac[4]. Viability low. RK2. # sc[15] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller. synonym: scutex. references: Patterson and Muller, 1930, Genetics 15: 495-577 (fig.). Dubinin, 1933, J. Genet. 27: 443-64 (fig.). phenotypeOriginally allelic to sc and semilethal in male. Subsequently, allelic to y, ac, and sc, and male lethal. Lethal form exaggerates other ac and sc alleles in heterozygote. RK2A. cytology: Presumably associated with Df(1)sc[15]; breakpoints unknown. other information: Apparently, y[+] and ac[+] were inserted elsewhere in the genome (as in sc[19] or sc[V1]), became separated from the left end of X, and were lost. # sc[19] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: League. references: Muller, 1935, Genetica 17: 237-52. phenotypeScutellar bristles absent and sternitals reduced. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)sc[19] = T(1;2)1B1-2;1B4-7;25-26. # sc[29] discoverer: Agol, 1930. phenotypeSimilar to sc[7]. Viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[29] = In(1)1B;13A2-5 (Raffel). other information: Genetically, left break of In(1)sc[29] is to the right of l(1)sc; the right break is between g and f (Muller). # sc[49c] origin: Induced by P[32] simultaneously with Hw[49c]. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1965. other information: Overlooked at the time Hw[49c] was described. Possibly of subsequent spontaneous origin. # sc[52c] origin: Spontaneous in ras v; arose simultaneously with su(s)[52c]. discoverer: Green, 52c. references: 1952, DIS 26: 63. phenotypeNot described. RK1A (ranked by Green). other information: Association with In(1)sc[52c] (breakpoints unknown) inferred, since sc[52c] has been inseparable from ras v. # sc[90] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of sc[6]. discoverer: Goldat. references: 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5: 803-12. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[90] = In(1)1B4-7;1D2-E1. # sc[115] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of sc[6]. discoverer: Goldat. references: 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5: 803-12. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)sc[115] = T(1;2)1A6-B1;25F. # sc[260-14] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39b. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeBoth sexes viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[260-14] = In(1)1B2-3;11D3-8. # sc[260-15] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38l. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeMale sterile. Viability reduced. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)sc[260-15] = T(1;3)1B4-5;71C-D. # sc[260-16] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 1938. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypesc[260-16]/sc overlaps wild type. Lethal homozygous and hemizygous. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: y not affected. # sc[260-17] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39d. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeMale and homozygous female viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)sc[260-17] = T(1;2)1B2-3;31C. # sc[260-18] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39d. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeMale sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)sc[260-18] = T(1;2)1A6-B1;41D-E + T(1;3)7A2-B1;80C. # sc[260-20] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39e. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeMale and homozygous female viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)sc[260-20] = T(1;3)1A8-B1;61A1-2. # sc[260-22] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39f. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeBoth sexes viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[260-22] = In(1)1B2-3;1E2-3. # sc[260-23] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 1939. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeBoth sexes viable. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;?)sc[260-23] = T(1;?)1B2-3. # sc[260-25] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39k. references: 1940, Genetics 25: 628-35. phenotypeVariegates for y, ac, and probably l(1)J1 but not for svr; more extreme than sc[V1]. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1LR)sc[260-25] = In(1LR)1B2-3. # sc[260-26] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39l. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeViability reduced in male. Male fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)sc[260-26] = T(1;2)1B4-5;41F2-3;58B2-3 + In(2LR)27D2-3;41A. # sc[260-27] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39l. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeMale viable but sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)sc[260-27] = T(1;2)1A8-B1;15E;19F;33-34;57B-C. # sc[260-29] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 40a. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeMale viable but sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)sc[260-29] = T(1;2;3)1A6-B1;22A-B;34A-B;75C-E. # sc[A]: scute of Agol discoverer: Agol. references: 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeSimilar to sc. Viability low. RK2A. other information: Associated with In(1)sc[A]; breakpoints unknown. # sc[B1]: scute of Brande origin: X ray induced in In(1)y[4] = In(1)1A8-B1;18A3-4. discoverer: Brande, 37g. phenotypeSimilar to sc. Viability good. RK2A. # sc[D1]: scute of Dobzhansky origin: X ray induced simultaneously with a y. discoverer: Dobzhansky, 1930. references: 1935, DIS 3: 16. Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1935, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 34: 290. phenotypeWeak sc. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Schultz). # sc[D2] origin: Spontaneous in y. discoverer: Dobzhansky, 1931. references: 1935, DIS 3: 16. phenotypeSlight sc. RK2. # sc[Fah]: scute of Fahmy origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeBristles (principally orbitals, verticals, postverticals, and ocellars) missing. Scutellars and postdorsocentrals left nearly intact. Male viable and fertile; female homozygous lethal. sc[Fah]/sc has only occasional absence of postvertical or ocellar bristles. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)sc[Fah] = Df(1)1A8-B1;1B2-3. # sc[H]: scute of Hackett origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Hackett, 46a. references: Muller and Valencia, 1947, DIS 21: 70. phenotypeSimilar to sc but more extreme. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)sc[H] = T(1;4)1B4-C3;101-102. # sc[J1]: scute of Jacobs-Muller origin: X ray induced simultaneously with l(1)J1. discoverer: Jacobs-Muller. references: Muller, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 225. Muller, Prokofyeva, and Raffel, 1935, Nature 135: 253-55. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[J1] = In(1)1A4-5;1B4-5. # sc[J4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Jacobs-Muller. references: Muller, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 225. 1934, DIS 2: 60. phenotypeScute and achete effects. RK3A. other information: Associated with T(1;3)sc[J4] = T(1;3)1B;3A3-C2;61A. # sc[K]: scute of Krivshenko discoverer: Krivshenko. references: Agol, 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeSimilar to sc but semilethal in male and lethal in homozygous female. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)sc[K]; breakpoints unknown. # sc[K3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 53j29. references: 1959, DIS 33: 95-96. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)sc[K3] = T(1;3)1B2-3;61A1-2. # sc[L3]: scute of Levy discoverer: Levy, 1932. phenotypeIn addition to scute, it has a spoon-like wing caused by a mutation to the right of sc. Viable. RK2. # sc[L8] discoverer: Levy, 1932. references: Muller, Raffel, Gershenson, and Prokofyeva-Belgovskaya, 1937, Genetics 22: 87-93. Muller and Raffel, 1938, Genetics 23: 160. Raffel and Muller, 1940, Genetics 25: 541-83. phenotypeSimilar to sc[4] but more extreme. Homozygous female sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[L8] = In(1)1B3-4;20B-C. # sc[P1]: scute of Panshin discoverer: Panshin, 1934. phenotypeLike sc. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)sc[P1]; breakpoints unknown. # sc[S1]: scute of Sinitskaya discoverer: Sinitskaya, 34c. references: Muller, 1935, DIS 3: 50. Muller and Raffel, 1938, Genetics 23: 160. Raffel and Muller, 1940, Genetics 25: 541-83. Crew and Lamy, 1940, J. Genet. 39: 273-83. phenotypeRather extreme sc allele; slight Hw effect; hairs often removed from abdomen and wings. Homozygous female sterile and low in viability. Male fertile and fairly viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[S1] = In(1)1B3-4;20B-D1. Was found in combination with In(1)S = In(1)6A1-3;10F10-11A1. # sc[S2] discoverer: Sinitskaya, 1934. phenotypeSimilar to sc[7]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)sc[S2] = T(1;2)1B4-7;60C-E. # sc[So]: scute of Sytko discoverer: Sytko. references: Agol, 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeLike sc; viability of homozygous female low. RK2. # sc[V1]: scute of Valencia origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: J. I. Valencia, 46h23. synonym: sc[V1], Inp (Inp signifies a pericentric inversion). references: Muller and Valencia, 1947, DIS 21: 69-70. phenotypeExtreme scute and achaete. Viability low. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1LR)sc[V1] = In(1LR)1A8-C3. # sc[V2] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: J. I. Valencia, 46h23. references: Muller and Valencia, 1947, DIS 21: 70. phenotypeBoth achaete and scute variably affected. Some tendency for extra or twin bristles. Abdominal bristles markedly fewer both dorsally and ventrally. Male and homozygous female viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sc[V2] = In(1)1B2-3;20B-F. # Sc: Scotched eye location: 1-4.5 (about 4 or 5). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller. references: 1946, DIS 20: 67. phenotypeOmmatidia disarranged near posterior margin of eye. Resembles spa[Cat]. Good viability and fertility in heterozygous female. Male lethal. RK2. # sca: scabrous location: 2-66.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 34j2. references: 1935, DIS 4: 10. phenotypeEyes large and rough. Ocellar bristles 85% absent at 25[o]C and 10% absent at 18[o]. Postverticals occasionally missing. Bristle effect more extreme in male at 21[o]C and in female at 28[o]. Most bristles subject to twinning. May be extra rows of acrostichal hairs. RK1. cytology: Placed in region 49D1-3 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2R)vg[I] = Df(2R)49C2-D1;50A2-3 but not in Df(2R)vg[B] = Df(2R)49D3-4;50A2-3 (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 205). # Scar: Scarred location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Yu, 48h. references: 1949, DIS 23: 65. phenotypeEyes elliptical with indented, glassy posterior margin. Wings spread at 45[o] from body from body axis. Enhanced at 28[o]C. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Scar = T(2;3)27E;95A = In(3)91F;96A. # sch: slender chaetae location: 1-21.1. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotypeBristles thin and slightly shortened. Eyes slightly smaller and brownish. Body small. RK2. # Scn: Scutenick location: 4- [included in Df(4)M]. discoverer: Padoa, 1931. references: Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. Padoa, 1938, Monit. Zool. Ital. 49: 279-84. phenotypeScutellum shortened, has nick at posterior edge; scutellar bristles missing. Ocelli reduced, has disturbed hairs and bristles. One or both eyes often small or absent. All characters overlap wild type. Eye effect is strongest at 19[o]C but other effects weaker. Scutellum effect best at 28[o] but eyes normal. Homozygous lethal. RK2. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 101E through 102B16 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)M = Df(4)101E-F;192B6-17. # Sco: Scutoid location: 2-51.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 56l15. references: 1959, DIS 33: 96. 1960, DIS 34: 55. phenotypeScutellar bristles usually absent; one or both postscutellar bristles sometimes present and are shorter and thinner than normal. Ocellar and humeral bristles often absent. Homozygous lethal. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal. Placed in region between 34E5 and 35D1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # scp: scooped location: 1-19.3. discoverer: Muller, 1926. phenotypeWings turn up slightly; classification fairly reliable. RK2. cytology: Placed between 6A3-4 and 6F10-11 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # Scp: Scoop location: 3- (not located). origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Reddi. synonym: Sc (preoccupied). references: 1963, DIS 37: 53. phenotypeWing size reduced; proximal one-third of wing compressed laterally; distal two-thirds spoonlike. Three furrows run length of wing, and surface is wrinkled. Abdomen cylindrical and untapered posteriorly. Pigmented abdominal bands darkened. Excellent viability and fertility. RK3. # scr: scruff location: 1-22.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41b22. references: 1942, DIS 16: 52. 1942, Genetics 27: 532. phenotypeHairs and bristles missing or doubled, and deranged. Eyes small and rough. Scutellum more convex than wild type. Wing margins, especially posterior, often incised. Wings occasionally blistered. All characters variable; a few flies appear normal. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. # scrp: scarp location: 2-74 (to the left of c; not an allele of L). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hansen and Gardner, 1960. references: 1962, DIS 36: 38. 1962, Genetics 47: 587-98 (fig.). phenotypeVentral one-third of eye flattened and separated from dorsal two-thirds by a furrow. Penetrance 80% at 30[o]C; at 25[o], eyes are wild type. Temperature-effective period from forty-second to sixty-eighth hour of development. RK3. # sct: scooped thickvein location: 1-16.0. origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1960, DIS 34: 49. phenotypeWings short and scooped; inner margin frequently incised in several places; veins thickened. Eyes darker and slightly altered in shape. Abdominal tergites slightly ridged. Male sterile; viability about 40% normal. RK2. # Scx: Extra sex comb location: 3-47 (0.3 unit to the right of Pc and to the left of p). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hannah, 53b. references: Hannah and Stromnaes, 1955, DIS 29: 121-23. Hannah, 1958, Genetics 43: 878-905 (fig.). phenotypeSex combs may be present on all six legs of male. At least one extra sex comb present in 75-90% of males. Third pair of legs less often affected than second. Scx/Pc more extreme than Scx/+; male usually has large sex comb on all six legs. Lethal homozygous and when heteroxygous with Antp[49] and Antp[50]. Expression of Scx/+ enhanced in males that are also heterozygous for bx, bxd, and Ubx. Furthermore, with bx and bxd, the enhancement is greater if mutants are in coupling rather than repulsion, but compounds with Ubx show no phase difference (Hannah-Alava, 1964, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 95: 1-9). RK2. # sd: scalloped location: 1-51.5. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gruneberg, 28j20. references: 1929, Biol. Zentr. 49: 680-94. 1934, DIS 2: 9. phenotypeWing margins scalloped and veins thickened. Eyes slightly roughened. Does not overlap wild type. Waddington (1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139) concluded that sd reduces size of prospective wing area during larval period and shifts plane along which wing area is folded out from imaginal bud. Scalloping visible in prepupal wing and scorable in unexpanded wing. RK1. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 13B2-F17 on the basis of its inclusion in Dp(1;f)A12 = Dp(1;f)1B-C;13B1-5 but not in the proximal part of the X derived from T(1;4)A4 = T(1;4)13F6-14A1;102F (inferred from Patterson, 1938, Am. Naturalist 72: 193-206, also frontispiece of Texas Univ. Publ. 4032). # sd[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Panshin, 33g7. references: 1935, DIS 3: 28. phenotypeMore extreme than sd. Wings small and scalloped. Like vt at high temperatures. Crossing over inhibited. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sd[2]; breakpoints unknown. # sd[35] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hollander, 1935. references: 1937, DIS 8: 8. phenotypeLike sd. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from phenotype. # sd[56j] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Clark, 56j. references: Andrew, 1959, DIS 33: 82. phenotypeMore extreme than sd. Expression enhanced by high temperature. Visible in prepupal wing buds. Interacts with Bx and bi. RK1. cytology: No gross chromosomal abnormality. # sd[58d] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives, 58d14. references: 1961, DIS 35: 46. phenotypeWings reduced to vestiges, like vg. Halteres and bristles also like vg. sd[58d]/sd has strap-shaped wing. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sd[58d]; breakpoints unknown. # sd[s]: scalloped-sterile origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller. references: 1946, DIS 20: 67-68. phenotypeWings divergent and slightly nicked. Male sterile. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from position and phenotype. No evidence of chromosome rearrangement. # sd[sp]: scalloped-spatula origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49. discoverer: R. M. Valencia, 1959. synonym: sp. references: 1959, DIS 33: 99. 1965, DIS 40: 37. phenotypeWings cut at tips and along both margins. sd[sp] +/+ Bx[r] give slight nicking of wings. RK1A. cytology: No gross rearrangement in addition to In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49 but possibly a local disturbance in pairing. # SD: Segregation Distorter location: 2-55 (near the heterochromatic-euchromatic junction). origin: Naturally occurring allele recovered near Madison, Wisconsin. The same or similar alleles found in populations of Baja California (Mange, 1961, Am. Naturalist 95: 87-96), Kentucky, and Illinois (Greenberg, 1962, DIS 36: 70). discoverer: Hiraizumi. references: Sandler, Hiraizumi, and Sandler, 1959, Genetics 44: 233-50. phenotypeFemale and homozygous male normal. The majority of functional sperm of heterozygous male, often 95%, carry the SD-bearing second chromosome. Meiosis and sperm development in SD/+ male are without visible abnormality; it has been postulated that SD acts by directing its homolog into a normally nonfunctional half of the sperm (Peacock and Erikson, 1965, Genetics 51: 313-28). RK3. cytology: Base of 2R may be normal (Lewis, 1962, DIS 36: 87). All naturally occurring SD chromosomes contain inversions in the right arm. The inversion present varies and is not required for SD activity. other information: SD-bearing chromsomes in nature have St-SD: Stabilizer of SD located at the tip of 2R, in the absence of which SD action is more variable (Sandler and Hiraizumi, 1960, Genetics 45: 1269-87). There are, in addition, a great variety of modifiers of SD activity in the genome (Sandler and Hiraizumi, 1959, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 45: 1414-22; Sandler and Rosenfeld, 1962, Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 4: 453-57). The SD locus is complex and consists of at least a distorter element and an element that renders chromosome 2 immune to SD action (Sandler and Hiraizumi, 1960, Genetics 45: 1671-89). # sdx: spreadex location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller. synonym: spx (preoccupied). references: 1965, DIS 40: 35. phenotypeWings spread widely apart and often directed somewhat downward, as in Dichaete. Abdomen of female tends to be narrow and shrunken. Fertility sufficient for maintaining homozygous stock. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sdx; breakpoints unknown. # se: sepia location: 3-26.0. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 13e10. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 86 (fig.). Sturtevant and Beadle, 1939, An Introduction to Genetics, Saunders, p. 64 (fig.). phenotypeEye color brown at eclosion, darkening to sepia, and becoming black with age. Pigmentation of ocelli normal. Chromatographically, se eyes characterized by having no red pigment and an accumulation of the yellow pigment, sepiapterin (Hadorn and Mitchell, 1951, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 37: 650-65); other pteridines present in greater-than-normal amounts. se/+ can be distinguished from +/+ in that it has more isoxanthopterin and other pale pteridines; the red drosopterins are at wild-type level, so that se appears completely recessive on ordinary visual examination (Ziegler-Gunder and Hadorn, 1958, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 89: 235-45). Structure of the sepiapterin is 2-amino-4-oxo-6-lactyl-3,4,7,8-tetrahydropteridine (Forrest and Nawa, 1962, Nature 196: 372-73). Eye color autonomous in se eye disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). RK1. # se[51j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hungerford 51j. references: Redfield, 1952, DIS 26: 68. phenotypeLike se. RK1. # se[51k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Clark, 51k. references: 1952, DIS 26: 60. phenotypeLike se. RK1. # se[58k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Andrew, 58k. references: 1959, DIS 33: 82. phenotypeLike se. RK1. # se[61c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Clancy, 61c. references: 1964, DIS 39: 65. phenotypeLike se. RK1. # semi-f: semiforked location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Lancefield, 18b. references: 1918, Am. Naturalist 52: 462-64. phenotypeHomozygotes that are also heterozygous for f have slightly forked bristles. RK3. # sep: separated location: 3- (rearrangement). discoverer: Muller. phenotypeMost of posterior crossvein absent, one-third usually remaining attached to vein L5. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3LR)sep = In(3LR)65E;85E (Lewis, 1951, DIS 25: 108-9). # Ser: Serrate location: 3-92.5 (to the right of Pr). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 35l7. references: Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 46. phenotypeWings notched at tip; deepest notch at second posterior cell. In triploids, one dose of Ser overlaps wild type. Homozygous lethal. RK1. # sf: safranin location: 2-71.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16a6. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 235. phenotypeEye color soft dark brown. More easily classified in male and in aged fly. Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow; classifiable (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK2. # sf[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 25k. synonym: bronze. references: 1934, DIS 1: 35. 1935, Am. Naturalist 69: 223-38. 1937, DIS 7: 21. phenotypeLike sf but possibly less extreme; 47% normal red and 98% normal brown pigment (Nolte, 1955, Genetics 53: 1-10). Eye color autonomous in larval optic disks transplanted into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes bright yellow like wild type (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). RK2. # sf[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 39c. references: Curry, 1939, DIS 12: 45. phenotypeLike sf. RK2. # sf[32e] origin: From heat-treated larvae. discoverer: Ives, 32e28. synonym: dark eye (1934, DIS 1: 33). references: Plough and Ives, 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69. phenotypeLike sf. RK2. # sf-3: safranin in chromosome 3 location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Bridges, 15a15. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 126. phenotypeEye color dull brown. RK3. # sfc: stiff chaetae location: 1-3.2. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeBristles short and stiff; occasionally one missing. Fertility and viability good. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1592. # sg: shortened wing location: 3- (left arm). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Herskowitz, 47l18. references: 1949, DIS 23: 57. phenotypeWings abnormal at base; veins interrupted, missing, or thickened. Many flies have short, rounded wings that curve upward slightly. RK3. # sge: shifted genitals location: 1-48.4. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeMale gentialia and anal plates rotated to various degrees (up to 90[o]). Wings slightly divergent and drooping, occasionally one outheld. Eyes slightly dark. Male sterile. Viability about 70% normal. RK2. # sh: short winged location: 3-56. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23d3. synonym: short wing. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 235. 1935, DIS 3: 16. phenotypeWings small; similar to dy. RK2. # sh-5: short-5 location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 26j. references: 1934, DIS 1: 35. 1935, Am. Naturalist 69: 223-38. phenotypeWing veins L5 and L3 short and do not reach wing margin. Expression variable; overlaps wild type. RK3. # Sh: Shaker location: 1-57.7. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Catsch. references: 1944, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 82: 64-66. phenotypeCauses spasmodic tremor of legs and abdomen in moderately etherized male and homozygous female; very little effect in deeply anaesthetized fly. Heterozygous female shows reduced effect; shaking confined to forelegs. Expression and viability excellent. RK1. # Sh[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski, 48k. references: 1949, DIS 23: 61-62. phenotypeLike Sh but male lethal. RK2. # Sh[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Novitski, 49b. references: 1949, DIS 23: 61-62. phenotypeLike Sh. RK1. # Sh[4] origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. synonym: Shw: Shaker downheld. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotypeFly quivers when etherized. Wings frequently droop at sides. Thorax oten dented, particularly near anterior border. Homozygote viable and fertile. RK1. other information: One allele each induced by X rays and CB. 1592. Two alleles induced by CB. 1540. # shb: shortened bristles location: 1-39.0. origin: Induced by S-2-chloroethylcysteine (CB. 1592). discoverer: Fahmy, 1957. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotypeBristles slightly short and thin. Wings broad, often convex or concave. Fly somewhat large. Male fertile; viability about 50% wild type. Female sterile. RK3. # she: sherry location: 3-0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kaliss, 36a13. references: 1937, DIS 8: 9. phenotypeEye color sherry. Sterile inter se but both sexes crossfertile. RK3. # shf: shifted location: 1-17.9. discoverer: Bridges, 13a. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 63. phenotypeVein L3 fails to reach wing margin and is shifted toward L4. Anterior crossvein usually lacking. Wings divergent. Postscutellar bristles small and erect. Body small. Viability 60% wild type. Female often sterile. RK2. cytology: Placed between 6A3 and 6F11 based on deficiency analysis using shf[2] (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # shf[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 29j29. references: 1935, DIS 3: 28. 1935, DIS 4: 10. phenotypeVeins closer together than in wild type. L3 and L4 tend to fuse near anterior crossvein; anterior crossvein shortened, knotted, or absent. Phenotypic effect visible in prepupal wing bud, the two longitudinal veins diverging at a smaller-than-normal angle [Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)]. Eyes sometimes slightly rough. Scutellar bristles often absent. Scutellum short. Wings narrow and often warped downward. Fertility and viability good. RK2. # shf[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 37d26. phenotypeLike shf[2] but more extreme. Viability about 70% wild type. Frequently infertile. RK2. # shf[ov]: shifted-oval origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. references: 1950, DIS 24: 55. phenotypeEyes rough and narrow. First basal wing cell absent because L3 and L4 veins close. Wings narrow and pointed. Viability and fertility low. RK2. other information: On basis of phenotype and position, could be an allele of either ov or shf or both; not tested. # shl: shorter legs location: 1-36.3. origin: Induced by 2-fluoroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1522). discoverer: Fahmy, 1957. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotypeSmall fly with short legs. Male viability and fertility low. RK3. # shm: short macros location: 1-22.4. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotypeBristles short and stiff. Eclosion delayed. Male sterile and viability reduced. RK2. # sho: shovel location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous in In(2L)t. discoverer: GoodSmith, 49k. references: Ives, 1952, DIS 26: 65. phenotypeWings short and rounded. Viability good. RK2A. # shp: shrimp location: 1-47.5. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeSmall fly. Eclosion delayed. Male viability about 30% wild type. Both sexes fertile. RK3. # shr: shrunken location: 2-2.3. discoverer: Bridges. phenotypeBody small and dark. Viability and fertility good. Overlaps wild type unless combined with abb, where mutual enhancement occurs. RK3. cytology: Placed between 22A3 and 22B1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(2L)S2 = Df(2L)21C6-D1;22A6-B1 but not in Df(2L)S5 = Df(2L)21C2-3;22A3-4 (Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66). # sht: short tarsi location: 1-20.9. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotypeLegs extremely short; reduction in length most pronounced in metatarsal and tarsal regions. Some tarsi fused, others absent. Bristles thin and short. Adult short lived. RK3. # shv: short vein location: 2-3.8 (between ast and ho). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Pope, 1947. references: Lewis, 1947, DIS 21: 69. phenotypeVeins L2 and L4 do not reach wing margin. RK1. # Si: Ski location: 2-36. discoverer: Clausen, 15l1. references: Clausen and Collins, 1922, Genetics 7: 385-426. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 149 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygous or heterozygous Si combined with homozygous si-3 produces wings with turned up tips. Double homozygote also has a crimped costal vein. Other genotypes wild type. RK3. # si-3: ski-3 location: 3-46.5. discoverer: Clausen, 15l1. references: Clausen and Collins, 1922, Genetics 7: 385-426. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 149. phenotypesi-3/si-3 fly has upturned wing tips when homozygous or heterozygous for Si, otherwise normal. RK3. # Sil: Skilike location: 2- (not located). discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104: 216. phenotypeWings turned up at tips. Semidominant. Poor viability. RK3. other information: Not an allele of Si. # siw: side wings location: 1-58.5. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeWings rotated on long axis so that inner margin is higher than costal margin. Male sterile; viability about 50% wild type. RK2. # Sk: Streak location: 2-16.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 12k27. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 222 (fig.). phenotypeDark streak extends down middle of thorax from neck to tip of scutellum. Wings may diverge and droop. Overlaps wild type. Enhanced by b or e[s]. Homozygous lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Bridges). # sl: small wing location: 1-53.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15l21. phenotypeWings about 80% normal length, straight edged, and blunt tipped. Crossveins rather close. Eyes large and slightly rough. RK2. # sl[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dobzhansky, 31b3. references: Sivertzev-Dobzhansky and Dobzhansky, 1933, Genetics 18: 173-92. phenotypeSimilar to sl but possibly more extreme. RK2. # sl[34] origin: Found among progeny of cold-treated male. discoverer: Gottschewski, 1934. phenotypeWings like sl but eyes normal. RK2. # Sl: Splotched location: 1-56.9 (to the right of f). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l11. references: 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotypeWing hairs disarranged in small patches. Male infertile. Viability excellent. RK1. # sla: slimma location: 1-48.6. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeFly slim with very narrow abdomen. Body length normal. Eclosion delayed slightly. Wings curve slightly. sla/slb and sla/sld wild type. Male fertile and viable. Female sterile; viability about 50% wild type. RK3. other information: Two alleles each induced by CB. 3007 and CB. 3025. # slb: slim body location: 1-45.3. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1958, DIS 32: 74. phenotypeBody narrow but of normal length. slb/sla and slb/sld wild type. Viability and fertility good in both sexes. RK3. # slc: slim chaetae location: 1-3.6. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90-91. phenotypeBristles thin and short. Inner wing margins occasionally incised. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK1. # sld: slender location: 1-50.1. origin: Induced by p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylethylamine (CB. 3034). discoverer: Fahmy, 1957. references: 1959, DIS 33: 91. phenotypeFly rather small and slim with narrow abdomen. sld/sla and sld/slb wild type. Male fertile but shows delayed eclosion and reduced viability. Female very inviable. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3025. # sld[pta]: slender-pointed abdomen origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. synonym: pta. references: 1959, DIS 33: 88. phenotypeFly small, has narrowed abdomen and slightly altered eye and wing shape. Male sterile; viability about 25% wild type. RK3. # slm: slim location: 1-33.7. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotypeSmall fly with narrow abdomen. Viability and fertility good. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1506. # sln: slimmer abdomen location: 1-53.5. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33: 91. phenotypeRather small fly with narrow abdomen. Occasionally, wings slightly upheld and eyes small or misshapen. Male infertile; viability about 15% wild type. Female sterile. RK3. # slt: slight location: 2-106.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 39b20. references: 1939, DIS 12: 45. phenotypeFly small. Bristles short and thin. Enhances px. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # slw: slope wing location: 1-51.2. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotypeWings usually slightly upheld or spread. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # sm: smooth location: 2-91.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 35c14. phenotypeAbdomen partially denuded of bristles and shrunken. Wings usually warped and semierect. Acrostichal hairs disarranged. Tendency for erect postscutellars. Male genitalia often disturbed. Anal protuberance of female bent down. Viability 30% wild type. Both sexes entirely sterile. RK2. # sma: smaller location: 1-29.9. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotypeBody small. Eye color frequently dark. Viability and fertility good. RK2. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1528, CB. 1540, CB. 2511, CB. 3007, CB. 3025, CB. 3026, CB. 3034. Two alleles induced by CB. 1414. # smb: slim bristle location: 1-23.1. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. phenotypeBristles thin and rather short. Male viable and fertile; female sterile. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1540. # smd: smalloid location: 1-61.1. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotypeRather small body. Eyes frequently dark. Viability and fertility good. RK2. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 18A4-18B8 on the basis of its inclusion within the deficiency resulting from recombining left end of In(1)y[4] = In(1)1A8-B1;18A3-4 with right end of In(1)sc[9] = In(1)1B2-3;18B8-9 (Norton and Valencia, 1965, DIS 40: 40). other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1414, CB. 1540, CB. 1592, and CB. 3007. Two alleles each induced by CB. 1506 and CB. 1528. Seven alleles induced by CB. 3025 and 10 by X rays. # sme: smaller eye location: 1-68.9. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 91. phenotypeSmall fly with small, round, and slightly dark eyes. Wings occasionally diverge. Male sterile; viability about 50% wild type. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3051. # smh: smaller thinner location: 1-1.5. origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 91. phenotypeRather small fly with thin bristles. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK2. # smk: smoky location: 2-58.6. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson and Meyer, 49d. synonym: sm (preoccupied). references: 1949, DIS 23: 61. phenotypeBody color dark, especially along sides of thorax. Similar to e[s] but somewhat lighter. At 27[o]C, female sterile and male fertile; at 17[o], both sexes fertile. Viability and classification good. RK2. # sml: small location: 1-25. origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. references: 1950, DIS 24: 56. phenotypeBody small; wings short; eyes small, rough, and bulging. Thoracic hairs irregular. Eclosion delayed. Ten percent normal viability. RK3. # smn: small narrow location: 1-45.7. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 91. phenotypeFly weak and inviable, usually dies within 48 hr of eclosion. Wings frequently upheld slightly. Abdomen narrow. RK3. # smp: small pallid location: 1-25.6. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 91. phenotypeFly quite small and lightly pigmented. Bristles slightly thin. Occasional eye misshapen. Male viable and fertile. Female sterile. RK2. # smt: small thorax location: 1-51.9. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotypeThorax and head small. Wings correspondingly short but of normal width and frequently wavy. Both sexes fertile. Viability about 50% wild type. RK2. # sn: singed location: 1-21.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 18j5. references: 1922, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 28: 1-22 (fig.). Bender, 1960, Genetics 45: 867-83 (fig.). phenotypeBristles twisted and shortened. Hairs wavy. Female sterile. Bender (1960) finds that, in ovaries of sterile sn female, vitellogenesis is retarded and eggs never develop beyond stage 13. Mohr (1922) reported that eggs laid are short and have flattened filaments. sn heterozygous with fertile alleles is fertile; sn heterozygous with sterile alleles of sn is sterile. RK1. cytology: Demerec and Sutton place locus between 7C4-5 and 8C1-2 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Hannah-Alava places it in 7D1-2. other information: The singed locus is divided into three recombinationally different sites (Ives and Noyes, 1951, Anat. Record 111: 565; Hexter, 1955, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 41: 921-25; 1957, Genetics 42: 376). sn occupies right site. Some of the double mutants synthesized by Hexter and studied by Bender (1960). # sn[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1912. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 22: 235. Bender, 1960, Genetics 45: 867-83 (fig.). phenotypeBristles wavy, twisted at ends. A weak allele of sn. Hairs wild type. Female fertile. RK2. other information: Occupies middle pseudoallelic site (Hexter, 1955, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 41: 921-15). # sn[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 22f11. references: 1923, Hereditas 4: 142-60 (fig.). Bender, 1960, Genetics 45: 867-83 (fig.). phenotypeBristles and hairs curved and twisted as in sn. Female entirely fertile. RK1. other information: Occupies left pseudoallelic site (Hexter, 1955, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 41: 921-25). # sn[4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30a26. references: Bender, 1960, Genetics 45: 867-83 (fig.). phenotypeBristles kinked at ends as in sn[2]. Hairs wild type. Female fertile. sn[36a] sn[4] homozygote has nearly normal bristles and is sterile. RK2. other information: Occupies middle pseudoallelic site (Hexter, 1955, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 41: 921-25). # sn[5] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30b5. references: Bender, 1960, Genetics 45: 867-83. phenotypeBristles and hairs kinked. Expression intermediate between sn and sn[4]. Female sterile. RK1. other information: Occupies right pseudoallelic site (Hexter). # sn[5S]: singed-5 of Skinner origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Skinner, 42c18. references: Ives, 1943, DIS 17: 50. phenotypeLike sn[5]. Female sterile. RK1. # sn[13a1] origin: X ray induced in R(1)2. discoverer: Hannah, 1947. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)sn[13a1] = T(1;3)6C;7C9-D1;79D2-E1. # sn[27-10] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels, 57j. references: 1958, DIS 32: 85. # sn[27-49] origin: Induced by mustard gas. discoverer: Sobels and Jansen, 57j. references: Sobels, 1958, DIS 32: 85. # sn[29-1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sobels and Schouten, 57l. references: Sobels, 1958, DIS 32: 85. # sn[31f] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Patterson. references: 1934, DIS 2: 59. phenotypeLike sn. Female sterile. RK1. # sn[34e] discoverer: Duncan, 34e20. references: 1935, DIS 4: 10. phenotypeBristles show slight sn effect. Hairs kinked. Female fertile. RK1. # sn[36a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 36a21. references: Bender, 1960, Genetics 45: 867-83 (fig.). phenotypeBristles gnarled in a fairly extreme manner. Hairs wild type. sn[36a] is only allele to cause pronounced reduction in replication of oocyte nurse cell DNA [King and Burnett, 1957, Growth 21: 263-80 (fig.)]. sn[36a] also causes more extreme retardation of vitellogenesis than other female-sterile sn alleles (Bender, 1960). Female sterile. sn[36a] sn[4] homozygote has nearly normal bristles and is sterile. RK1. other information: Occupies left pseudoallelic site (Hexter). # sn[37b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Poulson, 37b. references: 1938, DIS 10: 55. 1939, DIS 12: 49. phenotypeLike sn. Female sterile. RK1. # sn[39k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Buzzati-Traverso, 39k19. references: 1940, DIS 13: 49. phenotypeLike sn. Female sterile. RK1. # sn[41i] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Oliver, 41i25. references: 1942, DIS 16: 53. phenotypeLike sn. Female sterile. RK1. # sn[46a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Belgovsky. references: 1946, DIS 20: 63. phenotypeWeak sn; hairs unaffected. Female fertile. RK1. other information: Crossing over unaffected. # sn[48h] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lindsley, 48h11. references: 1949, DIS 23: 60. phenotypeLike sn[4]. Female fertile. RK1. # sn[49h] origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: R. C. King, 49h. references: Poulson and King, 1949, DIS 23: 63. phenotypeLike sn. Female sterile. RK1. # sn[50k] discoverer: Ives. references: Ives and Noyes, 1951, Anat. Record 111: 565. Bender, 1960, Genetics 45: 867-83. phenotypeKinky hairs and gnarled bristles. Female sterile. RK1. other information: Occupies right pseudoallelic site. # sn[55a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hillman, 55a. references: 1957, DIS 31: 82. phenotypeBristles and hairs affected but not so extreme as sn[3]. Female fertile. RK1. # sn[57c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kadel. references: 1957, DIS 31: 83. phenotypeLike sn. Female sterile. RK1. # sn[61k] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Mickey, 61k. references: 1963, DIS 38: 31. phenotypeLike sn. RK2. # sn[61k2] origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Mickey, 61k. references: 1963, DIS 38: 31. phenotypeLike sn[3]. RK1. # sn[63a] origin: Found among progeny of male treated with radio frequency. discoverer: Mickey, 63a. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. phenotypeLike sn. RK1. # sn[63b] origin: Found among progeny of male treated with radio frequency. discoverer: Mickey, 63b19. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. # sn[c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller. references: Bender, 1960, Genetics 45: 867-83. # sn[I9Bb5] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49. discoverer: Muller, Valencia, and Valencia, 1946-53. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)sn[I9Bb5] = T(1;3)3C1-2;7C9-10;72A-B. # sn[K]: singed of Krivshenko discoverer: Krivshenko. references: Agol, 1936, DIS 5: 7. phenotypeLike sn. Female sterile. RK1. # sn[X2]: singed from X irradiation origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller. references: Bender, 1960, Genetics 45: 867-83. # snb: sunburst location: 3-34 or 47 [6.5 units from D (3-40.4)]. discoverer: Dobzhansky. phenotypeEye color soft maroon with seven flecks. Overlaps wild type. Classification best in fly at least one day old. Larval Malpighian tubes somewhat lighter than normal (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK3. # so: sine oculis location: 2-57.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Milani, 1939. references: 1941, DIS 14: 52. Buzzati-Traverso, 1946, DIS 20: 63. Milani, 1946, Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 23: 111-13. 1951, DIS 25: 79. 1951, Rend. Ist. Lombardo Sci. Lettere, Ser. 3, 84: 143-54. phenotypeOcelli always absent. Eyes usually reduced to small groups of ommatidia. More extreme at elevated temperatures; lethal at 30[o]C. so eye disks transplanted into wild-type host develop autonomously as do wild-type disks in so host (Castiglioni, 1950, DIS 24: 79). RK2. # so[2] origin: Spontaneous derivative of so. discoverer: Milani, 1939. references: 1946, Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 22: 1025-28. 1949, Sci. Genet. 3: 106-112. phenotypeLess extreme than so. Ocelli absent. Eyes usually normal but sometimes reduced or deformed. Homozygous expression not affected by temperature. At 20[o]-23[o]C, so[2]/so eyes like so[2]/so[2]. At 27[o]C, so[2]/so may resemble so/so; eyes range from normal to greatly reduced or deformed. RK2. # som: sombre location: 1-40.8. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotypePigmentation of body and eyes dark and dull. Wings occasionally divergent or blistered. Good viability and fertility. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1414. # sp: speck location: 2-107.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 10c. synonym: ol-2: olive-2. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 128 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 211 (fig.), 236. phenotypeAxils of wings have black specks. Body color dark. In pupa, region of anal papilla is dark (Waddington). RK1. cytology: Placed in 60B13-60C5 on the basis of its inclusion in the 2R[P]X[D] element of T(1;2)Bld = T(1;2)1C3-4;60B12-13 and Df(2R)Px = Df(2R)60B8-10;69D1-2 but not in Df(2R)Px[2] = Df(2R)60C5-6;60D9-10 [Bridges, 1937, Cytologia (Tokyo), Fujii Jub., Vol. 2: 745-55]. # sp[2] discoverer: Bridges, 25f. phenotypeDarker speck and body color than sp. Tyrosinase formed in adults (Horowitz). RK1. # sp[S61]: speck of Shuman origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Shuman, 61c. references: Meyer, 1963, DIS 37: 51. phenotypeSimilar to sp. RK1. # sp[u]: speck from ultraviolet origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 52d. references: 1955, DIS 29: 74. phenotypeWeak allele. sp[u]/sp not difficult to classify, but sp[u]/sp[2] overlaps wild type. RK2. # Sp: Sternopleural location: 2-22.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: M. (Mann) Lesley. synonym: Br: Bristled. references: 1923, Genetics 8: 27-36. phenotypeSternopleural bristles increased in number. At 19[o]C, wild type; at 25[o], overlaps wild type; at 28[o]-30[o], no overlap. Apparently does not affect sternopleural bristles on metathoracic segment converted by bx to a mesothoracic segment (Waddington, 1939, Growth Suppl. 1, pp. 37-44). Homozygous lethal. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301). cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 27C1 to 28C1 (E. H. Grell). # spa: sparkling location: 4- [probably most distal visible locus on chromosome 4 (Abrahamson, Herskowitz, and Muller, 1956, Genetics 41: 410-19)]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: L. V. Morgan, 34k6. references: 1941, DIS 14: 52. 1947, Genetics 32: 200-19. phenotypeEyes rough in varying degrees and somewhat bulging. Affected by genetic modifiers. More extreme at 17[o]-19[o]C than at 22[o]-25[o]. Heterochromatin and sex affect expression so that X/0 > X/X > X/Y > X/X/Y; also enhanced by M(2)S2[10]. spa haplo-4's have an exaggerated phenotype. RK2. cytology: Placed in 102D-F on the basis of the absence of spa[+] from the 2L[D]4[P] element of T(2;4)b = T(2;4)25E;102C15-D1 (E. B. Lewis). Observations on its further location conflict. Fahmy restricts its location to 102D on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)M[62e] = Df(4)101E;102D13-E1, whereas Hochman places it between 102E2 and 102F10 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)11 = Df(4)102E2-10;102F2-10. # spa[Cat]: sparkling-Cataract origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Belgovsky, 1936. synonym: Cat. references: 1937, DIS 8: 7. Morgan, 1941, DIS 14: 52. phenotypePosterior third or half of eye of heterozygote rough; facets irregular and fused. Homozygous lethal. Stocks vary in expression, presumably because of genetic modifiers. X/X and X/0 flies that are spa[Cat]/spa show the bulging eyes and roughening of spa and the posterior fused facets of spa[Cat]; X/X/Y and X/Y flies have only the spa[Cat] phenotype. spa[Cat]/spa[pol] has fusion of facets over entire surface of eye and roughness in posterior region of eye. spa[Cat]/4-sim is wild type. RK2. # spa[e(lz)]: sparkling-enhancer of lozenge origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: H. A. Bender, 65b23. phenotypeHomozygote wild type in absence of lz; eyes strongly roughened in presence of heterozygous lz[3], lz[36], or lz[D]. Slight eye roughening when both spa[e(lz)] and a lz allele are heterozygous. spa[e(lz)]/spa[pol] and spa[e(lz)]/spa[p65] have very rough eyes but normal tarsal claws and spermathecae. RK3. # spa[p61]: sparkling-poliert type origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1961. phenotypeEyes small, rough, and glazed. More extreme than spa[pol] or spa[p65]. Nonpigmented tarsal claws. RK1. # spa[p65] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: H. A. Bender, 65j11. phenotypeEyes somewhat reduced in size, rough and partially glazed. More extreme than spa[pol] but less so than spa[p61]. Tarsal claws unpigmented and possibly reduced; reminiscent of certain lozenge mutants. Pulvilli and accessory female reproductive structures appear normal. Heterozygote with spa[pol] and spa[p61] has affected tarsal claws as well as rough eyes. Heterozygote with spa has slightly roughened eyes at 25[o]C but markedly roughened eyes at 18[o]; female somewhat more extreme than male. Viability and fertility good. RK1. # spa[pol]: sparkling-poliert origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hadorn, 51a. synonym: pol. references: Rickenbacher, 1953, DIS 27: 59. 1954, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 86: 62-68 (fig.). phenotypeEyes rather small; surface smooth and glassy. During second day of pupal life, retinula cells withdraw from other cells of eye disk. spa[pol]/spa[Cat] has extreme phenotype; spa[pol]/spa slightly more extreme than spa (Sturtevant, 1961, DIS 35: 47). Homozygote has excellent viability and fertility. RK1. # spd: spade location: 2-21.9 [to the left of Sp (E. H. Grell)]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 30d15. phenotypeWings short and broad, pointed at tip, and warped at base. Effect on wing shape arises from excessive contraction of epithelium from inflated stage onward (Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139). Overlaps wild type in existing stock. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 27C1 to 28C1 (E. H. Grell). # spd[fg]: spade-flag origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Doane, 60f14. synonym: fg. references: 1960, DIS 34: 49. 1961, DIS 35: 45-46. phenotypeWings about two-thirds the length and three-fourths the width of wild type, held tentlike over abdomen. Alulae absent or vestigial; proximal posterior wing margins often irregular with tendency to fold under about vein L4. Venation usually normal with occasional blistering. spd[fg]/spd has phenotype varying from slight shortening of wings to a shape midway between the two homozygotes. Excellent viability and fertility. RK1. # spl: split location: 1-3.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dubinin. synonym: shd; fa[3] (1934, DIS 1: 10). references: Serebrovsky and Dubinin, 1930, J. Heredity 21: 259-65. Agol, 1931, Genetics 16: 262. phenotypeEyes rough and small. Many bristles doubled, sometimes missing. Bristle effect caused by an extra division of initial bristle-forming cell [Lees and Waddington, 1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 131: 87-110 (fig.)]. Few bristles (but not their sockets) regularly removed from posterior border of tergites in spl/+ heterozygotes (Welshons). spl in heterozygotes with other recessive members of the N pseudoalllic series is virtually normal, but it is spl when heterozygous with N. RK1. cytology: Placed in band 3C7 on the basis of its interaction with N. Salivary chromosomes normal (Welshons). other information: A member of the pseudoallelic series at the Notch locus; located between N[Nic] and N[264-103] (Welshons and Von Halle, 1962, Genetics 47: 743-59). # spl[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gottschewski, 1935. phenotypeLike spl but eyes smaller. RK1. # sple: spiny legs location: 2-54 (5.5 units to the right of b). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 503-4, 521. phenotypeHairs on legs irregular, giving a spiny appearance. RK3. # splw: splay wing location: 1-58.6. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotypeWings shortened and usually slightly divergent. Eyes small and occasionally rough and deformed. Body size reduced slightly. Emergence delayed. Male sterile; viability about 10% wild type. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1246. # spot: spot location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Hersh, 34h15. references: 1935, DIS 4: 14. phenotypeDark spot appears below eye on posterior margin of head. Expression variable. RK3. # spr: spread wings location: 3- [right arm associated with In(3R)P]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 36c16. phenotypeWings held out at wide angle. Both sexes sterile. RK3A. # Spr: Spread location: 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 32k21. references: 1935, DIS 4: 15. phenotypeWings held outstretched perpendicular to body axis, droop in older fly. Homozygous lethal. Heterozygote viability somewhat low. Female fertile; male quite infertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3L)Spr; breakpoints unknown. # sprd: spread location: 3-65. origin: Spontaneous in In(3R)C. discoverer: Dexter, 13k. synonym: sd (preoccupied). references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 105. phenotypeWings spread at right angles to body. RK2A. other information: Probably separable from In(3R)C = In(3R)92D1-E1;100F2-3. # sps: spastic location: 2-63.6. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson and Meyer, 49d. references: 1951, DIS 25: 73. phenotypePupal and postpupal lethal. Fly that emerges from pupal case unable to walk or fly. Spastic contraction and jerking of leg and wing muscles. Fly becomes overturned and stuck; survives less than 24 hr; sterile. Muscles so relaxed in etherized fly that mutant indistinguishable from normal fly. RK3. # spt: spermatheca location: 2-63.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hadorn, 43e. references: Hadorn and Geraber, 1944, Rev. Suisse Zool. 51: 418-23. Graber, 1949, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 83: 106-35 (fig.). phenotypeAt 28[o]C, female has two spermathecae but ducts partly fused; at 25[o], only one enlarged spermatheca on one duct; at 18[o], a duct with three branches, each bearing a spermatheca. Temperature-sensitive period in third larval instar. Female fertility not greatly affected. RK3. # spw: spur wing location: 3- (right arm). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Wallbrunn. references: 1942, DIS 16: 54. phenotypeWings vary from normal to large fan-shaped structures with extra veins; often a spur-shaped lobe from costal margin. Penetrance better in female and in old cultures. RK3. # spx: split thorax location: 1-22.6. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 91-92. phenotypeIn extreme manifestation, thorax split into two segments by longitudinal furrow; abdominal tergites also split along mid-dorsal line. Eyes deformed. In least abnormal fly, always a hairless stripe along the dorsal midline of thorax. Wings often slightly divergent. Occasionally, one or both palpi abnormal in position or structure. Viability and fertility rather low in male, very low in female. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 2511 and CB. 3007. Two alleles induced by CB. 1528. # sq: square location: 2-8.4. discoverer: Bridges, 17h17. phenotypeWings truncated with squarish or oblique tip. Overlaps wild type. Viability erratic. RK3. # Sq: Squat location: 2-38. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15k29. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1929, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 283-84 (fig.). phenotypeWings short, broad, blunt, arched, and less transparent than normal. Thorax and head short and broad. Legs short and weak. Overlaps wild type. Homozygous lethal. RK3. # sr: stripe location: 3-62.0. discoverer: Bridges, 22b6. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 244. phenotypeTrident pattern on thorax replaced by broad dark median stripe; color intensified by e/+ and e/e. Midthorax flattened; some hairs turn toward midline; colorless bubbles in midthorax. Wings tend to droop or be raised. RK1. cytology: Placed between 90D2 and 90F7 on the basis of its inclusion in both Df(3R)sr[100.394] = Df(3R)90C2-7;90F3-7 and Df(3R)sr[300.101] = Df(3R)90D2-4;91A6-8 (Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54). # sr[3.2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1019-22. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3R)sr[3.2] = In(3R)90D1-E1;93B-E. # sr[4.2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1019-22. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)sr[4.2] = T(2;3)30C;90C-96. # sr[100.23] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. cytology: Associated with T(Y;3)sr[100.23] = T(Y;3)90E2-3. # sr[100.312] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)sr[100.312] = T(2;3)40-41;90D2-E1. # sr[100.394] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3R)sr[100.394] = Df(3R)90C2-7;90F3-7. # sr[300.24] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3R)sr[300.24] = Df(3R)90C2-4;91A2-5. # sr[300.101] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3R)sr[300.101] = Df(3R)90D2-4;91A6-8. # sr[300.240] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Tp(3)sr[300.240] = Tp(3)75C;89E;92A. # srb: smaller body location: 1-62.0. origin: Induced by S-mustard (CB. 1735). discoverer: Fahmy, 1960. synonym: sby-62: small body 62. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotypeBody size slightly reduced. Bristles finer. Both sexes viable. Female fertility low. RK3. cytology: Not included in deficiency for 18A4-18B8 formed by combining left end of In(1)y[4] = In(1)1A8-B1;18A3-4 with right end of In(1)sc[9] = In(1)1B2-3;18B8-9, although sby (1-60.8) is (Norton). # srd: small round location: 1-0.6. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotypeFly small with slightly dark, rounder, small eyes. One or both postvertical bristles frequently missing. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK3. # ss: spineless location: 3-58.5. discoverer: Bridges, 14a3. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 109 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 211 (fig.), 236. phenotypeBristles only a little larger than hairs; dorsocentrals least reduced; postscutellars erect. No effect on legs or aristae. Growth of bristles slows during development [Lees and Waddington, 1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 131: 87-110]. RK1. cytology: Locus placed in 89C1-2 (Lewis, 1963, Am. Zoologist 3: 33-56). other information: A compound locus (Hexter). # ss[37b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Poulson, 37b. references: Poulson and King, 1948, DIS 22: 55. phenotypeSimilar to ss but with some differences. Vertical bristles, particularly posterior verticals, smaller than in ss; some scutellars shorter and have square tips; occasionally, some scutellars missing. Viability good. RK1. # ss[a]: spineless-aristapedia origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Balkaschina, 1926. references: 1929, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 115: 448-63 (fig.). phenotypeAntennae and aristae tarsuslike; size approaches normal tarsus; two claws at tip. Third joints of antennae like parts of a tarsal row but with broad, flat, plate-like lobes below. Bristles like those of a medium to slight Minute. Frequent extra dorsocentral bristles. Development of tarsi in place of aristae enhanced by low temperature (Villee, 1943, Genetics 28: 94). Antennal disks from ss[a] larvae give rise to leg-like structures when transplanted into wild-type hosts; when disks are pretreated with colchicine, the developing structures are more aristalike (Vogt, 1947, Experientia 3: 156-59). Disks from wild-type larvae also develop autonomously when transplanted into ss[a] hosts (Braun, 1940, Genetics 25: 143-49). Similar results observed in mosaics resulting from X-ray-induced somatic exchange (Roberts, 1964, Genetics 49: 593-98). ss[a]/ss has normal aristae, but bristles are like ss[a] or slightly smaller. Regions of aristae converted into tarsi not affected by mutants affecting aristae (e.g., th and al) but are affected by those operating on tarsi (e.g., fj, d, app, and ey) (Waddington, 1939, Growth, Suppl. 1, pp. 37-44; Braun, 1940). RK1. other information: To the left of ss[a40a] (Hexter). # ss[a40a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Buzzati-Traverso, 40a2. references: 1940, DIS 13: 49. phenotypeAntennae and aristae tarsuslike. Legs always show four tarsal joints fused and swollen. In male, sex combs enlarged and sometimes present on the second pair of legs. Bristles practically wild type. RK1. other information: To the right of ss[a] (Hexter). # ss[a41i] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41i30. references: 1942, Genetics 27: 530. phenotypeLike ss[a]. RK2. # ss[a44a] origin: Spontaneous derivative of ss[a40a]. discoverer: Buzzati-Traverso, 44a17. references: 1949, DIS 23: 57. phenotypeAntennae and aristae tarsuslike but without claws. Male legs normal. Less extreme than ss[a40a]. Bristles practically normal. RK1. # ss[a52g] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Meyer, 52g. references: 1952, DIS 26: 67. phenotypeExtreme allele. Bristles and hairs reduced so much that male sometimes lacks sex combs. Aristae leglike, have claws. Homozygous weak; male sterile; female only slightly fertile. RK2. # ss[a53e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Piternick, 1953. phenotypeAristae tarsuslike with fused, distorted joints and terminal claws. Bristles reduced to vestiges and hairs short. Wings spread and drooping. Tarsal joints of legs fused, swollen, and distorted. Viability low; fly sterile. ss[a53e]/ss[a] like ss[a]. ss[a53e]/ss[iso53] has fleshy proximal segments of aristae. RK2. # ss[a63c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Merriam and Piternick, 63c. phenotypeAristae tarsuslike, have terminal claws. Tarsal joints of legs sometimes swollen or fused. Bristles shorter than in ss[a]. ss[a63c]/ss[a] like ss[a]. RK1. # ss[aB]: spineless-aristapedia of Bridges origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38a11. phenotypeBristles of female like a slight Minute, especially postscutellars. At 25[o]C, aristae inconspicuously thickened at base, plumed or threadlike for rest of extent. At 14[o]C, ss[aB] enhanced and resembles ss[a] (Villee, 1943, Genetics 28: 94). Legs frequently have lumps at second joint of tarsi; more pronounced in male and result in doubling of sex combs, which are strung along first and second fused joints. Eyes a little flattened. Except at low temperatures, all characters slight and may overlap wild type. ss[aB]/ss has slight Minute phenotype but wild-type legs and aristae. ss[aB]/ss[aSp] like ss[aSp] with large tarsal aristae. RK2. # ss[aF]: spineless-aristapedia of von Finck origin: Spontaneous derivative of ss[a]. discoverer: von Finck, 1937. references: 1942, Biol. Zentr. 62: 379-400. Vogt, 1946, Biol. Zentr. 65: 238-54. phenotypeBristles normal at all temperatures. Arista leglike at 18[o]C, leglike at base at 25[o], normal at 29[o]. Temperature-sensitive period during third larval instar. Dominant to more extreme alleles and recessive to less extreme. RK1. # ss[aSp]: spineless-aristapedia of Spencer origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 36d15. synonym: arp-1. references: 1937, DIS 7: 5. phenotypeAristae transformed into nearly normal tarsi with claws. Third joint of antenna cylindrical rather than platelike; hence, antenna is longer and more leglike than in ss[a]. Thorax humpy; legs weakened and misshapen. Bristles practically wild type. Viability and fertility good. ss[aSp]/ss[a] has good aristal legs. RK2. # ss[iso53]: spineless-isoallele origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Piternick, 1953. phenotypeHomozygote is wild type. ss[iso53]/ss[a], ss[iso53]/ss[a63c], and ss[iso53]/ss[a53e] have thickened proximal segments of aristae, like ss[aB]. RK3. # ss[v]: spineless-variegated origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. phenotypeVariegates for spineless character but completely mutant for aristapedia. Male sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)ss[v] = T(1;3)20;89B;100F. # st: scarlet location: 3-44.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Richards, 16k18. references: 1918, Biol. Bull. 35: 199-206. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 172 (fig.). phenotypeEyes bright vermilion, darkening with age. Ocelli colorless, even in old fly; a reliable trait for classifying st se. Eyes of bw; st white. Eye color autonomous in larval optic disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). RK1. cytology: Placed between 73A2 and 73B1 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3L)st[100.62] = Df(3L)73A2-3;73A10-B1 (Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54). # st[54i] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 54i. references: 1954, DIS 28: 77. phenotypeLike st. RK1. # st[100.62] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3L)st[100.62] = Df(3L)73A2-3;73A10-B1. # st[100.126] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeLike st. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(Y;3)st[100.126] = T(Y;3)63A2-3. # st[100.171] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3L)st[100.171] = Df(3L)72E4-5;74C2-3. # st[100.200] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3L)st[100.200] = Df(3L)72E4-5;73A10-B1. # st[100.359] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeLike st. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)st[100.359] = T(2;3)21C3-5;73A2-3;98F2-4. # st[sp]: scarlet-spotted origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 36b19. phenotypeEyes scarlet with facets and groups of facets that appear wild type. Darkening spreads in old fly. Not a variegated position effect. st[sp]/st like st[sp]. Larval Malpighian tubules pale yellow and classifiable (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. # St: Stumpy location: 1-55.5. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l2. references: 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotypeWings and abdomen short. Bristles Minute. Eyes rough. Male lethal. RK2. # St-SD: Stabilizer of Segregation Distorter location: 2- (close to and probably distal to bw). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Sandler and Hiraizumi. references: 1960, Genetics 45: 1269-87. phenotypeDecreases variability of transmission ratio of SD-bearing second chromosome among SD/+ males. RK3. other information: Present on SD-bearing chromosomes recovered from natural populations. # sta: stubarista location: 1-0.3. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 32l22. references: 1935, DIS 4: 15. phenotypeThird joints of antennae short, blunt, free of hairs, and yellowish. Aristae bases thickened, axes sometimes short, and branches irregular. All bristles and hairs extremely short and sparse. Eyes rotated on head slightly so that the long axis is vertical. RK2A. cytology: Placed in region between 1D3 and 2B on the basis of its association with T(1;3)sta = T(1;3)1D3-E1;2A;89B21-C4. # stb: short bristle location: 1-14.6. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotypeShort, thin bristles. Viability and fertility good. RK2. # std: staroid location: 2-56.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 31c26. phenotypeEyes small, oval, and very rough. Bristles short. Wings slender, dusky, and warped; marginal veins irregular; gap in L4; L5 short. Body dwarfed. Thorax has dark streak. Male sterile; female semisterile. Viability variable. At 19[o]C, eye character remains but other abnormalities disappear. RK2. # sth: small thin location: 1-3.7. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotypeFly small, has short thin bristles. Eyes frequently deformed and rough. Wing shape and position slightly atypical. Male ecloses late but is viable and fertile. Female sterile. RK3. # sto: stocky location: 1-29.8. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75. phenotypeFly short and stocky. Wings short but normal in width. Eyes large and pear shaped. Bristles slightly shorter than normal. Male sterile; viability about 50% normal. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1528. # sto[tpw]: stocky-tapered wings origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. synonym: tpw. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76-77. phenotypeWings slightly shortened and broadened with tip pointed at L3 rather than being smoothly rounded. Eyes small and oval. Slightly dusky thorax. Both sexes viable; female rather infertile. RK2. # stp: silver tips location: 1-46.1. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotypeFly slightly smaller than normal. Bristles thin, weak, and most are unpigmented; hairs unaffected. Male sterile; viability low. RK3. # Stp-1: Strapped in chromosome 1 location: 1-50.6 (not allelic with sd). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hannah. references: 1950, Genetics 35: 669. phenotypeExpression limited to male. About 15% of Stp-1; Stp-2/+ males show some scalloping of wing margins. Most Stp-1; Stp-2/Stp-2 males have some degree of scalloping, varying from a small nick to vestigal-like wings. Modified by both genetic and environmental factors. Without Stp-2, Stp-1 has no effect. RK3. # Stp-2: Strapped in chromosome 2 location: 2- (right arm between c and sp). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hannah. references: 1950, Genetics 35: 669. phenotypeFifteen percent of Stp-1; Stp-2/+ and most Stp-1; Stp-2/Stp-2 males show incising of wing margin. Stp-2/Stp-2/+ and Stp-2/Stp-2/Stp-2 intersexes show scalloping in the presence or absence of Stp-1. RK3. # Str: Stretched wings location: 2-67. discoverer: Tanaka, 34a12. references: 1937, DIS 8: 11. phenotypeWings divergent. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # sts: streaked sterni location: 1-60.3. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotypeSmall fly with light body color. Brown areas on abdominal sternites often form two longitudinal lines. Eclosion delayed. Viability and fertility low. RK3. # stt: spotty location: 1-34.3. origin: Induced by p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylethylamine (CB. 3034). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotypeFly small. Wings slightly deformed. Small dark spots on anterior abdominal segments. In extreme cases, tergites broken and abnormally rejoined, and hairs deranged. Eyes rather small. Male sterile; viability about 50% wild type. RK2. # stt[2] origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. synonym: spt: spotty-tergum. references: 1959, DIS 33: 91. phenotypeFly small; wings wrinkled or pleated. Darkly pigmented spots dispersed over abdomen, particularly on fourth tergite. Tergites occasionally ridged or broken. Bristles long and straggly. Male sterile; viability about 30% normal. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from similarity in phenotype and genetic location at 34.1. # stu: small tumeroid location: 1-20.4. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotypeFly small, frequently has small melanotic pseudotumors. Viability 5% wild type. Male fertile. RK3. # stw: straw location: 2-55.1 [0.03 unit to the right of rl (Tano, 1966, Japan J. Genet. 41: 299-308); between rl and ap[blt] (Sturtevant, 1949, DIS 23: 98)]. discoverer: Bridges, 17f11. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 237. phenotypeHair color yellowish, especially on legs. Bristles pale at tips. Heterozygous deficiency for stw produces paling of body color. RK2. cytology: Placed in 41B or C on the basis of the pale body color of heterozygotes for the deficiency from 41B3 through 42A2 formed by combining left end of In(2R)Cy = In(2R)42A2-3;58A4-B1 with right end of In(2R)bw[VDel] = In(2R)41B2-C1;59E2-4 and inclusion of stw in several cytologicaly invisible deficiencies at base of 2R, e.g., Df(2R)M-S2 (Schultz). # stw[2] discoverer: Bridges, 21g. synonym: sw[y]. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 239. phenotypeHairs pale yellow; bristles brownish with yellow tips. Wings pale yellow and somewhat thin and warped. Slightly more extreme than stw. Larval mouth parts straw colored at basal prongs and classifiable with difficulty in third-instar larvae (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK2. # stw[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Serebrovsky, 1930. phenotypeHairs, bristles, wings, and wing veins straw yellow. Body yellowish with pronounced dark trident. Tyrosinase formed in adult (Horowitz). Wings thin and buckled. Hairs on wing cells incompletely chitinized (Waddington, 1941, Proc. Zool. Soc., Ser. A 111: 173-80). Puparium noticeably lighter than wild type. Larval mouth parts straw colored at basal prongs; classifiable in living larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK2. other information: Waddington found that irradiation of stw[3] homozygote 2 days before eclosion produces reverse mutations that appear as single wild-type wing hairs (1940, Nature 146: 335). # stw[4] discoverer: Mather, 37k30. phenotypeBody pale yellow. Legs almost colorless. Wings colorless, thin, and fragile. Black areas of abdomen still black but heavily sprinkled with pale spots. Larval mouth parts normal (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK2. # stw[5] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 51d. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 73. phenotypeSemilethal or associated with a closely linked semilethal. RK2. # stw[6] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 51e. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 73. phenotypeLike stw. Viability low. RK2. # stw[7] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 53f. references: 1953, DIS 27: 58. phenotypeBristles yellowish. Wing color pale, often overlaps wild type. Eclosion delayed. Poor viability. RK2. # stw[D]: straw-Dominant origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kiil, 38k28. references: Mossige, 1939, DIS 12: 47. phenotypeBody and bristles of homozygote light yellow; wings thin, buckled, and curled. In heterozygote, wings less abnormal; body and bristles wild type. stw[D]/stw[3] like stw[3]. stw[D]/M(2)S2 has exaggerated stw phenotype. RK1. # stx: streakex location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26k30. references: 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotypeDark streak down dorsal midline of thorax. Semilethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(1)stx; in the left end but breakpoints unknown. # su(b): suppressor of black location: 1-0.1. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Plough, 23j28. references: 1927, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 5th., Vol. 2: 1193-1200. phenotypeSuppresses b so that body color is only slightly darker than wild type. No dominant effect. Egg hatch in homozygous crosses about 30%, apparently owing to effect on male. RK2. cytology: Locus placed between 1B4 and 1C4 on the basis of not being carried on the 2R[D]X[P] element of T(1;2)Bld = T(1;2)1C3-4;60B12-13 and being present on Df(1)260-1 = Df(1)1B4-6. other information: Gives frequent reversion to normal allele. # su(B): suppressor of Bar location: 2-94. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Steinberg, 36l. synonym: m(B): modifier of Bar. references: 1937, DIS 7: 20. 1937, DIS 8: 11. 1939, DIS 12: 49. 1940, Collecting Net 15: 173. 1941, Genetics 26: 325-46, 440-51. phenotypeWhen homozygous, increases number of eye facets from about 75 to 220 in B male and to 140 in B/B female. Affects all B effects but not ey[2] or wild type. RK2. # su(B)2: suppressor of Bar in chromosome 2 location: 2-46 or -60 (7 units from Tft). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gans. phenotypesu(B)2/su(B)2 causes B/+ female to appear wild type. RK2. # su(B)4: suppressor of Bar in chromosome 4 location: 4- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Brehme, 39k. synonym: m(B)4: modifier of Bar in chromosome 4. references: 1942, DIS 16: 47. phenotypeFacet number in eyes of B male increased, approaching that of B/+ female. Effect increases with age of culture. B/B and B/+ female not affected. RK3. # Su(bw[V1]): Suppressor of brown-Variegated location: 2-105.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kadel, 59b17. synonym: Su-Pm: Suppressor of Plum. references: 1959, DIS 33: 95. phenotypeSu(bw[V1])/bw[V1] has wild-type eye color with peppering of dark spots instead of the more or less uniform brown of bw[V1]/+. Effect on various bw[V] chromosomes varies from none for some to complete suppression for others. Homozygous viable. RK2. cytology: No gross aberration (Lindsley). other information: Su(bw[V1]) may be a tandem duplication. Homozygous Su(bw[V1]) female produces 0.3% reversions associated with crossing over in a manner analogous to reversions of B. # su(Cbx): suppressor of Contrabithorax location: 1-30. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. B. Lewis. references: 1955, Am. Naturalist 89: 73-89. phenotypeAlmost completely suppressed Cbx; wings made virtually normal and segmental transformations strongly reduced. RK2. # Su(Cy): Suppressor of Curly location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous in In(2LR)bw[V1]. discoverer: Thompson, 61e. references: 1963, DIS 38: 28. phenotypeSu(Cy)/Cy has wild-type wings. RK3. other information: Separable from In(2LR)bw[V1]. # su(dx): suppressor of deltex location: 1-5. discoverer: Bridges, 35c26. synonym: su[X]-dx: suppressor in X chromosome of deltex. phenotypeReduces phenotype of and imparts male fertility to dx[st]. RK2. # Su(dx): Suppressor of deltex location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 31a3. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1931, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 30: 410. phenotypeSu(dx)/+ reduces dx[st] to a slight but recognizable, fully fertile phenotype. Su(dx)/Su(dx) converts dx[st] to nearly wild type. RK3. # Su(dx)[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 31f1. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1931, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 30: 410. phenotypeLess effective than Su(dx) as a suppressor of dx. RK3. other information: Found in dx stock, as was Su(dx), along with ed. Su(dx)[2] may simply be ed Su(dx) or it may be of independent origin. Allelism inferred from phenotype alone. # Su(er): Suppressor of erupt location: 2- (near cn). origin: Present in many stocks. discoverer: Glass, 1941. references: 1944, Genetics 29: 436-46. 1957, Science 126: 683-89. phenotypeOnly effect is suppression of er. Semidominant. Exposure to 1000 r of X rays from shortly after fertilization [8 min, according to Glass (1957), but not until 10 hr, according to Hildreth] to middle of second larval instar inhibits Su(er), and er is then manifested in about 98% of flies. Tryptophan fed to larvae has similar effect. Some related compounds have a lesser effect; kynurenine and indole acetic acid have little or no effect. RK3. # su(f): suppressor of forked location: 1-65.9 (to the right of mal and left of bb). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Whittinghill, 37g4. synonym: su[W]-f. references: 1937, DIS 8: 11, 13. 1938, Genetics 23: 305. 1942, DIS 16: 70. phenotypef su(f) has nearly wild-type bristles; in about half the flies, some bristles slightly shortened or twisted at tips. Autonomous in gynandromorph. f alleles may be divided into suppressible and insuppressible. Among the suppressible are f, f[4], and f[5]; among the insuppressible are f[3] and f[3N] (Green, 1955, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 41: 375-79). su(f) also interacts with w[a] to make the eye of w[a] su(f) nearly white (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). su(f)/Df(1)mal has Minute-like bristles; eyes rough and ocelli reduced or absent, as are ocellar and other head bristles; acrostichal rows irregular. Excessive melanization, especially on head; some cripplng of legs. Female is fertile (E. H. Grell). su(f)/In(1)sc[4L]sc[8R] and su(f)/0 are normal (Von Halle). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. Located near heterochromatic-euchromatic junction as judged by the fact that su(f)[+] is carried by certain free X duplications (e.g., Dp(1;f)3, Dp(1;f)12, Dp(1;f)52, and Dp(1;f)167) (Lindsley and Sandler, 1958, Genetics 43: 547-63) and by B[S]Y (Zimmering, 1959, DIS 33: 175-76). # Su(f): Suppressor of forked location: 2-74. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dobzhansky, 1931. synonym: Su[D]-f: Suppressor of forked of Dobzhansky. phenotypeHeterozygous Su(f) reduces expression of f; bristles blunt and wavy. Female fertility low. Homozygous lethal. RK3(A). other information: Crossing over probably reduced. # Su(H): Suppressor of Hairless location: 2-50.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Plunkett, 24i. references: Nash, 1965, Genet. Res. 6: 175-89. phenotypeSu(H)/+ is wild type, occasionally has shortened L5. Su(H)/+; H/+ has nearly normal bristles and shortened L4 and L5. Does not suppress lethality of H/H. H[2], a stronger allele, not suppressed as much as H. Homozygous lethal. RK3. cytology: Placed in region between 34E5 and 35D1 on the basis of its lethality in combination with Df(2L)64j = Df(2L)34E5-F1;35C3-D1 (E. H. Grell). # su(Hw): suppressor of Hairy wing location: 3-54.8. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23e4. references: 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 2: 12-14. phenotypeHw male and Hw/+ female made wild type; Hw/Hw female has only a trace of Hw phenotype. Also suppresses sc and ct[6] completely and to a lesser extent f and B. Body rather squat. Wings slightly spread and warped. Female sterile; male fertile. Viability good. RK2. other information: L. V. Morgan, Bridges, and T. H. Morgan discovered suppressors that were probably allelic (if not the same allele) to Su(Hw). These mutations all lost. # su(Hw)[2] origin: Spontaneous in bx[3] chromosome. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1948. references: 1949, DIS 23: 59-60. phenotypeResembles description of su(Hw). Almost completely suppresses Hw; sc[1], sc[D1], and sc[D2] but not sc[2], sc[3-1], sc[5], sc[6], sc[7], sc[8], sc[10], sc[S1], or sc[S2]; dm; ct[6] but not ct[n]; lz but not lz[3], lz[34k], lz[36], lz[37h], lz[48f], lz[g], or lz[s]; Bx[2] but not Bx, Bx[3], Bx[J], Bx[r], or Bx[r49k]; bx[3], bx[34e], and bxd but not bx, Cbx, pbx, or Ubx; ci but not ci[57g], ci[D], or ci[W]. Partially suppresses B and f and the yellow wing color of y[2]. Does not suppress y, y[2S], y[34c], y[v2], ac, ac[3], svr, svr[poi], su(s)[2], su(s)[S], tw, br, kz, pn, pn[2], su(w[a]), w, w[a], w[a2], w[a3], w[bf], w[bf2], w[Bwx], w[co], w[e2], w[ec3], w[i], w[h], w[sat], w[t], fa, spl, cho, cho[2], ec, peb, rb, bo, cx, cv, vs, cm, sn, sn[2], sn[3], sn[4], sn[34e], sn[36a], oc, gg[2], t, t[2], t[3], t[4], amx, ras, ras[2], ras[3], v, v[36f], v[Of], m, dy, fw, wy, wy[2], g[2], ty, pl, vb, un, if[3], cs[53], f[36a], sy, car, fo, net, al, ex, S, shv, ho, E(S), Cy, ft, dp, dp[ovN], pi, Sp, b, el, rd[s], pu, hk, pr, Bl, Alu, lt, rl, stw[5], ap, ap[blt], pk, ltd, dil[2], cn, en, sca, vg, cg, L (three alleles), gp, c, fj, sm, a, px, bw, bw[2b], bw[D], pd, mr, or, sp, bs[2], R, Ly, D, cp, in, p[p], ry, sbd[2], Sb, Sb/sbd[2], ss[a], ss[a]/ss, Dr[L], H, Pr, ca, gvl, sv[35a], sv[de], sv[n], ey, ey[2], ey[4], ey[36e], ey[D], M(2)173, M(2)38b, M(2)l[2], M(2)p, M(2)S1, M(2)S2[3], M(2)H[S5], M(2)m[S6], M(2)S7, M(2)S2[9], and M(2)m[S13]. Does not suppress variegation of w[+], N[+], or bw[+]. Ovaries rudimentary; female sterile. RK2. # su(lz[34]): suppressor of lozenge-34 location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: H. A. Bender. references: Bender and Green, 1960, Genetics 45: 1563-66. phenotypelz[34]; su(lz[34]) eyes larger, less rough, and more normal in color than lz[34] alone. Female distinctly more fertile with su(lz[34]) but still lacks parovaria and spermathecae. RK2. # su(pd): supressor of purpleoid location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22h. phenotypeNormal by itself. Changes pd eye color to wild type. RK2. # su(pr): suppressor of purple location: 3-95.5 [measured for su(pr)[B]]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 27c2. synonym: su[S]-pr. references: 1929, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 52: 373-89. Schultz and Bridges, 1932, Am. Naturalist 66: 323-34. Stern, 1934, DIS 1: 35. phenotypeCompletely suppresses pr, but fly is dilapidated and poorly viable. Both sexes sterile. Enhances Hw. RK3(A). cytology: Association with In(3R)su(pr) (breakpoints unknown) inferred from crossover reduction in 3R. # su(pr)[B]: suppressor of purple of Bridges discoverer: Bridges, 29a13. references: 1932, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 60: 207-18. Schultz and Bridges, 1932, Am. Naturalist 66: 323-34. phenotypeEye color of pr; su(pr)[B] is wild type. Eyes large and bulging. Wing venation irregular; body color pale; low viability; late hatching, and short lived. Male entirely sterile; female partially sterile. su(pr)[B];su(pr) suppresses pr; viability and fertility high. RK3. # su(s): suppressor of sable location: 1-0. discoverer: Bridges, 1915. synonym: Originally called sable duplication. references: 1919, Anat. Record 15: 357-58. Schultz and Bridges, 1932, Am. Naturalist 66: 323-34. phenotypeWith su(s), s is nearly wild type. su(s)/+ with s/s is as dark as s/s or nearly so. Also suppresses v (probably only one allele tested). No record of testing with pr or sp. RK2. # su(s)[2] discoverer: Bridges, 1915. references: 1919, Anat. Record 15: 357-58. Bonnier, 1926, Hereditas 7: 229-32. Schultz and Bridges, 1932, Am. Naturalist 66: 323-34. phenotypeSuppresses s, v, sp, and pr. Shows allele specificity at v locus; suppresses v and v[2] but not v[36f], v[48a], v[51a], v[51b], or v[51c] (Green, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 300-5). Allele specificity at s, sp, and pr not tested. Restores wild-type eye color, reduces nonprotein tryptophan accumulation (Shapard, 1960, Genetics 45: 359-76) and partially restores tryptophan pyrrolase activity (Baglioni, 1960, Heredity 15: 87-96; Kaufmann, 1962, Genetics 47: 807-17) in suppressible v mutants. Heterozygous su(s)[2] has slightly suppressive action on v (Shapard, 1960; Baglioni, 1960). RK2. # su(s)[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a2. phenotypeSuppresses s, v, and sp; pr not tested. RK2. # su(s)[50l] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green. synonym: su[50l6]-v: suppressor-50l6 of vermilion. references: 1951, DIS 25: 70. phenotypeSuppresses v; not tested for suppression of s, sp, or pr. RK2. # su(s)[51j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Green. synonym: su[51j6]-v. references: 1952, DIS 26: 63. phenotypeLike su(s)[2] in suppression of v. Not tested for suppression of s, sp, or pr. RK2. # su(s)[52c] origin: Spontaneous; simultaneous with sc[52c]. discoverer: Green. synonym: su[52c]-v. references: 1952, DIS 26: 63. phenotypeSuppresses v. Not tested for suppression of other loci. RK2(A). other information: May be inversion since crossing over between su(s)[52c] and v virtually eliminated. # su(s)[S]: suppressor of sable of Stern origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Stern, 33j19. synonym: su[S2]-v pr. references: 1936, DIS 5: 8. 1937, DIS 7: 20, 21. phenotypeSuppresses v and pr. RK2. other information: No record of test with s or sp but said to be allelic to su(s). # Su(S): Suppressor of Star location: 2-3; based on cytological location between shr (2-2.3) and ho (2-4.0). origin: Synthetic. discoverer: Curry, 37b. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 36: 301. Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 154. phenotypeSu(S)/S and Su(S)/+ wild type. RK2A. cytology: Associated with the deficiency for 22D1 to 22E1 or the deficiency for 33F to 34A9, or both, derived by combining the left end of In(2L)Cy = In(2L)22D1-2;33F5-34A1 and the right end of In(2L)t = In(2L)22D3-E1;34A8-9. According to Lewis (1945), the region between 22D1 and 22E1 is more likely responsible. # Su(sc): Suppressor of scute location: 3-59. discoverer: Payne. synonym: sc-Inh-3: scute Inhibitor on chromosome 3; Ext-sct-3. references: 1921, Genetics 5: 501-42. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 158. Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 225, 235. phenotypeTends to restore bristles removed by sc in Su(sc)/+ heterozygotes. RK3. # Su(ss): Suppressor of spineless location: 3-61 (between bx and sr). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22g15. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 236. phenotypeSu(ss)/+ converts ss/ss to wild type except for reduced and erect posterior scutellars. Homozygous lethal. RK2. # Su(ss)[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1947. references: 1950, DIS 24: 59. phenotypeHomozygous or heterozygous Su(ss)[2] causes ss to have long bristles that are only slightly thin, like a mild Minute; however, the posterior scutellars remain greatly reduced as in unsuppressed ss. RK2. # Su(ss)[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hexter, 1950. references: 1953, DIS 27: 55-56. phenotypess Su(ss)[3] homozygote wild type for all bristles; ss Su(ss)[3]/ss + intermediate between ss and wild type. ss Su(ss)[3]/ss bx Su(ss)[2] is wild type. RK2. # su(t): suppressor of tan location: 3-26. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22k2. phenotypeConverts t to wild type. RK3. # su(tu-bw): suppressor of tumor with brown location: 3- (not located but probably in 3L). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Glass, 1941. references: Glass and Plaine, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 697-705. Glass, 1954, DIS 28: 74. Burnet and Sang, 1964, Genetics 49: 223-35, 599-610. phenotypeReduces incidence of melanotic masses in tu-bw homozygote from 85-100% in su(tu-bw)/+ to 5-10% in su(tu-bw) homozygote. Suboptimal ratios of pentose nucleotides, cholesterol deficiency, or excess L-tryptophan in the larval diet, as well as X irradiation of embryos, increase incidence of melanotic masses in tu-bw; su(tu-bw) homozygote. Glass and colleagues attribute this to an effect on su(tu-bw), whereas Burnet and Sang believe the reaction controlled by tu-bw is affected. Does not suppress tu-48 (Burnett, 1966, DIS 41: 161). RK3. # Su(var): Suppressor of variegation location: 3-41.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spofford, 61c. synonym: Su-V. references: 1962, Genetics 47: 986-87. 1965, DIS 40: 36. phenotypeReduces variegated mutant effect (sometimes completely) of w, rst, fa, spl, nd, and dm in Dp(1;3)N[264-58]. Also reduces w variegation of In(1)w[m4], rst variegation of In(1)rst[3], and sc variegation of In(1)sc[8]. Enhances sc variegation of In(1)sc[4] and y variegation of In(1)y[3P]. Semidominant; heterozygote less suppressed than homozygote. Shows maternal effect; Su(var)/+ offspring of Su(var)/Su(var) more normal than Su(var)/+ offspring of Su(var)/+ mothers. Homozygote fertility slightly reduced. Viability excellent. RK2. # su(ve): suppressor of veinlet location: 3- (mi0.1 (0.1 unit to the left of ru). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 37a. phenotypeAt 19[o]C, suppression of ve is complete except tip of L2 occasionally missing. At 25[o]C, suppression only partial with some overlap into range of unsuppressed ve. At 19[o]C, su(ve)/+ partially suppresses ve. RK2. cytology: Not included in Df(3L)D = Df(3L)61E2-F1;61A4-6 from T(Y;2;3)D; therefore, probably located in 61A-E. # su(w[a]): suppressor of white-apricot location: 1-0.1 (placed at 0.05 by Green). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 1941. phenotypeDarkens eye color of w[a] to brownish. Does not affect w[a2], w[a3], w[a4], or any other w allele tested (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). RK2(A). cytology: Placed in region 1D or E on the basis of its inclusion in Dp(1;f)112 = Dp(1;f)1E4-F1;19-20 but not in Dp(1;f)3 = Dp(1;f)1D;19-20 (Gersh). May have small duplication in region 1D-E (Schultz). # su(w[a])[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 1944. phenotypeLike su(w[a]). RK2(A). cytology: May have small inverted section in region 1D-E (Schultz). # su(w[a])[G]: suppressor of white-apricot of Green origin: Spontaneous in In(1)sc[8], y[31d] w[a]. discoverer: Green. references: 1954, DIS 28: 74. phenotypeLike su(w[a]). RK2A. # Su(y[3P]): Suppressor of yellow-3 of Patterson location: 3-90. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Parker, 48h. synonym: su-y[31e]. references: 1950, DIS 24: 62. phenotypeSu(y[3P])/+ suppresses y[3P] to about normal color, except that wings remain yellowish. y[3P]; Su(y[3P])/Su(y[3P]) is darker than wild type but wings remain yellow. May be suppression of variegation since extra Y chromosomes also suppress y[3P]. No effect on y, y[2], y[2S], y[3d], y[4], y[35a], or y[td]. Homozygote has low viability and fertility; occasionally, wings held out from body. RK2. # sup: superwith location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Morgan, 10k. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 35. phenotypeTrident pattern on thorax dark. RK3. # sv: shaven location: 4-3.0 [diplo-4 triploids (Sturtevant, 1951, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 37: 405-7)]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20k14. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 235 (fig.). Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. phenotypeBristles reduced, somewhat variably. Trichogen irregularly displaced and usually partly converted to socket (Lees and Waddington, 1942, DIS 16: 70). sv/sv/sv triplo-4 nearly normal. sv haplo-4 extreme shaven (Schultz, 1935, Am. Naturalist 69: 30-54). Expression depends on temperature: excellent at 19[o]C, overlaps wild type at 25[o], and entirely wild type at 30[o]. RK2. cytology: Placed in region between 102E2 and 102F10 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)11 = Df(4)102E2-10;102F2-10. # sv[35a] discoverer: Ives, 35a18. references: 1935, DIS 4: 11. phenotypeResembles sv[n] more than sv. Bristles frequently reduced to stumps. RK2. # sv[de]: shaven-depilate origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 37a24. phenotypeMore extreme than sv[n]. Thorax denuded over large areas. Both sexes sterile. RK2. # sv[n]: shaven-naked discoverer: Mohr, 31j13. synonym: sv[2]. references: 1933, Hereditas 17: 317-22 (fig.). phenotypeExtremely short bristles. Viability excellent. Trichogen irregularly displaced, becoming more or less converted into tormogen [Lees and Waddington, 1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B, 131: 87-110 (fig.)]. In triplo-4 sv[n]/sv[n]/sv[n], the phenotype is more normal than in diplo-4. RK1. other information: Selective advantage for triplo-4 in stocks of sv[n] results in accumulation. # svr: silver location: 1-0.0. discoverer: Bridges, 23g23. synonym: slv. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 235. Mogan, 1940, DIS 13: 51. phenotypeColor of legs, wings, veins, and integument pale and silvery. Bristles and trident pattern on thorax dark. Tyrosinase formed in adult (Horowitz). Wings of all males and some females pointed. Viability fair. Larval mouth parts normal in color. RK2. cytology: Locus placed at 1B5-6 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # svr[poi]: silver-pointed origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1934. synonym: poi. references: 1944, DIS 18: 42. 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 291-550. phenotypeBody color pale. Wings pointed and occasionally soft or spread. Suppressed by y. Suppresses sp and partially suppresses s. RK2(A). cytology: Salivary chromosomes show abnormality at 1E3-4 (Goldschmidt and Hannah, 1944, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 30: 299-301). # svr[poi-bl]: silver-pointed blistered origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1934. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 291-550. phenotypeBarely distinguishable from svr[poi]; best recognized in svr[poi-bl]; a[ba], which has long, pointed wings with blistered area. RK2. # svr[poi-Ca]: silver-pointed from Canton stock origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104: 197-222. phenotypeAlmost like svr[poi]. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Hannah). # svr[poi-dish]: silver-pointed dishevelled origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 291-550. phenotypeBody color pale with reduction of dark bands at posterior edge of abdominal tergites. Hairs on tergites few and irregular. In extreme cases, all hairs irregular. Enhanced by a[ba]. Suppresses sp. RK3(A). cytology: Abnormality of 1E3-4 (Goldschmidt and Hannah, 1944, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 30: 299-301). # svr[poi-h]: silver-pointed heat origin: Recovered among F2 of heat-treated larvae. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 291-550. phenotypeLike svr[poi] but somewhat more extreme. RK2. # svr[poi-ll]: silver-pointed lanceolate origin: Spontaneous derivative of svr[poi]. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104: 197-222. phenotypeWings resemble ll, some are truncated. Semidominant in female; expression poor in male. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Hannah). # svr[poi-s]: silver-pointed soft origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 291-550. phenotypeNearly wild type except when combined with a[ba]; then, wings narrowed and pointed at tip. Heterozygous a[ba] also gives narrow wings. RK3(A). cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear to have a two- to four-band inversion of 1E1-4 (Goldschmidt and Hannah, 1944, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 30: 299-301). # svr[poi-si]: silver-pointed singed origin: Spontaneous derivative of svr[poi]. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 291-550. phenotypeIndistinguishable from svr[poi]. RK2. # svr[poi-sq]: silver-pointed square origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 291-550. other information: Presumably arose in svr[poi-bl] but not clearly different. # svr[Poi]: silver-Pointed Dominant origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104: 197-222. phenotypeResembles svr; does not suppress sp. Homozygote viable. Wings slightly truncated. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Hannah). # svr[Poi-s]: silver-Pointed semidominant origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1947, J. Exptl. Zool. 104: 197-222. phenotypePointed wings with good expression. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal (Hannah). # svs: shortened veins location: 1-24.6. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. synonym: shv (preoccupied). references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotypeWings highly abnormal, varying from small stubs to almost full size with inner margin cut away. Vein L4 often shortened and posterior crossvein absent. Eyes small and deformed. Male fertile; viability about 50% wild type. Female sterile. RK2. # sw: short wing location: 1-64.0. discoverer: Eker, 32a12. references: 1935, J. Genet. 30: 357-68 (fig.). 1939, J. Genet. 38: 201-27. phenotypeAbove 23[o]C, most flies have spread and incised wings with irregular veins; eyes reduced and roughened. Male expression more extreme than female. Above 27.5[o]C, viability low; above 31[o], sw is lethal. At 17[o]C, most flies are wild type; at 14[o], all are wild type. RK2 at 28[o]C. # swa: swollen antenna location: 1-1.3. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotypeAntennae swollen and deformed. Aristae abnormal. Eyes slightly rough, pear shaped, and browner than normal. Body dark. Wings often upheld and frequently incised on the inner margins. Small extra sex combs on second tarsal segments of forelegs of most males. Male emerges late, is rather inviable, but is fertile. Female sterile. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1528. # swb: strawberry location: 1-2.2. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1958. references: 1960, DIS 34: 49. phenotypeEyes large and rough, have glazed surface; color bright red but patchy. Inner wing margins often incised. Male viable and fertile; female fertility reduced. RK2. # swy: swarthy location: 1-42.5. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 92. phenotypeBody color slightly dark; darkened scutellum particularly noticeable. Eyes brownish (best detected immediately after eclosion) and occasionally misshapen. swy/s is wild type. Viability about 50% wild type. Both sexes fertile. RK2. # sx: sexcombless location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l. references: Mukherjee, 1965, Genetics 51: 285-304 (fig.). phenotypeNumber of teeth in primary sex comb reduced from the normal 10 to 1. Bristles intermediate between normal bristles and sex-comb teeth also appear in sex-comb area. Bristle pattern of sx male basitarsus feminized in other respects. sx/+ reduces the mean number of sex-comb teeth in tra/tra female from 11.37 to 3.7. Sex-comb development autonomous in mosaic from either chromosome loss or somatic crossing over in tra/tra female (Mukherjee and Stern, 1965, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 96: 36-48). Reduces number of teeth in secondary sex comb of en/en male and in primary sex comb of e[D]/+ male. Male sterile owing to imperfect development of internal duct system; testes often remain unattached to ducts, and are therefore ellipsoidal, but contain fully developed sperm (Stern, 1941, J. Exptl. Zool. 87: 113-58). External genitalia also greatly modified. Size, shape, and arrangement of teeth on clasper varies; occasionally more than one penial apparatus (Mukherjee). RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sx = In(1)11D4-6;11E2-6;14B8-9;15E2-4 (Mukherjee, 1963, DIS 38: 62). # Sy: Stubby location: 1- or 2- (rearrangement). discoverer: Ives, 34j31. phenotypeBristles short and thick, especially humerals and notopleurals. Male sterile. RK2. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)Sy; breakpoints unknown, but break in X is genetically at the right end. # syn: syndrome location: 3-14.7. origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Wallbrunn, 61i21. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotypeEyes of male translucent brown, of female slightly darker than normal. Wings of male held at right angle to body, of female held out at about 45[o]. Viability low. Both sexes sterile. RK2. # t: tan location: 1-27.5. discoverer: Bridges, 14g16. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 237. phenotypeBody color more tan than wild type. Easiest to identify by light tan antennae; male easier than female. Not positively phototropic (McEwen, 1918, J. Exptl. Zool. 25: 49-106). Tyrosinase formed in adult (Horowitz). Larval mouth parts lighter than normal at basal prongs, classifiable with difficulty in larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK2 in male. cytology: Locus placed in region 8C3 through 8C17 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191) on the basis of its inclusion in Df(1)t[282-1] = Df(1)8C2-3;8C14-D1. # t[2] discoverer: Bridges, 19d5. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 237. phenotypeBody color not as pale as t; antennae color same. Light sensitive. Larval mouth parts lighter than normal at basal prongs; classifiable with difficulty in larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK2 in male. # t[3] discoverer: Bridges, 31e11. phenotypeLighter than t; tan spot on abdomen. Basal prongs of larval mouth parts lighter than normal; classifiable with difficulty in dissected larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK2 in male. # t[4] discoverer: Bridges, 33c14. phenotypeWeak t. RK3. # t[282-1] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34c. phenotypeLethal in male; cell lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)t[282-1] = Df(1)8C2-3;8C14-D1 (Sutton). # ta: tapered location: 2-56.6. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson and Meyer, 49c. references: 1949, DIS 23: 61. phenotypeWings narrow and pointed, somewhat longer than normal. Veins close together. Viability good. Female fertility low; male sterile. RK2. # tar: tarry location: 1-27.3 (0.4 unit from lz, probably to the left). origin: Found among progeny of deuteron-irradiated male. discoverer: Hildreth, 51i. synonym: ta (preoccupied). references: 1953, DIS 27: 56. phenotypeExpression ranges from small black spots on distal end of femora or proximal end of tibiae to cases in which the tibiae, femora, and bases of coxae are encapsulated in a dark, brownish-black, glossy covering. Legs weak. Some overlap wild type. Viability reduced. RK2. other information: Possibly an allele of me (1-29.0). # taw: tawny location: 1-41.1. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 75-76. phenotypeHead and thorax slightly dark; abdomen pale. Wings usually scooped or tips curved. Female tergites often narrow, serrated, or broken. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # tb: tiny bristle location: 1-35.8. discoverer: Bridges, 16a4. references: 1919, J. Gen. Physiol. 1: 645-56. phenotypeAll bristles short and fine; wings somewhat short. Female fertility low. RK2. # tbd: tiny bristleoid location: 1-25. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 37g23. phenotypeBristles short and thin, like a medium Minute. Fly somewhat smaller than wild type. Good viability and fertility. RK2. cytology: Locus between 7C5 and 8C1 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Further restricted to 7E1 through 8C2 on the basis of its genetic location to the right of oc which is excluded from Df(1)sn = Df(1)7B2-3;7D22-E1 (Hinton and Welshons, 1955, DIS 29: 125-26. # tbr: tracheae broken location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Slatis. synonym: tb (preoccupied). references: 1959, Genetics 44: 536. phenotypeMain tracheal trunks of larva have interruptions. Penetrance 17% at 16[o]C, 5% at 25[o]. Does not seem to affect viability. RK3 . # tc: tiny chaetae location: 1-51.6. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007) discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76. phenotypeBristles extremely short and fine. Eclosion delayed. Viability and fertility good. RK1. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3007. # tdd: tiddler location: 1-0.0 (0/871 crossovers with sc). origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1528). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76. phenotypeBody small. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # te: tenerchaetae location: 1-5.6. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1952. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76. phenotypeBristles short and fine. Eyes dark and glistening. Wings frequently small, deformed in various ways. Eclosion delayed. Male viability, but not fertility, good. Female infertile. RK3. # ten: tenuis chaetae location: 1-43.9. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76. phenotypeBristles short and thin. Body small. Expression more extreme in female. Eclosion slightly delayed. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # ter: terraced location: 2-36. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 29c12. phenotypeEyes have horizontal seam; often a tuft of bristles at anterior end of seam; lower half of eyes depressed and small. Variable, overlaps wild type about 20%. Occasionally reverts to wild type. RK3. # tet: tetraltera location: 3-48.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 34l. references: 1940, Material Basis of Evolution, Yale University Press, p. 325 (fig.). Villee, 1942, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 125-84. Goldschmidt, Hannah, and Piternick, 1951, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 55: 67-294. phenotypeWings reduced, have tendency to be halterelike. Mesonotum, scutellum, and bristles may be altered or absent; mesothorax becomes metathoraxlike. According to Lewis, however, dorsal posterior half of mesothorax (including wing) converted in varying degrees to structure resembling mirror image of anterior half of mesothorax. Requires os[s] for expression (Lewis). Expression variable, overlaps wild type. Penetrance temperature sensitive: 0-1% at 29[o]C, 35% at 15[o]. Partially suppressed by Cy and completely so by Gla. Enhanced by D, ey ey[D], Me, and Y[L]. RK3. # tet-b: tetraltera-b location: Multifactorial. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1950. synonym: tet[Bd]. references: 1952, J. Exptl. Zool. 119: 405-60 (fig.). 1953, J. Exptl. Zool. 123: 79-114. phenotypeWings reduced; not so halterelike as tet; more frequently leglike, with three joints. RK3. # tf: trefoil location: 2-55 (between 50 and 60). discoverer: Morgan, 13k. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 244 (fig.). phenotypeScutellum darkened. Base of trident pattern and back of head have extra areas of dark pigmentation. Classification uncertain. RK3. # tft: tufts location: 2-102 (between px and bw). origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: R. M. Valencia, 1959. references: 1959, DIS 33: 99-100. phenotypeSternopleural bristles form a dense tuft. Fully penetrant at 20[o]C, poorly so at 25[o]. RK2. # Tft: Tuft location: 2-53.2. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ritterhoff, 52f25. references: 1952, DIS 26: 68-69. phenotypeIn heterozygote, number of scutellar, postalar, and dorsocentral bristles increased; scutellars increased about fivefold, other bristles to a lesser extent. Scutellum shortened; furrow between it and the mesonotum absent. Bristles present dorsal to the halteres at junction of thorax and abdomen. Small to moderate amounts of fluid tend to remain between the epithelial layers of the wing. Viability and fertility excellent. In homozygote, number of bristles increased (like heterozygote) but shorter. Scutellum quite small. Viability and fertility low. RK1. # tg: telegraph location: 2-0. discoverer: Bridges, 16c27. references: Stern and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11: 507 (fig.), 508-10. phenotypeVein L2 has one or more gaps or thin sections. Postscutellar bristles erect or misdirected. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # Tg: Tegula location: 2- [0.0 to 4.0; associated with In(2L)Tg]. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1962. references: Mora, 1963, DIS 38: 32. phenotypeWings extended at 90[o] from body axis, often drooping. The tegula (small plate at base of wing) uniformly duplicated and adjoining anterior supra-alar bristle usually twinned as well. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2L)Tg = In(2L)21C;22F (Lewis and Mora). # th: thread location: 3-43.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 22j31. phenotypeAristae threadlike, without side branches. RK1. cytology: Placed in region between 72A2 and 72E5 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3L)th[100.105] = Df(3L)72A2-B1;73A4-5 but not in Df(3L)st[100.171] = Df(3L)72E4-5;74C2-3. In(3L)th[100.293] = In(3L)72A2-B1;76A4-B1;79A4-B1 implicates 72A2-B1 (Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54). # th[100.105] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3L)th[100.105] = Df(3L)72A2-B1;73A4-5. # th[100.293] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Alexander. references: Ward and Alexander, 1957, Genetics 42: 42-54. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(3L)th[100.293] = In(3L)72A2-B1;76A4-B1;79A4-B1. # tha: thin arched. location: 1-27.8. origin: Induced by S-2-chloroethylcysteine (CB. 1592). discoverer: Fahmy, 1957. references: 1959, DIS 33: 93. phenotypeFly small, has short thin bristles. Wings arched over abdomen or drooping at sides. Viability and fertility low. RK3. # thb: thin bristle location: 1-48.0. origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1951. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76. phenotypeBristles thin, short in female. Occasionally, vibrissae abnormal and eyes rough. Vein L5 sometimes faint or missing beyond posterior crossvein. Viability and fertility good in male and reduced in female. RK2. # thl: thick legs location: 1-60.7. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 93. phenotypeLegs short and swollen, particularly posterior pair; swelling most pronounced in tibial and tarsal regions. Wings small and broad, divergent or slightly upheld. Body color slightly dusky and eye color a bit brownish. Male fertile; viability about 20% wild type. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1506 and CB. 1528. # thl[d]: thick legs-darker origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. synonym: dkl: darker legs. references: 1959, DIS 33: 85. phenotypeExtra pigment in body and legs. Legs slightly shortened, especially in female. Wings small and divergent. Eye shape altered. Viability good in both sexes; female fertility reduced. RK3. # thm: thin macros location: 1-48.9. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). references: 1958, DIS 32: 76. phenotypeBristles slightly shorter and thinner than normal. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # tht: thickset location: 1-42.1. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007) discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33: 93. phenotypeFly reduced in size, more in length than breadth, giving a stocky appearance. Eye shape slightly altered, has a few deranged facets. Viability about 10% wild type. Male fertile. RK3. # thv: thick vein location: 1-49.7. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76. phenotypeVeins thick, especially at junction of L1 and L2. Wings short and broad; marginal hairs irregular. Eyes small and dark. Body color rather pale. Eclosion delayed. Male viable and fertile. Female fertility subnormal. RK2. # thv[d]: thick vein-delta origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. synonym: dtv: delta vein. references: 1958, DIS 32: 69-70. phenotypeWings slightly short and broad; has extra venation, especially around L2, which usually ends in a delta. Anal plates and genital arch deformed; genital region protruding. Male fertile but viability about 50% normal. RK3. # ti: tarsi irregular location: 2-55.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 38k5. references: 1942, DIS 16: 48. phenotypeThird and fourth tarsal segments more or less fused and swollen. Eyes slightly rough. Viability subnormal. RK2. # tk: thick location: 2-55.3. discoverer: Guthrie, 24k. references: 1925, Am. Naturalist 59: 479-80. phenotypeLegs and especially tarsi thick. Wings somewhat short and broad, has slight px-like effect. According to Waddington [1942, Proc. Zool. Soc. London Ser. A., 111: 181-88 (fig.)], these effects result from inadequate contraction of the legs and whole pupa after inflation period. RK2. cytology: Placed in region between 42A2 and 42B1 on the basis of its inclusion in inverted segment of In(2R)Cy = In(2R)42A2-3;58A4-B1 as well as in Df(2R)M-S2[vg11] = Df(2R)40F-41A1;42A19-B1 (Morgan, Schultz, Bridges, and Curry, 1939, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 38: 273-77). # tkd: thickoid location: 2-40 (30 to 50). discoverer: Bridges, 33d25. phenotypeFly large and thickset, has thick legs. Wings blunt at tip. Eyes large and slightly rough. Male genitalia sometimes rotated. Fertile; viability about 50% wild type. RK3. # tkv: thick veins location: 2-16. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 33b25. phenotypeVeins thickened and branched in region of crossveins, near end of L2, and elsewhere. Sometimes a blister near posterior crossvein in female; L4 sometimes shortened, especially in female. Female more extreme than male. Easier to identify at 19[o]C. RK2. # tkv[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 34e30. phenotypeVeins thickened and with deltas. More extreme expression in female and at 19[o]C. RK2. # tmc: tonomacrochaetae location: 1-17.5. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76. phenotypeBristles thin. Abdomen underpigmented, especially in female. Eclosion slightly delayed. Viability and fertility good. RK2. # tmo: tammo location: Not located. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ohnishi, 49l. references: 1950, DIS 24: 62. phenotypeBristles one-half normal length. RK2. # tms: tumorous location: 1-58.7. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 93. phenotypeMany small, diffuse tumors. Fly slightly small. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK3. # tnt: tent location: 1-18.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 93. phenotypeWings droop to variable extent. Bristles thin. Fly small. Male sterile. RK2. # tny: thorny location: 1-33.5. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 93. phenotypeFly grossly deformed, extremely inviable. Eyes small, very rough, and dull red. Thoracic bristles very short. Wings abnormal, spread, incompletely expanded. Male sterile. RK2. # ton: tonochaetae location: 1-60.1. origin: Induced by 1:4-dimethanesulfonoxybut-2-yne (CB. 2058). discoverer: Fahmy, 1951. references: 1958, DIS 32: 76. phenotypeBristles short and thin. Eyes large, have deranged facets. Wings short, have incised inner margins and abnormal venation. Variable expression of eye and wing effects. Eclosion slightly delayed. Male infertile; viability about 50% wild type. Female sterile. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1506. # tr-261: triangle-261 location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer. references: 1934, DIS 1: 35. 1935, Am. Naturalist 69: 222-38. phenotypeSmall extra crossvein between marginal vein and L2, near their juncture. Variable; overlaps wild type. RK3. # tra: transformer location: 3-45 (between st and cp). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 44d. references: 1945, Genetics 30: 297-99. Seidel, 1963, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 94: 215-41 (fig.). phenotypeTransforms female into sterile male with fully developed sex combs, male-colored abdomen, normal male abdominal tergites and plates, external and internal male genitalia. Testes rudimentary, without sperm, and with ovarian-nurse cell-like cells [Brown and King, 1961, Genetics 46: 143-56 (fig.)]. Mates readily with female. Testes reduced in size, of normal shape and color. Transformed female slightly larger than normal male; development rate about that of female. X/X/Y; tra/tra also sterile. X/Y; tra;tra normal male. tra/tra/tra triploid and intersex like diploid but with larger wing cells. Superfemale intersexual. Normal testis anlage transplanted into tra female becomes attached to duct apparatus and produces progeny. RK2. # tra[D]: transformer-Dominant origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gowen, 1940. synonym: Hr: Hermaphrodite. references: 1942, Anat. Record 84: 458. Gowen and Fung, 1957, Heredity 11: 397-402. Fung and Gowen, 1957, J. Exptl. Zool. 134: 515-32 (fig.). phenotypeX/X; tra[D]/+ intersexual. Body size as large as female. Abnormal external genitalia malelike. Sex combs with six to eight teeth present. Internal genitalia extremely variable. Spermathaecae and ventral receptacle often present, as are sperm pump and paragonia. Gonads most often underdeveloped ovaries. Triploid, tra[D]/+/+, resembles 3N female; genitalia female, but sex combs have four to six teeth; sterile. X/X; tra[D]/tra has male-like appearance; internal and external genitalia male, and sex combs have eight to nine teeth. RK3. # trb: thread bristle location: 1-36.3. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 93. phenotypeBristles short and very thin. Hairs small and sparse. Wings more rounded at tips, margins often incised; veins slightly thickened. Trident pattern slightly darker than wild type. Male viable and fertile; female sterile. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3026. # tre: triangle eye location: 1-20.2. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 93. phenotypeEyes triangular with apex pointing forward. Fly large. Wings broad, blunt tipped, and slightly divergent. Male viable and fertile; female sterile. RK3. # tri: trident location: 2-55. origin: Spontaneous. synonym: Probably tri[32k]; tri[33d27]; and b-1[33g18] are the same. discoverer: Plough, 32k. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 34. 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69. phenotypeDark trident or streak on thorax. Scutellum and sternopleural plates also dark. Thorax often contains bubbles. Variable; overlaps wild type but also semidominant. RK3. # trl: translucent location: 2-45 or -65 (10 units from Bl). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 20b17. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 238. phenotypeEye color translucent ruby, like p. RK2. # ts: telescope location: 2-68. discoverer: Bridges, 15l27. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 291 (fig.). phenotypeAbdominal segments somewhat drawn out. Wings drooping and divergent. Overlaps wild type. RK3. # tt: tilt location: 3-40.0. discoverer: Bridges, 15h29. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 134 (fig.). Mossige, 1938, Hereditas 24: 115. phenotypeWings spread, elevated, and warped in a compound curve. Vein L3 shows gap. Eye color may be slightly dilute. Developmentally, L3 originally complete but central section disappears during contraction period (Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139). RK2. # ttr: tetrapter location: 3-51.3. discoverer: Tshetverikov, 25b. references: Astaurov, 1929, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 115: 424-47. 1930, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 55: 183-262. Timofoe(aaeff-Ressovsky, 1934, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 67: 248 (fig.). Villee, 1942, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 180-81. phenotypeLike bx. Halteres tend to become winglike. Most flies wild type but may have, in place of a haltere, an organ one-half the size of a normal wing with veins, bristles, and sense organs. RK3. # Tu: Turned-up wing location: 1-59. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 46i19. references: Muller and Valencia, 1947, DIS 21: 70. phenotypeWings curled; somewhat wrinkled in longitudinal direction. Heterozygous viability good; homozygote also viable. RK1. # tu: tumor General term used to denote genes that lead to formation of melanotic masses of tissue, usually in late larval stages. Masses apparently result from cell aggregation rather than proliferation since cells in division are not observed within them; Barigozzi refers to them as pseudotumors. They are under multigenic control but, where adequate analysis exists, there usually seems to be one primary locus and numerous secondary loci responsible for the phenotype. In many instances, different names have been applied to different derivatives of the same tumor line, which have the same mary gene but different markers and therefore different constellations of modifiers. The present treatment represents an attempt to define, insofar as possible, the primary loci. # tu-1a location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Payne. references: Wilson, 1924, Genetics 9: 343-62 (fig.). phenotypeIn combination with tu-lb, produces melanotic masses in posterior third of third-instar larva; 20% of larvae and 14% of adults affected. Produces some effect when tu-lb heterozygous. Eighty-one percent of larvae with tumor and 57% of those without die before eclosion. tu-la/+; tu-lb/+ has infrequent melanotic masses. RK3. # tu-1b location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Payne. references: Wilson, 1924, Genetics 9: 343-62 (fig.). phenotypeIn combination with tu-la, produces melanotic masses in posterior third of third-instar larva; produces some effect when tu-la heterozygous. RK3. # tu-2 location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Payne. references: Wilson, 1924, Genetics 9: 343-62 (fig.). phenotypeMelanotic masses in larval hemocoele; 20-100% of larvae affected. Forty-one percent mortality of affected larvae. RK3. other information: Modifiers on third chromosome. # tu-36a location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 36a16. references: Russell, 1940, J. Exptl. Zool. 84: 363-79 (fig.). 1942, Genetics 27: 612-18. Oftedal, 1953, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 85: 408-22. phenotypeMelanotic masses appear in late larval instars. RK3. # tu-36e location: Not located. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Skoog, 36e15. # tu-48 location: 2-29.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ghelovitch, 1948. references: 1950, Compt. Rend. 230: 1002-4. phenotypeMelanotic masses become visible to unaided eye in third instar, located in abdomen, vary in size. RK3. other information: Modifiers on the X and possibly the fourth chromosome. # tu-48[49h] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Brncic. synonym: tu[49h]. references: 1950, DIS 24: 57. other information: Modifier on third chromosome. Allelism to tu-48 inferred from interaction in heterozygote (Burdette, 1959, Texas Univ. Publ. 5914: 57-68). # tu-48[A2] references: Barigozzi and di Pasquale, 1956, Rend. Ist. Lombardo Sci. Lettere, Ser. B 90: 484-509. Barigozzi, 1962, Atti Assoc. Genet. Ital. 7: 9-76. other information: Allelism to tu-48 inferred from its location about 20 units to the left of b. # tu-48j location: 3-46. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Herskowitz. synonym: tu[48j]. references: 1949, DIS 23: 57. Herskowitz and Burdette, 1951, J. Exptl. Zool. 117: 499-521. phenotypeMelanotic growths appear in larva, more often posteriorly than anteriorly, and in adult abdomen. Penetrance around 50%; about two masses per fly. RK3. # tu-49k location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Oftedal. references: 1951, DIS 25: 122-23. 1953, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 85: 408-22 (fig.). phenotypeBlack aggregations of blood cells becoming macroscopically visible 96 hr after hatching. Results from cell aggregation rather than proliferation. RK3. other information: Modifiers on X and second chromosome. Not an allele of tu-bw. # tu-53 location: 1-41. origin: Beta ray induced. discoverer: Darrow, 53l20. references: King, 1955, DIS 29: 73. phenotypeSmall, melanotic masses in 15-20% of adults. Wings occasionally blistered or nicked; veins knotted or abbreviated. Egg hatching delayed and reduced to about 65% normal. Viability 30-50% normal. RK3. other information: Not an allele of wy. # tu-54e location: Not located. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Haddox, 54e23. references: Burdette, 1954, DIS 28: 73. phenotypeSmall melanotic masses under tergites 1 and 2. Tumor incidence 0.44%. RK3. # tu-59h location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Oshima. references: 1959, DIS 33: 99. phenotypeSmall melanotic masses in third-instar larval abdomen, persist into adult stage. RK3. # tu-bw: tumor with brown location: 2-80.5 (E. H. Grell). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 1922. synonym: mt[A]: melanotic tumor-A. references: 1938, DIS 9: 108. Hartung, 1950, J. Heredity 41: 269-72. Oftedal, 1953, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 85: 408-22. phenotypeNumerous melanotic masses in posterior part of hemocoele, increase in size and number through third instar, remain as benign bodies in adult abdomen. Characterized by precocious transformation of plasmatocytes into lamellocytes (which usually occurs at time of pupation); subsequent encapsulation of tissue by lamellocytes produces melanotic masses (Rizki, 1957, J. Morphol. 100: 459-72). RK3. # tu-bw[50j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mittler, 1950. synonym: tu[50j]. references: 1951, DIS 25: 74. phenotypeDarkly pigmented spots beneath ventral abdominal surface. RK3. other information: Allelism inferred from location between 75 and 90 on chromosome 2. # tu-bw[55g] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Jacobs. references: Jacobs, Bowman, and Walliser, 1958, DIS 32: 130. phenotypeMelanotic masses appear in larva 55 hr after hatching, persist in adults, commonly in abdomen, occasionally in thorax, and rarely in head. Nearly 100% penetrant. RK3. other information: Allelism by Erk and Sang (1966, DIS 41: 95). # tu-bw[B3] references: Barrigozzi and di Pasquale, 1956, Rend. Ist. Lombardo Sci. Lettere, Ser. B 90: 484-509. Barigozzi, 1962, Atti Assoc. Genet. Ital. 7: 9-76 other information: Tentatively considered to be an allele of tu-bw from crossover data, which place it about 18 units to the right of vg. Allelism by Erk and Sang (1966, DIS 41: 95). # tu-bw[e] origin: Spontaneous. synonym: e[11] tu. references: Friedman, Harnly, and Goldsmith, 1951, Cancer Res. 11: 904-11. Kaplan, 1955, Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 17: 289-93. phenotypeDark masses in posterior regions of larva and in abdomen and thorax of imago. RK3. # tu-g location: 2- (not located). synonym: tu[g]. references: Burdette, 1951, DIS 25: 101-2. Oftedal, 1953, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 85: 408-22. Burdette, 1959, Texas Univ. Publ. 5914: 57-68. phenotypePenetrance 47%. Second- and third-instar larvae have melanized large blood cells and spindle-shaped cells in hemocoele. RK3. # tu-K: tumor from Oregon-K location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sang and Burnet. references: 1963, Genetics 48: 235-53 (fig.). 1964, Genetics 49: 223-35. phenotypeSmall black nodules become evident toward end of third instar, either free in abdominal hemocoele or associated with the fat body. Penetrance low but increased by suboptimal balances of pentose nucleotides, cholesterol deficiency, or an excess of L-tryptophan in the larval diet as well as by X irradiation of embryo. RK3. other information: Not allelic to tu-bw. # tu-R: tumor of Rosenberg location: 1- (not located). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Rosenberg, 57c. references: Hinton, 1957, DIS 31: 83. phenotypeBristles shortened. Tumor not described, penetrance 40%. Developmental time lengthened. Viability of male and homozygous female about 50% normal. RK3. # tu-W: tumor from Wellesley location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gowen. references: Wilson, King, and Lowry, 1955, Growth 19: 215-44 (fig.). phenotypeMelanotic masses become visible 97-102 hr after hatching. Located on surface of or imbedded in fat body. Located in abdominal segment 10 and less frequently in 9 and 11. Characterized by precocious transformation of plasmatocytes into lamellocytes (which usually occurs at time of pupation); subsequent encapsulation of tissue by lamellocytes produce melanotic masses (Rizki, 1957, J. Morphol. 100: 459-72). Viability and fecundity low. RK3. other information: Modifiers on the X and third chromosomes. Not allelic to tu-bw or tu-48[49h]. # tuf: tufted location: 2-55.5 (between pk and ltd). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1948. references: 1948, DIS 22: 56. phenotypeSmall tuft of hairs between eyes and antenae; basal twinning of anterior halves of wings. Overlaps wild type. tuf/T(2;3)dp has extreme form of phenotype. RK2. cytology: Included in In(2R)Cy = In(2R)42A2-3;58A4-B1 (Sturtevant, 1949, DIS 23: 98). # tuh-1: tumorous head in chromosome 1 location: 1-64.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Griffen. synonym: tu-1. references: Gardner, 1949, DIS 23: 57. Gardner and Woolf, 1949, Genetics 34: 573-85 (fig.). Newby, 1949, J. Morphol. 85: 177-95 (fig.). Newby and Thelander, 1950, DIS 24: 89-90. phenotypeIn presence of tuh-3, produces assymmetrical growth of variable size in head region, mostly external but sometimes internal. Penetrance responds to selection. Produces maternal effect in that reciprocal crosses between tumorous-head flies and wild type produce different results. Asymmetry of eye and antennal disks evident in 32-hr larva; contains cells with large chromatic inclusions not seen in wild type. Viability about 70% normal. RK3. other information: Modifiers on chromosome 2. # tuh-3: tumorous head in chromosome 3 location: 3-58.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Griffen. synonym: tu-3. references: Gardner, 1949, DIS 23: 57. Gardner and Woolf, 1949, Genetics 34: 573-85 (fig.). Newby, 1949, J. Morphol. 85: 177-95 (fig.). Newby and Thelander, 1950, DIS 24: 89-90. phenotypeIn presence of tuh-1, produces tumorous-head phenotype described under tuh-1. Semidominant. Suspected by Woolf (1966, Genetics 53: 295-302) of contributing in certain crosses to inhibition of attachment of testes to duct system during development, causing formation of small, unattached, uniform gonads. RK3. # Tul: Turneduplike location: 1-50 (between g and f). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller. references: 1965, DIS 40: 35. phenotypeLike Tu. Wing tips of heterozygote turned up slightly but definitely not twisted. Male and homozygous female more extreme with wrinkled wings sometimes held somewhat apart; viable and fertile. RK2. # tw: twisted location: 1-0.4. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 28c14. phenotypeAbdomen twisted clockwise about 30[o], as viewed from behind, and not overlapping wild type. Body tends to be dwarfed. Viability about 60% wild type. Male usually fertile. RK2. cytology: Locus between 1C5 and 2C10 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # tw[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 32b1. phenotypeMore extreme than tw. Body regularly dwarfed. Abdomen twisted 30[o]-60[o] clockwise, as viewed from behind; male genitalia often twisted counterclockwise. Viability about 50% wild type. Male usually fertile. tw[2]/tw like tw[2]. RK2. # twg: twisted genitals location: 1-48.1. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 93-94. phenotypeExternal genitalia abnormally positioned on extreme tip of abdomen. Tergites often notched at mid-dorsal line. Eyes large, abnormally shaped, and slightly rough. Wings vary from almost normal to small, deformed structures with very abnormal venation. Bristles frequently waved or bent. Male viability and fertility subnormal. RK2. # twl: twirl location: 2-63.5. origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Meyer, 54d. references: 1955, DIS 29: 74-75. phenotypeWings strongly curled. Good viability; easy to classify. RK2. other information: Possibly an allele of upw (2-62). # Two-b: Two bristles location: 3-58.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 16b22. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 155. phenotypeTwo postvertical bristles always and two anterior dorsocentrals usually absent. Heterozygote viability excellent. Homozygous lethal. RK1. # twt: twirled tips location: 1-37.1. origin: Induced by 1:4-dimethanesulfonoxybut-2-yne (CB. 2058). discoverer: Fahmy, 1951. references: 1959, DIS 33: 94. phenotypeWings completely or partially unexpanded; tips frequently twisted. Male inviable, dies shortly after eclosion, and does not breed. RK3. # tx: taxi location: 3-91. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Collins, 24j30. references: 1928, Am. Naturalist 62: 127-36 (fig.). phenotypeWings held out at about 75[o] from body axis, often arched or wavy, somewhat narrow and dusky. RK2. # tx[52j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Tsukamoto, 52j. references: 1956, DIS 30: 79. phenotypeLike tx. Good viability; easily classified. RK2. # ty: tiny location: 1-44.5. discoverer: Bridges, 25k1. phenotypeBristles small. Body small. Eclosion delayed. Viability excellent. Female sterile. Yolk formation in oocytes inhibited [King and Burnett, 1957, Growth 21: 263-80 (fig.)]. Follicular cells form abnormal derivatives of endoplasmic reticulum and migrate abnormally or form excess of normal endoplasmic reticulum derivative [King and Vanoucek, 1960, Growth 24: 333-38; Falk and King, 1964, Growth 28: 291-324 (fig.)]. ty ovaries in ty[+] host develop autonomously (King and Bodenstein, 1965, Z. Naturforsch. 20B: 292-97). RK2. # tyb-2: tiny bristle-2 location: 1-19.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41i9. references: 1942, DIS 16: 52. phenotypeBristles small and thin. Viability and fertility good. RK1. # tyl: tinylike location: 1-36. origin: X ray induced in In(1)dl-49. discoverer: Oliver, 28k4. references: 1935, DIS 3: 28. 1942, DIS 16: 53. phenotypeBristles short, fine, and stubblelike. Eclosion delayed. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK2A. other information: Not separated from In(1)dl-49. # tyr-1: tyrosinase-1 location: 2-52.4 (4.2 units to the right of b). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: H. W. and H. S. Lewis, 1960. synonym: alpha-1. references: 1960, DIS 34: 51. 1961, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 47: 78-86. 1963, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 100: 827-39. phenotypeHomozygote has much less tyrosinase activity than most strains. Tyrosinase in tyr-1/tyr-1 is heat labile relative to wild type and has a different substrate profile. Probably tyr-1 specifies primary structure of the enzyme. Modifying genes that alter amount of tyrosinase activity in other strains have no effect on homozygous tyr-1. RK3. # Tyr-2: Tyrosinase-2 location: 2-57. origin: Naturally occurring allele found in In(2L)Cy + In(2R)Cy. discoverer: H. W. and H. S. Lewis. references: 1963, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 100: 827-39. phenotypeIn combination with some modifying genes, reduces tyrosinase activity about 50%. Dominant. RK3A. # Tyr-3: Tyrosinase-3 location: 3- (on the right arm). discoverer: H. W. and H. S. Lewis. references: 1963, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 100: 827-39. phenotypeIn combination with some modifying genes, reduces tyrosinase activity about 35%. RK3. # tyw: tiny wing location: 3-0. discoverer: Bridges, 18c9. phenotypeWings small. Postscutellars divergent, curling upward and forward. Extra bristles on head and thorax. Viability 60% wild type. RK3. # U: Upturned location: 2-70 (based on U[H2O], whose allelism is uncertain). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Ball, 32a27. references: 1935, DIS 3: 17. phenotypeWings upturned like those of Cy but dark and waxy. Postscutellars crossed as in cu. Body color darker than normal. Eyes mottled with light flecks. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(2LR)U; breakpoints unknown. # U[H20] discoverer: Tanaka, 35a6. references: 1937, DIS 8: 11. phenotypeWings curled like those of Cy. Homozygous viable. RK2. # Ubx: Ultrabithorax location: 3-58.8. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hollander, 1934. synonym: bx[D]: bithorax-Dominant; bxd[D]: bithoraxoid-Dominant; Bxl: Bithoraxlike. references: 1937, DIS 8: 9, 77. Lewis, 1949, Heredity 3: 130. 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74 (fig.). 1954, Am. Naturalist 88: 225-39. 1955, Am. Naturalist 89: 73-89. 1963, Am. Zoologist 3: 33-56. phenotypeHalteres of heterozygote about twice normal volume, characteristically with one or more hairs on anterior surface of swollen apical segment, or capitellum, of the haltere. No overlap with wild type and little variability; accurate scoring takes practice. Homozygous larva has, in addition to normally present mesothoracic pair of spiracles, both a metathoracic and a first abdominal spiracle pair. Flies homozygous for Ubx but carrying Dp(3;3)bxd[100] = Dp(3;3)66C;89B5-6;89E2-3, which carries a normal allele of bx but none of bxd, have extreme bxd phenotype. Ubx/bx[34e] has oval, flat halteres; phenotype more extreme if the third chromosomes are heterozygous for a chromosome aberration with a breakpoint between the centromere and the bx locus; E. B. Lewis (1954) termed this the transvection effect. bx[34e] Ubx/+ + indistinguishable from Ubx/+. Ubx/bxd has large, fleshy halteres like bxd/bxd; larva lacks first abdominal ventral row of setae. The cis types, Ubx bxd/+ + and Ubx pbx/+ +, also indistinguishable from Ubx/+. Ubx/pbx has large halteres and causes transformation of posterior metathorax toward posterior mesothorax. Homozygous lethal. Enhances expression of Pc and Scx (Hannah-Alava, 1964, Z. Induktive Abstammung- Vererbungslehre 95: 1-9). RK2. cytology: Placed close to, if not in, doublet 89E1-2 (E. B. Lewis). Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: Middle member of bx pseudoallelic series including, from left to right, bx, Cbx, Ubx, bxd, and pbx (see map under bx). # Ubx[67b] origin: X ray induced in In(3LR)TM6. discoverer: Bacher, 67b. phenotypeWeak Ubx effect. RK3A. cytology: Not associated with further rearrangement. # Ubx[101] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 1947. synonym: Bxl[101]. phenotypeLike Ubx but much more extreme in interactions with other bx pseudoalleles. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(3LR)Ubx[101] = In(3LR)80;89D9-E1. # Ubx[130] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. B. Lewis, 51l. references: 1952, DIS 26: 66. 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 953-61. phenotypeLike Ubx but much more extreme in interactions with other bx pseudoalleles. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(3LR)Ubx[130] = In(3LR)61A-C;74;89D-E;93B;96A. # Ubx[A] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schalet, 1959. references: 1960, DIS 34: 53, 55. phenotypeHalteres like Ubx. Most flies have variable rough eyes and lack one or both postvertical bristles; a few have a slight upward curvature of wings. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(3LR)Ubx[A] (cytological breakpoints unknown) with one break between h and st and another left of e. # uex: unextended location: 2-55. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Maeda, 58l3. synonym: unexpanded. references: 1962, DIS 36: 39. phenotypeWings incompletely expanded as in newly emerged fly, about one-half normal length, and frequently inflated. Tibiae and tarsi of third legs irregularly shortened and gnarled. Posterior scutellars convergent. Male viability low. RK2. # Uf: Unfolded location: 2- (to the left of b). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Belgovsky, 36c29. phenotypeWings spread in homozygote and heterozygote. Viability and fertility good. RK3. # un: uneven location: 1-54.4. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 25a14. references: 1927, Nyt Mag. Naturv. 65: 266. phenotypeEyes somewhat smaller than normal, surface rough. RK1. # un[3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 28f30. synonym: ro-63. phenotypeLike un but wing margins frayed. RK1. # un[4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dubinin, 1928. phenotypeLess extreme and more viable than un or un[3]. RK2. # un[K]: uneven of Krivshenko origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Krivshenko, 56b9. references: 1956, DIS 30: 75. phenotypeEyes slightly small, bulging, and rough. Scutellum long and narrow; scutellar bristles thin, misdirected, and often deformed. Viability and fertility good. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. # un[P]: uneven from P[32] origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman. references: 1951, DIS 25: 78. phenotypeLike un. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from phenotype and genetic location. # unc: uncoordinated location: 1-65.9 (reduced from Fahmy's value of 68.9 to fit on map). origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1960, DIS 34: 49. phenotypeFly unable to walk because of lack of coordination in moving legs. Wings held up and frequently curled at tips. Dies shortly after eclosion. RK3. # unp: unexpanded location: 1-63.1. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1959, DIS 33: 94. phenotypeWings always unexpanded, frequently droop. Two symmetrical grooves occur on the pronotum immediately anterior to wing base. Postscutellar bristles often crossed. Eclosion delayed. Male fertile; viability about 10% normal. Female extremely inviable. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1356 and X rays. # unr: unexpanded irregular location: 1-52.3. origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 94. phenotypeWings usually unexpanded to some degree; if expanded, they are short, broad, and slightly drooping or divergent. Fertility reduced in both sexes. RK3. # up: upheld location: 1-41.0. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 77. phenotypeWings held upright. Viability and fertility good. RK1. other information: Two alleles induced by CB. 1528. # ups: upright scutellars location: 1-40.8. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 77. phenotypePosterior scutellar bristles held vertically. Fly small. Eyes dull, small, and abnormally shaped. Wings short and folded. Male sterile; viability about 20% normal. RK2. # upw: upward location: 2-62. discoverer: Bridges, 33k21. phenotypeWings turned up at tips. More extreme at higher temperatures. Veins sometimes have lumps. RK3. # us: undersized location: 1-52.5. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 94. phenotypeBody small. Viable and fertile. RK3. other information: One allele each induced by CB. 1506 and CB. 1528; two by X rays. # v: vermilion location: 1-33.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 10k. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 27 (fig.). Sturtevant and Beadle, 1939, An Introduction to Genetics, Saunders, p. 64 (fig.). phenotypeEye color bright scarlet owing to absence of brown ommochrome. Ocelli colorless. The combination v; bw has white eyes. Eye color wild type in genetically v eyes of gynandromorph mosaic for wild type and v tissue (Sturtevant, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 304-7). v eye disks develop wild-type pigmentation when transplanted into wild-type larva (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 22: 536-40). The v[+] hormone of Beadle and Ephrussi was identified as kynurenine (Butenandt, Weidel, and Becker, 1940, Naturwissenschaften 28: 63-64). Activity of the inducible enzyme (Rizki and Rizki, 1963, J. Cell Biol. 17: 87-92) tryptophan pyrrolase absent (Baglioni, 1959, Nature 184: 1084-85; 1960, Heredity 15: 87-96). Nonprotein tryptophan accumulated (Green, 1959, Genetics 34: 564-72). Suppressed by alleles at the su(s) locus (Schultz and Bridges, 1932, Am. Naturalist 66: 323-32). Tryptophan pyrrolase of su(s) v differs kinetically from that of wild type (Marzluf). Some brown pigment formed under conditions of partial starvation (Tatum and Beadle, 1939, Biol. Bull. 77: 415-22). Larval Malpighian tubules pale yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. cytology: Locus in or near 10A1-2 (Green, 1954, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 40: 92-99). other information: Pseudoallelism at the v locus demonstrated by recombination between v and v[36f] in which v is to the left of v[36f] (Green, 1954). # v[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Plunkett, 24g. phenotypeEye color as bright as v at hatching but darkens rapidly. Suppressed by alleles of su(s) (Green, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 300-5). Larval Malpighain tubes pale yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK2. # v[36f] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Williams, 36f. phenotypeEye color may be slightly more yellow than v. Not suppressed by alleles of su(s) (Green, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 300-5). Fly from starved larva does not form brown eye pigment (Green, 1954, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 40: 92-99). Malpighian tubes of larva pale yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: Located to the right of v (Green, 1954). # v[48a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Fox, 48a7. references: 1948, DIS 22: 53. 1949, Genetics 34: 647-64. Green, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 300-5. Barish and Fox, 1956, Genetics 41: 45-57. phenotypeNot suppressed by alleles of su(s). Eyes of fly from partially starved larva contain no brown pigment. Fly lacks an antigen produced by wild type; same antigen removed by rb[48a]. v[48a] fly has a new antigen not shared by rb[48a] or wild type. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: v[48a] pseudoallelic to v[36f] and occupies a position to the left of it. v[48a] not recombinationally separable from v (Barish and Fox, 1956). # v[51a] origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 300-5. phenotypeInsuppressible v allele. RK1. # v[51b] origin: Spontaneous. references: Green, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 300-5. phenotypeInsuppressible v allele. RK1. # v[51c] origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 300-5. phenotypeInsuppressible v allele. RK1. # v[51g] origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 51g. references: Meyer and Edmondson, 1951, DIS 25: 74. phenotypeLike v. RK1. # v[267-4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Hoover, 35i. phenotypeSemilethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)v[267-4] = T(1;2)11A7-8;36 (Sutton). # v[Of]: vermilion of Offermann origin: X ray induced in In(1)dl-49. discoverer: Offermann. references: 1935, DIS 3: 28. phenotypeLike v. RK1A. other information: For practical purposes, inseparable from In(1)dl-49 and a useful marker for that inversion. # Va: Venae abnormeis location: 2- (not located). discoverer: Timofoe(aaeff-Ressovsky. references: 1927, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 109: 70-109 (fig.). Roelofs, 1937, Genetica 19: 518-36. phenotypeVeins irregularly branched or interrupted. Heterozygote overlaps wild type in 50% of flies. RK3. # vac: vacuolated location: 1-58.5. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 77. phenotypeWings blistered; character varies from small vacuole to involvement of entire wing. At least one wing affected in 95% of flies. Viability and fertility good. RK2. # vao: varied outspread location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: Induced by triethylenemelamine (CB. 1246). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1959, DIS 33: 94. phenotypeWings outspread. Eye color mottled brown (possibly variegation for car). Male sterile and short lived. RK3A. cytology: Associated with In(1)vao = In(1)18C5-6;19E7-8. # vb: vibrissae location: 1-49.3. discoverer: Bridges, 25l22. phenotypeVibrissae form tufts of bristles beneath eyes. Overlaps wild type. RK2. # vb[2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l. other information: Associated with aberration. # Vc: Vortice location: Autosomal. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Smith, 37c20. references: Novitski, 1937, DIS 8: 10. phenotypeEnhances dp/dp to give phenotype like hy. Homozygous lethal. RK3. # ve: veinlet location: 3-0.2. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Duncan, 34a. references: 1935, Am. Naturalist 69: 94-96 (fig.). phenotypeWing veins L3, L4, and L5 do not reach wing margins. Does not overlap wild type. Suppressed by px (Waddington) and su(ve). According to Pipkin, ve/ve/+ intersexes are veinlet, whereas ve/ve/+ triploids are normal. Developmentally, veins appear complete in prepupa but distal tips obliterated during contraction period [Waddington, 1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 25: 305; 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)]. RK1. cytology: Placed between 61E2 and 62A6 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(3L)D = Df(3L)61E2-F1;62A4-6 from T(Y;2;3)D. # ve[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bertschmann, 54a. references: 1955, DIS 29: 69-70. phenotypeWing veins L2, L3, L4, and L5 do not reach wing margins. ve/ve[2] male more extreme than female and tends to resemble ve[2]; female resembles ve. RK1. # Vel: Velvet location: 1- or 3- (rearrangement). discoverer: Patterson, 1933. phenotypeHairs on eyes conspicuous. RK3A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)Vel; breakpoints unknown. # ven: venation location: 3- [right arm associated with In(3R)P]. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33g18. references: 1937, DIS 7: 17. Bridges and Bridges, 1938, Genetics 23: 111-14. phenotypeVeins irregularly thickened and branched, especially L3 and crossveins. Eyes bulging and bright. Bristles gnarled. Body small. Often sterile. RK3A. # ves: vestigium location: 1-1.4. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 77. phenotypeWings abnormal, vary from small and curved to almost normal with cut-away inner margins. Eyes slightly rough and abnormally shaped. Male infertile; viability about 50% normal. RK2. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3025. # vg: vestigial location: 2-67.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 101. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 150 (fig.). Mohr, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th. Vol. 1: 190-212. phenotypeWings reduced to vestiges, usually held at right angles to body. Wing veins still visible. Halteres also reduced. Postscutellar bristles erect. Viability somewhat reduced. Final size of larva smaller than wild type; pupation is slightly later. Wing disks of late larva markedly smaller than wild type (Auerbach, 1936, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 58: 787-815). Haltere disks also small [Chen, 1929, J. Morphol. 47: 135-99 (fig.)]. Goldschmidt [1935, Biol. Zentr. 55: 535-54; 1937, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley), Publ. Zool. 41: 277-82] claimed that wings are more or less fully formed and subsequently eroded by degeneration during pupation. Waddington [1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 25: 299-307; 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)] found no evidence of erosion and concluded that effect of the gene is during larval period and involves reduction in size of prospective wing area and shift in position of line along which wing area is folded out from imaginal disk. Temperatures of 29[o]C or greater appreciably increase wing size (Harnly, 1936, Genetics 21: 84-103; Stanley, 1935, J. Exptl. Zool. 69: 459-95). vg/+ with certain Minutes shows scalloping of wings [Green and Oliver, 1940, Genetics 25: 584-92 (fig.)]. vg/vg/+ has scalloped wings more often than vg/+ (Green, 1946, Genetics 31: 1-20). RK1. cytology: Placed between 49D3 and 49E6 on the basis of its inclusion in both Df(2R)vg[B] = Df(2R)49D3-4;50A2-3 and Df(2R)vg[D] = Df(2R)49C1-2;49E2-6 (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 304-9). # vg[2] origin: Spontaneous in In(2R)Cy. discoverer: L. Ward, 1920. references: 1923, Genetics 8: 276-300. phenotypeWings and halteres absent or reduced to tiny knobs. Viability low. Female sterile and male usually so. RK3A. # vg[11] origin: X ray induced simultaneously with M(2)S2[vg11]. discoverer: Ruch, 1931. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 306. phenotypeSlightly more extreme than vg. Fully fertile. vg[11]/+ has occasional nick in wing. M(2)S2[vg11] vg[11]/+ + has small eyes, arc-like wings, and in 65% of flies, wing nicks. RK2. other information: Originally considered associated with Df(2R)M-S2[vg11], but Bridges and Curry showed the two phenotypes to be separable by recombination. # vg[33k] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 33k30. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 33. 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69. phenotypeLike vg[No1] but reported to have greater dominance and greater variability in heterozygote. RK2. # vg[37g] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Poulson, 37g. references: 1938, DIS 10: 55. 1939, DIS 12: 49. phenotypeWeak allele. Homozygote has slight nick at ends and occasionally at sides of wings. Penetrance better in male than female. RK2. # vg[40b] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 40b. references: 1941, DIS 14: 39. phenotypeHomozygote like vg. Considerable dominance in heterozygote. RK2. # vg[40c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Buzzati-Traverso, 40c20. references: 1940, DIS 13: 49. phenotypeLike vg. RK1. # vg[48a] origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: R. C. King, 48a1. references: Poulson and King, 1948, DIS 22: 55. phenotypeWings of 15% of homozygotes have slight nick between L3 and L4. vg[48a]/vg wings scalloped at tips and usually along sides in female, only at tips in male. Halteres and postscutellars normal in all cases. RK3. # vg[51h25] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 51h25. references: 1952, DIS 26: 65. phenotypeSimilar to vg but wings slightly larger. RK1. # vg[a]: vestigial-antlered origin: Spontaneous (probably a derivative of vg). discoverer: Morgan, 12j. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 211 (fig.). phenotypeWings nearly full length but heavily scalloped and narrowed by excisions. Halteres and postscutellars normal. vg[a]/vg intermediate between the two homozygotes. Wings straplike and smaller in female than in male. RK2. # vg[B]: vestigial-Beaded origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 28d11. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 305-6. phenotypeHeterozygote has terminal nicks and lateral incisions in few male and still fewer female wings. Homozygous lethal, ceases development at about tenth hour. Mitosis abnormal; chromosomes seem sticky and form what appear to be anaphase bridges [Bull, 1956, J. Exptl. Zool. 132: 467-508 (fig.)]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)vg[B] = Df(2R)49D3-4;50A2-3. # vg[C]: vestigial-Carved origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 28c3. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 305-6. phenotypeHeterozygote has terminal nicks or lateral incisions in about one-third the flies. Homozygous lethal. Most embryos show only partial involution and retraction of larval head; mouthparts distorted (Bull, 1952, Genetics 37: 569-70). RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)vg[C] = Df(2R)49B2-3;49E7-F1. # vg[Cli]: vestigial-Clipped origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Robertson and Reeve, 1947. references: Beatty, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B 63: 249-70. phenotypeFemale sterile. Oogenesis seems normal but no eggs laid. RK2. # vg[D]: vestigial-Depilate origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 31a22. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 305-6. phenotypeHeterozygote has hairs sparse over thorax except above wings. Hairs and bristles absent from legs except from tarsi. Postscutellars small and erect. Humeral bristles and patches reduced. Wings have nicks in about one-third the flies; wings smaller at higher temperatures [Harnly, 1940, Genetics 25: 521-33 (fig.)]. Homozygous lethal. In embryo, there is a failure of head involution and retraction; components of mouth parts dissociate and develop on surface of everted larval pharynx (Bull, 1952, Genetics 37: 569-70). RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)vg[D] = Df(2R)49C1-2;49E2-6. # vg[dn]: vestigial-double notch origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: Nolte, 1942. references: 1944, DIS 18: 44. phenotypeWings have one notch between veins L3 and L4 and a second between L4 and L5 (near L4 and sometimes including the tip of L4). Halteres and scutellars wild type. vg[dn]/vg has strap-like wings, often with bent ends and held at right angles to body. RK1. # vg[h]: vestigial-hemithorax origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: Ludwig, 1936. synonym: vg[hem]. references: 1936, Verhandl. Deut. Zool. Ges. 38, Zool. Anz. Suppl. 9: 21-73 (fig.). 1937, DIS 7: 18. Schultz, 1938, Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 138: 69-102 (fig.). phenotypeHalf of dorsal thorax missing in about 20% of flies. Wings resemble vg[nw] in 10-20%, the majority resemble vg. Developmentally, hemithorax is caused by degeneration of a dorsal mesothoracic imaginal disk. RK2. # vg[hR]: vestigial-hemithorax of Reck origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: Reck, 1937. references: 1937, DIS 8: 10. phenotypeLike vg[h]. RK2. # vg[I]: vestigial-Incised origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 36d20. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 305-6. phenotypeHeterozygote shows nicked and incised wings in one-third the flies. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)vg[I] = Df(2R)49C2-D1;50A2-3. # vg[n]: vestigial-nick origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 15h7. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 273 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygous vg[n] is wild type; vg[n]/vg shows nicked wing tips or laterally incised wings. Penetrance 82% in female and 45% in male. RK3. # vg[nG]: vestigial-nick of Green origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: Green, 40j26. references: 1941, DIS 14: 39. 1946, Genetics 31: 1-20. phenotypeHomozygote usually wild type; wings occasionally nicked; vg[nG]/vg has notched wings; vg[nG]/Df(2R)vg[D] has scalloped wings. vg[nG] enhanced by certain Minutes so that an appreciable proportion of homozygotes have notched or scalloped wings. RK2. # vg[ni]: vestigial-nicked origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: Mohr, 1926. references: 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 190-212 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote wild type. vg[ni]/vg shows wing nicks in 27% of flies. Enhanced in homozygote, especially female, by Minutes (Green, 1946, Genetics 31: 1-20). RK3. # vg[ni2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohler, 55b9. references: 1959, DIS 33: 98. phenotypeHomozygote wild type. vg[ni2]/vg has terminal wing nicks in 20-30% of flies. vg[ni2]/vg[nw] and vg[ni2]/vg[nw1] has larger nicks and scalloping. RK2. # vg[no]: vestigial-notched origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: Mohr, 1926. references: 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 190-212 (fig.). phenotypeWings notched in 45% of homozygotes. vg[no]/+ is wild type. vg[no]/vg has ragged wings wth terminal notches and lateral excisions in all flies. RK2. # vg[No1]: vestigial-Notch origin: Recovered among progeny of heat-treated parents. discoverer: Swigert, 31c. synonym: vg[31c]. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 32. 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69 (fig.). phenotypeWings of most heterozygotes have terminal nicks; variations influenced by temperature. Homozygote has only bent vestiges of wings. Postscutellars erect; trident pattern dark. Body often dwarfed. Viability about 50% wild type. Homozygous female sterile. RK2. # vg[No2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Plough, 31j. synonym: vg[31j]. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 32. 1935, Genetics 20: 42-69 (fig.). phenotypeLike vg[No1]. Heterozygote enhanced by Minutes (Green, 1946, Genetics 31: 1-20). RK2. other information: Bridges suggested that all vg semidominants reported by Plough and Ives were really vg[No1] carried in the South Amherst stock in a suppressed condition or linked with a lethal. # vg[np]: vestigial-nipped origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 38a5. phenotypeWings have terminal and sometimes lateral incisions. Overlaps wild type at 25[o]C but not at 19[o]. Scalloping visible in prepupal wing bud [Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)]. RK2. # vg[nw]: vestigial-no wing origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 1924. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 59 (fig.), 232. phenotypeWings of homozygote smaller than in vg, are often only small, bent hooks or knobs. Balancers also knobs. Scutellar bristles erect. Fly often dwarf; viability low. Female usually sterile. Heterozygote occasionally has wing nicks; second vein often shortened (in 73%). vg[nw]/vg similar to vg/vg; vg[nw]/vg[no] has strongly incised narrow wings; vg[nw]/vg[ni] has scalloped wings with shortened L2 (Mohr, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 190-212). Larval wing buds reduced in size (Chen, 1929, J. Morphol. 47: 135-99). RK2. # vg[nwl]: vestigial-no wing lethal origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohler, 55b9. references: 1959, DIS 33: 98. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. Heterozygote has terminal wing nicks in up to 50% of flies. vg[nwl]/vg[nw] like homozygous vg[nw]; sterile. RK2. # vg[p]: vestigial-pennant origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: Kerr, 30a15. references: Harnly, 1935, DIS 4: 14. 1936, J. Exptl. Zool. 74: 41-59 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote usually wild type but occasionally has wing nicks. Postscutellars and halteres wild type. vg[p]/vg has narrow strap-like wings, larger in male than in female. Size and form vary with temperature. RK3 (vg[p]/vg RK2). # vg[pK]: vestigial-pennant of Kutschera origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: Kutschera, 1955. references: Mainx, 1956, DIS 30: 77. 1957, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 88: 286-88 (fig.). phenotypeHomozygote wild type at 17[o], 25[o], and 28[o]C; vg[pK]/vg normal at 30[o], has strap-like wings at 25[o], and smaller wings at 17[o]. RK3. # vg[s]: vestigial-strap origin: Spontaneous derivative of vg. discoverer: Morgan, 12d. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 200 (fig.). phenotypeWings of homozygote narrow and straplike but nearly full length, often held at right angles to body. Halteres reduced in size. Postscutellars normal. RK2. # vg[s2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Williams, 56c. references: 1956, DIS 30: 80. phenotypeWings incised and about one-fourth to one-half normal width; length varies. RK2. # vg[S]: vestigial-Snipped origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 1929. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22: 299-334 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 37: 306. phenotypeHeterozygote has wing nick in most males but only a few females. Homozygous lethal. RK3A. cytology: Associated with Df(2R)vg[S] = Df(2R)49B12-C1;49F15-50A1. # vg[U]: vestigial-Ultra origin: Gamma ray induced. discoverer: Ives, 55l31. references: 1956, DIS 30: 72-73. phenotypeHeterozygote has greatly reduced wings; halteres like vg; some variability. Homozygous lethal. vg[U]/vg wings reduced to a single segment and halteres virtually absent. About 5% of vg[U]/vg[D] eclose; wing varies from bristled knob to two or three small segments; scutellum bare and half normal size; halteres extremely rudimentary. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(2R)vg[U] = In(2R)49C1-2;50C1-2. # vli: veins longitudinally shortened location: 3- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Buchman, 1936. references: 1937, DIS 8: 8. phenotypeVeins L2, L4, and L5 tend to be shortened. Overlaps wild type. Semidominant. RK3. # Vn: Vein location: 3-19.6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 28j21. references: 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 190-212. 1938, Avhandl. Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I. Mat.-Natur. Kl. 4: 1-7. Mohr and Mossige, 1942, Avhandl. Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I. Mat.-Natur. Kl. 7: 1-51. phenotypeVein L4 not complete. Wings slightly spread. Fly smaller than normal. Homozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(3L)Vn = Df(3L)64C12-D1;65D2-E1. # vnl: venula location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Plaine, 50h. references: 1951, DIS 25: 77. phenotypeExtra veins between L3 and L4 largely between anterior and posterior crossveins, some also arise from L4 distal to posterior crossvein. Penetrance in male 1.3%, in female 43%. With Sb, penetrance is 63% in female; expressivity also increased. RK3. # Vno: Vein off location: 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: E. H. Grell, 56c. references: 1959, DIS 33: 94. phenotypeSecond longitudinal wing vein always has a sizeable gap. L4 often broken; L5 sometimes also affected. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Tp(3)Vno = Tp(3)89E;93F;97A (Nicoletti and Lewis, 1960, DIS 34: 53). # vr: varnished location: 3-44. discoverer: Mohr, 20j22. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 237. phenotypeEyes small, have fused facets. Female sterile. RK2. # vs: vesiculated location: 1-16.3. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohr, 24c23. references: 1927, Hereditas 9: 173. Evang, 1925, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 39: 165-83 (fig.). phenotypeWings warped, wrinkled, blistered, rough textured, discolored, and divergent. May overlap wild type. May be result of breakage of fibers that normally hold wing surfaces together during unfolding (Waddington, 1939, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 25: 307). RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosome location between 5D3 and 6A2 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). # vs[29c] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 29c9. references: 1937, DIS 7: 19. phenotypeLike vs but probably more extreme. At 25[o]C, no overlap of wild type; at 30[o], 5% of males and 12% of females overlap wild type (Green, 1939, DIS 11: 45). RK2. # vs[52a] origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: R. C. King, 52a. references: 1952, DIS 26: 65. phenotypeWings wrinkled and blistered. Viability 40% wild type. RK2. # vs[61j] origin: Found among progeny of male treated with radio frequency. discoverer: Mickey, 61j. synonym: bw[61j]: bubble wing 61j; bu-w[61j]. references: 1963, DIS 38: 28. 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotypeNot described. # vs[64j] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Mayo, 1964. references: 1966, DIS 41: 58. phenotypeOne or both wings crumpled and partially expanded, occasionally blistered but not otherwise affected. Penetrance about 77%. No difference between sexes. RK2. # vst: vestar location: 2-4.3. discoverer: Glass, 41i15. references: 1944, DIS 18: 40. phenotypeWings small and straplike, variable. Eyes small, very rough, and somewhat glazed. Female sterile. Viability low. RK3. # vt: verticals location: 1-2.3. origin: Synthetic. discoverer: Gersh. references: 1965, Genetics 51: 477-80. phenotypeAnterior vertical, anterior dorsocentral, and anterior scutellar bristles often missing, verticals being most likely to be affected. RK2. cytology: Placed in 3C5-6 on the basis of the vt phenotype of the following genotypes: Df(1)rst[2] = Df(1)3C3-4;3C6-7; the heterozygote between Df(1)rst[2] and the synthetic deficiency for 3C5 and 6 produced by combining the X[D]4[P] element of T(1;4)w[258-18] = T(1;4)3C4-5;101 and the 4[D]X[P] element of T(1;4)N[264-12] = T(1;4)3C6-7;101F; and the synthetic deficiency for 3C5 and 6 produced by combining the X[D]4[P] element of T(1;4)w[258-18] with a recombinant between In(1LR)l-v139 = In(1LR)3C6-7 and the right end of a normal X chromosome. other information: Not known as a point mutation. # w: white location: 1-1.5. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 10e. references: 1910, Science 32: 120-22. Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 25 (fig.). Sturtevant and Beadle, 1939, An Introduction to Genetics, Saunders, p. 64 (fig.). phenotypeEyes pure white. Ocelli, adult testes sheaths, and larval Malpighian tubules colorless. Wild-type alleles not completely dominant to w; w/+ has less red pigment than +/+ (Muller, 1935, J. Genet. 30: 407-14; Ziegler-Gunder and Hadorn, 1958, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 89: 235-45; Green, 1959, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 45: 549-53). w adult has very little, if any, pteridine (Hadorn and Mitchell, 1951, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 37: 650-65). Isoxanthopterin present in considerable quantity during pupation but is eliminated during first 3 days of adult life (Hadorn, 1954, Experientia 10: 483-84). The meconium contains more pteridine than wild type (Hadorn and Kursteiner, 1955, Arch. Julius Klaus-Stift. Vererbungsforsch. Sozialanthropol. Rassenhyg. 30: 494-98). Optomotor response absent (Kalmus, 1943, J. Genet. 45: 206-13) but fly phototactic. Eye color development autonomous in larval optic disk transplanted into wild-type host (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). w is a dominant suppressor of z (Gans, 1953, Bull. Biol. France Belg., Suppl. 38: 1-90). w decreases ratio of diameter to thickness in spermathecae (Dobzhansky, 1924, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 34: 245-48; Dobzhansky and Holz, 1943, Genetics 28: 295-303). RK1. cytology: Placed in band 3C2 by Schultz and confirmed by Lefevre and Wilkins on the basis of the w nonlethal phenotype of recombinant carrying left end of In(1)w[m4] = In(1)3C1-2;20A and right end of the 4-centric element of T(1;4)w[mJ] = T(1;4)3C2-3;20;102C (1966, Genetics 53: 175). Placed in 3C2-3 by Demerec and Sutton (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book 41: 191). Panshin also places it at 3C2-3 (1941, Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR 30: 57-60). Location by Prokofyeva-Belgovskaya is at 3C3 (1941, DIS 15: 34-35). other information: First mutant found in Drosophila. Member of a pseudoallelic series containing five subloci that have been resolved by recombination as shown in map (Lewis, 1952, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38: 953-61; MacKendrick and Pontecorvo, 1952, Experientia 8: 390-91; Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15; Judd, 1959, Genetics 44: 34-42). Mutants occupying the right two sites act as dominant suppressors of z; those occupying the left three do not (Green, 1959). w (e.g., w[1]) located to the right of w[a]; presumably occupies the same site as w[ch]. # w[11E4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gans. references: 1953, Bull. Biol. France Belg., Suppl. 38: 1-90. phenotypeEyes white. Suppresses z. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes apparently normal. # w[13G2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gans. phenotypeEyes variegated. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[13G2] = T(1;2)3C3-5;56F. # w[40aH1] origin: X ray induced in Dp(1;1)sc[V1]. discoverer: Muller, Valencia, and Valencia, 1946-53. references: Valencia, 1966, DIS 41: 58. phenotypeMale lethal. w affected. RK1A. cytology: Associated with but presumably independent of In(1)w[40aH1] = In(1)1A1-C3;4C4-7;17B7-8;18E2-3. # w[48h] origin: Induced by mustard gas; derivative of w[m4]. discoverer: Lindsley, 48h13. references: 1949, DIS 23: 60. phenotypeLike w. RK1A. cytology: No rearrangement other than In(1)w[m4] = In(1)3C1-2;20A. # w[48hS]: white-48h of Schultz origin: X ray induced in inbred Oregon-R. discoverer: Schultz, 48h. synonym: w[48h] (preoccupied). phenotypeLike w. RK1. # w[51a] origin: Spontaneous in highly inbred y Oregon-R strain. discoverer: Redfield, 51a. references: 1952, DIS 26: 68. phenotypeLike w. RK1. # w[60] origin: Spontaneous derivative of w[a] in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+S, sc[S1] sc[8] w[a] B. discoverer: Hollander, 1960. references: 1960, DIS 34: 50. phenotypeLike w. RK1A. # w[62d] origin: Spontaneous derivative of w[a] in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+S, sc[S1] sc[8] w[a] B. discoverer: Mickey, 62d. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. phenotypeLike w. RK1A. # w[63b] origin: X ray induced. synonym: w[ma]: white-marbled. references: Lefevre and Wilkins, 1966, Genetics 53: 175-87. phenotypew[63b]/w has brownish eye color like w[sp]/w. w[63b]/Df(1)w[258-45] has a similar but lighter eye color than w[sp]/Df(1)w[258-45]. Male lethal because w[63b] is inseparable from Df(1)N[63b]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)N[63b] = Df(1)3C2-3;3E2-3. # w[64] origin: Spontaneous in FM6. discoverer: Witten, 1964. phenotypeLike w. RK1A. # w[64g3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kidd, 1964. references: 1966, DIS 41: 60. phenotypeEye color dark carnation similar to g. RK1. # w[258-3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33h. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)w[258-3] = Df(1)3B2-3;3C1-2. # w[258-11] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j. phenotypeLethal and cell lethal. Embryologically, male is abnormal after 12 hr at 23[o]C; gut incompletely developed and mesoderm abnormal (Poulson, 1940, Collecting Net 15: 172). RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)w[258-11] = Df(1)3A2-3;3C3-5 (Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99). # w[258-12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j. phenotypeLike w. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # w[258-14] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k. phenotypeLethal and cell lethal. Hemizygous male embryo abnormal after 12 hr at 23[o]C; gut incompletely developed and mesoderm abnormal (Poulson, 1940, Collecting Net 15: 172). RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)w[258-14] = Df(1)3A3-4;3C1-2 (Slizynska, 1938, Genetics 23: 291-99). # w[258-42] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38i. cytology: Associated with Df(1)w[258-42] = Df(1)3A6-8;3C3-5. # w[258-43] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38k. phenotypeMale lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[258-43] = T(1;4)3C3-5;102F4-5. # w[258-45] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38l. phenotypeDevelopment resembles w[258-11] (Poulson). RK2A. cytology: Associated with Df(1)w[258-45] = Df(1)3B4-C1;3C1-2 (Sutton) = Df(1)3C1-2;3C3-4 (Schultz). Most recent analysis shows it to be Df(1)3B4-C1;3C2-3 (Lefevre and Wilkins, 1966, Genetics 53: 175-87). # w[258-47] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39a. phenotypeLike w. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. # w[258-48] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39c. cytology: Associated with Df(1)w[258-48] = Df(1)3A9-B1;3C1-2. # w[258-49] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39c. phenotypeLike w. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Sutton). # w[258-50] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39c. phenotypeLike w. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # w[258-51] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39k. phenotypeLike w. RK1. # w[258-52] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 40a. phenotypeEyes white; texture rough. Not lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)w[258-52] = In(1)3C7-9;8E11-F1 (Sutton). # w[+A]: American wild-type allele of white discoverer: Timofeeff-Ressovsky. references: 1932, Biol. Zentr. 52: 468-76. Muller, 1935, J. Genet. 30: 407-14. phenotypeLower degree of dominance in w/w/+ triploids than in w[+R]. Eyes pinkish at eclosion, darken to maroon, but never become a normal red. RK3. other information: Mutates more readily to w when irradiated than w[+R] (Timofeeff-Ressovsky, 1932). # w[+C]: Canton-S wild-type allele of white origin: In Canton-S wild type. discoverer: Green. references: 1959, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 45: 549-53. 1959, Nature 184: 294. phenotypeEyes of w/w/w[+C] triploids are reddish, not maroon as in w/w/w[+O] (see description of w[+O]). RK3. # w[+O]: Oregon-R wild-type allele of white origin: In Oregon-R wild type. discoverer: Green. references: 1959, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 45: 549-53. 1959, Nature 184: 294. phenotypeEyes of w/w/w[+O] triploids maroon, contain less red pigment than w/w/w[+C]. Amount of pigment in diploid w[+O]/w less than w[+C]/w, but difference is not readily detected visually. Homozygotes of w[+C]/w[+C] and w[+O]/w[+O] contain same amount of red eye pigment. RK3. other information: The difference in dominance been w[+O] and w[+C] is located to the right of the w[a] sublocus. Crossing over is greater in the y-w[ch] and w[ch]-spl regions in the presence of w[+O] than w[+C]; this difference is also located in the region to the right of the w[a] sublocus. w[+O] and w[+C] seem to have the same X-ray mutability (Green, 1960, Genet. Res. 1: 452-61). # w[+R]: Russian wild-type allele of white discoverer: Timofeeff-Ressovsky. references: 1932, Biol. Zentr. 52: 468-76. Muller, 1935, J. Genet. 30: 407-14. phenotypeLike w[+A] except by special tests. w/w/w[+R] triploids have pinkish eyes at hatching, which soon darken to normal red. Has greater degree of dominance than w[+A] (Muller, 1935). RK3. other information: Mutates less frequently to w when irradiated than w[+A] (Timofeeff-Ressovsky, 1932). # w[a]: white-apricot origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Huestis, 1923. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 218. synonym: apr. phenotypeEyes of male yellowish with orange tone; female eyes yellower, somewhat lighter than male. Larval Malpighian tubules colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). w[a]; bw slightly lighter than w[a]. w[a]; st light pinkish yellow (Mainx, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 75: 256-76), as is w[a] v. z w[a] lighter than either mutant alone, only slightly darker than w[bf]; therefore, w[a] does not suppress z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). w[a] rb and w[a] g have nearly white eyes; w[a] w[ch], w[bf] w[a], and w[a] su(f) all have white eyes. su(w[a]) w[a] and su(w[a])[G] w[a] have browner eyes than w[a]. w[Bwx] w[a] is like w[a] (Judd). w[a]/+ has lighter eyes than +/+ in v homozygote (Braver, 1953, DIS 27: 86). Darkened by P. The amount of pigment formed as a function of gene dose can be determined by use of duplications carrying w[a] and deficiencies: w[a] female < w[a] male = w[a]/w[a] female < w[a]/w[a] male = w[a]/w[a]/w[a] female (Muller, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 234). Eye color development autonomous in w[a] optic disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). RK1. other information: Occupies middle site in the w pseudoallelic series, i.e., to the right of w[bf] and to the left of w[ch]. Gives rise to partial revertants, as w[r] (Muller), w[aM] (Mossige), and w[a57i] (Green). The white region of chromosomes carrying w[a] pairs and crosses over regularly with nonhomologous regions of the homologous chromosome; specific regions of nonhomologous involvement characterize different homologous chromosomes (Green, 1959, Genetics 44: 1243-56; Judd, 1961, Genetics 46: 1687-97). The products of nonhomologous exchange are deficiencies (e.g., Df(1)w[rG], Df(1)w[rJ1], Df(1)w[rJ2], and Df(1)w[rJ3]) and duplications (e.g., Dp(1;1)w[rG] and Dp(1;1)w[rJ2]). # w[a2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 1929. references: 1938, DIS 9: 114. phenotypeEye color orange, slightly darker than w[a]. Eyes of male darker than female. Phenotype of w[a2] rb and w[a2] g like rb or g alone, not affected by su(w[a]) and does not suppress z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Larval Malpighian tubes colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: Occupies middle site of w pseudoallelic series. # w[a3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 34g2. references: 1938, DIS 9: 114. phenotypeEyes brownish orange, slightly darker than either w[a] or w[a2]; very little sex difference. Eye color of w[a3] rb and w[a3] g like rb or g; not suppressed by su(w[a]) and does not suppress z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Larval Malpighian tubules colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: To the left of w[ch]. Green (1959) was unable to recover recombinants between w[a3] and either w[a], w[a2], or w[a4] and concluded that they occupy the same site of the w pseudoallelic series. # w[a4] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nichols-Skoog, 35c12. phenotypeEyes of male yellowish orange, of female lighter and more yellow, of both sexes paler than w[a] and with less sex difference. Eyes of w[a4] rb and w[a4] g nearly white; not suppressed by su(w[a]) and does not suppress z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Larval Malpighian tubules colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: To the left of w[ch]. Green (1959) was unable to recover recombinants between w[a4] and either w[a], w[a2], or w[a3] and concluded that they occupy the same site of the w pseudoallelic series. # w[a55k] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Clark. synonym: apr[55k] references: 1956, DIS 30: 71. phenotypeApparently like w[a]. RK1. # w[a57i] origin: Spontaneous derivative of w[a]. discoverer: Green, 57i11. synonym: w[aR57j]. references: Rasmuson, Green, and Ewertson, 1960, Hereditas 46: 635-50. Rasmuson and Rasmuson, 1961, Hereditas 47: 619-30. phenotypeEye color between w[a] and wild type. Change from w[a] is greater for brown than for red pigment. su(w[a]) decreases the amount of both red and brown pigment. Enhanced by su(f); not a suppressor of z. RK2. other information: Green (1959, Heredity 13: 303-15) was unable to recover recombinants with w[a2] or w[a4]. # w[a58l] origin: Spontaneous derivative of w[a]. discoverer: Green, 58l12. references: Rasmuson, Green, and Ewertson, 1960, Hereditas 46: 635-50. Rasmuson and Rasmuson, 1961, Hereditas 47: 619-30. phenotypeEye color between w[a] and wild type. Brown pigment at normal level; red pigment intermediate. su(w[a]) decreases brown and slightly increases red pigment formation. Enhanced by su(f); not a suppressor of z. RK2. # w[a59k1] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of w[a]. discoverer: Green, 59k1. references: Rasmuson, Green, and Ewertson, 1960, Hereditas 46: 635-50. Rasmuson and Rasmuson, 1961, Hereditas 47: 619-30. phenotypeEye color intermediate between w[a] and wild type. Increase in brown pigment greater than red pigment over level of w[a]. Suppressed by su(w[a]); enhanced by su(f); not a suppressor of z. RK2. # w[a59k9] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of w[a]. discoverer: Green, 59k9. references: Rasmuson, Green, and Ewertson, 1960, Hereditas 46: 635-50. Rasmuson and Rasmuson, 1961, Hereditas 47: 619-30. phenotypeEye color intermediate between w[a] and normal. More brown pigment than w[a]; red pigment virtually unchanged. Suppressed by su(w[a]); enhanced by su(f); not a suppressor of z. RK1. # w[a59k13] origin: Spontaneous derivative of w[a]. discoverer: Green, 59k13. references: Rasmuson, Green, and Ewertson, 1960, Hereditas 46: 635-50. Rasmuson and Rasmuson, 1961, Hereditas 47: 619-30. phenotypeEye color intermediate between w[a] and normal. With respect to the level in w[a], brown pigment increased more than red. Red but not brown pigment formation increased by su(w[a]); enhanced by su(f); not a suppressor of z. RK2. # w[a60a5] origin: Spontaneous derivative of w[a]. discoverer: Sherwood, 60a5. references: Rasmuson, Green, and Ewertson, 1960, Hereditas 46: 635-50. Rasmuson and Rasmuson, 1961, Hereditas 47: 619-30. phenotypeEye color intermediate between w[a] and normal. More brown but not red pigment than w[a]. Enhanced by su(w[a]); not a suppressor of z. RK1. # w[aM]: white-apricot of Mossige origin: Spontaneous derivative of w[a]. discoverer: Mossige. synonym: w[aRM]. references: Rasmuson, Green, and Ewertson, 1960, Hereditas 46: 635-50. Rasmuson and Rasmuson, 1961, Hereditas 47: 619-30. phenotypeEye color intermediate between w[a], has considerably more brown pigment than in w[a]; red pigment virtually unchanged. Suppressed by su(w[a]); enhanced by su(f); not a suppressor of z. RK1. other information: Green (1959, Heredity 13: 303-15) was unable to recover recombinants with w[a2] and w[a4]. # w[bf]: white-buff origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Safir, 15g28. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 584-90. phenotypeEyes light buff, lighter than w[e] male. w[bf] male eyes somewhat lighter than female. Lighter at 19[o]C than at 25[o]. w[bf]; st has white eyes (Mainx). w[bf] rb and w[bf] g eyes are lighter than w[bf], rb, or g (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Larval Malpighian tubes colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: Occupies a recombination site between w[Bwx] and w[a] in white pseudoallelc series (Judd, 1959, Genetics 44: 34-42; Green, 1959). Spontaneous reversions reported by Redfield (1952, DIS 26: 68). # w[bf2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Oliver, 32k16. synonym: w[32k]. references: 1935, DIS 3: 28. 1935, DIS 4: 12. phenotypeEye color light buff but slightly darker than w[bf] or w[bf3]. No sexual dimorphism; not a suppressor of z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Larval Malpighian tubules yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. # w[bf3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 36k9. phenotypeEye color buff but slightly darker than w[bf]. Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. # w[bl]: white-blood origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hyde, 14g10. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 535-80 (fig.). phenotypeEyes yellowish ruby at hatching, darkening to sepialike with age; female lighter than male. Not a suppressor of z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Sensitive to temperature; at 19[o]C, eye color as dark as pn; at 30[o], as light as w[bf] or w[i]; sensitivity greatest 40-48 hr after pupation (Ephrussi and Herold, 1945, Genetics 30: 62-70). Testes sheaths colorless. Larval Malpighian tubules pale yellow at 25[o]C (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: Located to the left of w (MacKendrick and Pontecorvo, 1952, Experientia 8: 390-91) and w[e] (Judd, 1958, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 10th, Vol. 2: 137; Green, 1959). Judd (1958) was unable to recover recombinants between w[bl] and either w[Bwx] or w[a]. # w[Bwx]: white-Brownex origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mossige, 52a. references: 1953, DIS 27: 59. Judd, 1959, Genetics 44: 34-42. phenotypeEye color like bw; no sexual dimorphism. w[Bwx]/+ duller and darker than wild type, from which it is readily distinguishable. Heterozygotes between w[Bwx] and other w alleles or deficiencies (e.g., Df(1)N[8]) are indistinguishable from w[Bwx]/w[Bwx]. Not a suppressor of z (Judd, 1959). The double mutant w[Bwx] w[col] lighter than either single mutant but w[Bwx] w[a] and w[Bwx] w[bf] indistinguishable from w[a] and w[bf], respectively. Testes sheaths colorless. Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow. RK1. other information: Occupies leftmost site in w pseudoallelic series, to the left of w[bf] (Judd, 1957, Genetics 42: 379-80; 1959). Reduces recombination in the y-spl interval. # w[cf]: white-coffee origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Nicoletti, 1960. references: 1960, DIS 34: 52-53. phenotypeEyes deep ruby at hatching and resemble w[sat] but darken greatly with age and resemble se in older fly. Female heterozygous for w[cf] and w, w[a], w[co], w[ch], w[bl], w[col], or w[sat] like w[cf]/w[cf]. w[cf]/+ wild type. Larval Malpighian tubules bright yellow. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. other information: Occupies a site in w pseudoallelic series very close to the left of w[a] (Welshons and Nicoletti, 1963, DIS 38: 80). # w[ch]: white-cherry origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Safir, 12j. references: 1913, Biol. Bull. 25: 45-51. Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 51 (fig.). phenotypeEyes translucent pink, only slightly yellowish; male distinctly lighter than female. Ocelli pale; larval Malpigian tubes and adult testes sheaths colorless. Enhanced by P and e(w[e]). Eyes light in double mutant with rb or g, white with w[a]. Acts as dominant suppressor of z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). RK1. other information: Occupies a site to the right of w[a] (Green, 1959) and to the left of w[sp] (Lewis, 1956, Genetics 41: 651). # w[ch2] references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeDiffers from w[ch] in that eye color of homozygous female is not darker than male; it is insensitive to e(w[e]) and is not a suppressor of z. RK1. other information: Located to the left of w[ch]. # w[ch41j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 41j9. references: 1942, DIS 16: 58. phenotypeResembles w[ch]. RK1. # w[co]: white-coral origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Lancefield, 1917. references: 1918, Am. Naturalist 52: 264-69. phenotypeEyes of male deep ruby at eclosion, darkening to garnetlike with age. Eyes of female somewhat lighter. Not a suppressor of z. Enhanced by e(w[e]). Lightens rb and g (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). w[co]; st is yellow (Mainx, 1938, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 75: 256-76). Larval Malpighian tubules pale yellow (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: Originally shown to be to the left of w by MacKendrick and Pontecorvo (1952, Experientia 8: 390-91). Green (1959) was unable to recover recombinants between w[co] and either w[a] or w[a2] and inferred that it occupies middle site of w pseudoallelic series. # w[co61] origin: Spontaneous derivative of w. discoverer: Hollander, 1961. references: 1962, DIS 36: 78. phenotypeLike w[co]. RK2. # w[col]: white-colored origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j6. synonym: w[258-8]. phenotypeEye color varies in young male from brick-red to dull brownish like pn; female slightly lighter. Lightens rb or g; not a suppressor of z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). RK1. other information: To the left of w[a2] (Green, 1959). # w[crr]: white-carrot origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Judd, 1962. references: 1964, DIS 39: 59. phenotypeEyes reddish brown; lighter than w[cf], w[bl], or w[sat]; more orange than w[a2]; and more red than w[Bwx]. No sexual dimorphism. Not a suppressor of z. RK1. other information: Located to the left of w[a]. # w[dil]: white-dilute origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 33e31. synonym: w[33e31]. references: Plough and Ives, 1934, DIS 1: 31. phenotypeEye color like weak pr, dilute red. Overlaps wild type; not readily classified. Darkest known w allele. Eye color of w/w[dil] between pn and g. RK2. # w[dp]: white-deep purple origin: Induced by chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Auerbach, 1957. references: 1957, DIS 31: 107-9. Green, 1958, DIS 32: 88. 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEye color deep purple. No sexual dimorphism. No interaction with e(w[e]). Does not suppress z (Green, 1959). RK1. other information: Located to the left of w[ch] (Green, 1959). # w[dp2] origin: Induced by chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Auerbach, 1957. references: 1957, DIS 31: 107-9. Green, 1958, DIS 32: 88. 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeLike w[dp]. RK1. other information: Located to left of w[ch]. # w[e]: white-eosin origin: Spontaneous derivative of w. discoverer: Morgan, 11h. synonym: w[aE]: white-apricot of Edinburgh; stock labeled w[a] from Edinburgh behaved like w[e]; probably result of mislabeling (see MacKendrick, 1953, DIS 27: 100). references: Morgan, and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 28. Sturtevant and Beadle, 1939, An Introduction to Genetics, Saunders, p. 64 (fig.). phenotypeEyes of female yellowish pink, male and w[e]/w female lighter. Using duplications and deficiencies for w[e], Muller (1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 6th., Vol. 1: 233-35) showed that the eye pigmentation of w[e] female = w[e] male < w[e]/w[e] male = w[e]/w[e] female < w[e]/w[e]/w[e] female. Enhanced by P, cru, whg, and e(w[e]). Dominant suppressor of z; lightens rb and g (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Eye color develops autonomously in w[e] eye disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes and adult testes sheaths colorless. RK1. other information: Located to the right of w[a] (Green, 1959). # w[e2] origin: Spontaneous derivative of w. discoverer: Hefner, 1925. synonym: w[30]. phenotypeSimilar to w[e] but distinctly darker in both sexes. Less sex difference than in w[e]. Lightens rb and g; enhanced by e(w[e]). Dominant suppressor of z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Larval Malpighian tubules colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: Located to the right of w[a] (Green, 1959). # w[e3] origin: Spontaneous (extracted from a w[e] rb stock). discoverer: Nolte, 1953. references: 1954, DIS 28: 77. phenotypeEye color of female slightly darker than that of w[e] female. Eyes of male pinker than those of the w[e] male. Amount of red pigment 3 times and brown pigment 1.5 times that of w[e]. RK1. # w[ec]: white-ecru origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 1918. references: 1920, J. Exptl. Zool. 31: 443-73. phenotypeEyes very pale buff; between w[i] and w. RK1. # w[ec2] references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeLike w[ec]. Eye color same in male and female. Lightens rb and g. RK1. other information: Located to left of w[ch]. # w[ec3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller. references: 1946, DIS 20: 68. phenotypeEyes almost white. RK1. # w[FM6]: white in First Multiple origin: Spontaneous in FM6 balancer. discoverer: Kidd, 1964. references: 1966, DIS 41: 60. phenotypeTypical white eyes. Useful as another marker in FM6. RK1A. # w[G]: white of Goldschmidt origin: X ray induced in In(1)y[G] = In(1)1A;1C3-4. discoverer: Goldschmidt. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 522. phenotypeLike w. RK1A. # w[h]: white-honey origin: Spontaneous derivative of w. discoverer: Dunn, 34j27. synonym: w[a3]. references: 1935, Hereditas 21: 113-18. phenotypeEye color between w[bf] and w[a4], slightly darker in male than in female. Enhanced by e(w[e]). Dominant suppressor of z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Larval Malpighian tubules colorless. RK1. other information: Located to the right of w[a] (Green, 1959). # w[i]: white-ivory origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1918. references: Muller, 1920, J. Exptl. Zool. 31: 443-73. phenotypeEyes very light buff or yellowish, lighter in male than in female. Does not suppress z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Larval Malpighian tubules colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: Located to left of w (MacKendrick, 1953, DIS 27: 100). Reverts to wild type at high frequency of 5 (mu 10[-5] in female, much more rarely in male; frequency increased by X irradiation. Also, somatic reversions in patches of eye tissue, increased by X irradiation of young larvae (Lewis, 1959, Genetics 44: 522). Bowman and Green (1964, Genetics 50: 237) find a spontaneous reversion rate of 0.25 (mu 10[-5] in females heterozygous for a deletion and in males; reversions not associated with crossing over. # w[is]: white-isoxanthopterinless origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Rasmuson. references: 1962, Hereditas 48: 587-611. phenotypeEye color normal. Male has greatly reduced amount of isoxanthopterin in abdomen. Eye color of z w[is] male intermediate between z and wild type and appears variegated. w[ch] only partially suppresses z when heterozygous for w[is]. RK3. other information: Located to the right of w[a] and probably to the left of w[ch]. w[a] w[ch]/w[is] female yields recombinants between w[a] and w[ch] with different but characteristic intermediate production of isoxanthopterin. Postulated to be an intralocus duplication based on its interaction with z. Probably the same type of change as w[rdp], w[zl], and w[zm]. # w[m1]: white-mottled origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 1927. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22: 299-334 (fig.). phenotypeEye color variegated. Variegates for N. Male lethal. Lines with dark eye color [an effect of an extra Y chromosome (Gowen and Gay, 1933, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 19: 122-26)] produce sterile males [T(1;3)w[m1]/Y/Y]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)w[m1]; breakpoints unknown. other information: First case of variegated position effect recorded; originally termed eversporting displacement. # w[m2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Patterson, 1929. references: Muller, 1930, J. Genet. 22: 299-334. phenotypeEyes mottled. Male sterile. RK2A. other information: Associated with T(1;3)w[m2]; breakpoints unknown. # w[m3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 1929. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22: 299-334. phenotypeEyes mottled. RK3A. other information: Fragment of an X chromosome. The region of the chromosome from the right of fa locus to the proximal heterochromatin is deleted. Survives only in combination with normal X's; mottled effect present when normal X's carry w. # w[m4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 1929. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22: 299-334. phenotypeEyes mottled. Male and homozygous female viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)w[m4] = In(1)3C1-2;20A (Sutton). # w[m5] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 1929. references: 1930, J. Genet. 22: 299-334. Bolen, 1931, Am. Naturalist 65: 417-22. phenotypeEyes reddish with white facets. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[m5] = T(1;4)3C3-4;101F1-2. # w[m11] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Panshin. references: Panshin and Khvostova, 1938, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 7: 359-80. Panshin, 1938, Nature 142: 837. 1941, DIS 15: 33-34. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[m11] = T(1;4)3C3-4;101A-D. # w[m49a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Lefevre, 49a7. synonym: w[mSp]: white-mottled Spotted. references: 1949, DIS 23: 59. 1951, DIS 25: 71. Ratty, 1954, Genetics 39: 513-28. phenotypeEyes contain one or a few large red sectors on white background. Extra Y chromosome converts eyes to nearly wild type. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)w[m49a] = T(1;3)3A10-B1;3E2-3;80. # w[m51b] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: W. K. Baker, 51b19. phenotypeMottled for w and rst. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)w[m51b] = In(1)3C1-2;20. # w[m51c] origin: X ray induced in In(1)w[m4]. discoverer: Lefevre, 51c20. references: 1951, DIS 25: 71. 1951, DIS 26: 66. Ratty, 1954, Genetics 39: 513-28. phenotypeEyes of w[m51c]/w variegated. Male lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[m51c] = T(1;4)3C1-2;3C4-7;20A;101. # w[m52b12] origin: X ray induced in In(1)rst[3]. discoverer: Ratty, 52b12. references: Lefevre, 1953, DIS 27: 57. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[m52b12] = T(1;2)1E5-F1;3C3-4;20B;40-41. # w[m52b13] origin: X ray induced in In(1)rst[3]. discoverer: Ratty, 52b13. references: Lefevre, 1953, DIS 27: 57. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[m52b13] = T(1;4)2A2-3;3C3-4;101 superimposed on In(1)rst[3] = In(1)3C3-4;20B. # w[m53a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: P. Farnsworth, 53a4. references: Lefevre, 1953, DIS 27: 57. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[m53a] = T(1;2)3B2-C1;3C9-D1;40-41. # w[m53e] origin: Neutron induced. discoverer: Mickey, 53e11. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[m53e] = T(1;2)3C3-4;20A2-3;58F8-59A1. # w[m53j] origin: X ray induced in In(1)EN. discoverer: M. A. Bender, 53j. references: 1955, DIS 29: 69. phenotypeEyes of hemi- and homozygote mottled with small dark brown patches. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)w[m53j] = In(1)3C3-5;1A-20 superimposed on In(1)EN = In(1)1A;20;20B-C. # w[m54l] origin: Neutron induced. discoverer: Mickey, 54l3. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. phenotypeLike w[m4]. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)w[m54l] = In(1)3C3-5;20D. # w[m55b] origin: X ray induced in R(1)2. discoverer: M. A. Bender, 55b. references: 1955, DIS 29: 69. phenotypeEyes mottled with large patches of pink or white. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)w[m55b] = In(1)3C3-5;1A-20 superimposed on R(1)2, which has opened out as In(1)1A3-4;19F-20A1. # w[m258-18] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k. references: Demerec and Slizynska, 1937, Genetics 22: 641-49. phenotypeEyes cream colored and mottled. Both sexes viable and fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[m258-18] = T(1;4)3C4-5;101. # w[m258-21] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 1934. references: Judd, 1955, Genetics 40: 739-744. synonym: w[VD3]. phenotypeEyes and larval Malpighian tubes mottled (Schultz). Heterozygous female shows Notch phenotype. Nearly lethal. Variegation sensitive to temperature, more extreme at lower temperatures than at 25[o]C. Variegation caused by proximity of the w locus to heterochromatin; nonvariegating w alleles separable from rearrangement by recombination (Judd). RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[m258-21] = T(1;4)3E5-6;101F. # w[m258-31] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37l. phenotypeEyes cream colored and mottled for w. Male viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[m258-31] = T(1;4)3C3-5;102F4-17. # w[m258-32] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 37l. phenotypeEyes cream colored and mottled. Male viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)w[m258-32] = T(1;3)3C3-5;81. # w[m258-34] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38b. phenotypeEyes cream colored and mottled. Male viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[m258-34] = T(1;2)3C3-5;41A. # w[m258-36] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38b. references: Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 534-40. phenotypeEyes cream colored and mottled. Male viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[m258-36] = T(1;2)3C6-7;4C2-3;41A-B;41F5-6. # w[m258-37] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j. phenotypeEyes mottled. Male viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[m258-37] = T(1;2)3C3-4;40-41A. # w[m258-39] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38e. phenotypeEyes cream colored and mottled. Male viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[m258-39] = T(1;2)3C3-5;40E-F. # w[m258-40] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38e. phenotypeEyes cream colored and mottled; texture rough. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[m258-40] = T(1;2)3C3-5;41. # w[m258-44] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 38k. phenotypeEyes mottled. Male viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)w[m258-44] = T(1;2;3)3C3-4;4D2-E1;56E1-F1;80D. # w[m258-53] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 39l. references: Sutton, 1940, Genetics 25: 628-35. phenotypeEyes mottled. Male viable. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[m258-53] = T(1;4)3C1-2;101E-F; 101F through 102F lost. # w[m258-54] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 40e. phenotypeEyes cream colored and mottled. Male lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)w[m258-54] = T(1;3)3B2-C1;19F2-20A1;20E;63C7-8. # w[m264-58] origin: X ray induced simultaneously with N[264-58]. discoverer: Demerec, 38d. references: 1940, Genetics 25: 618-27. phenotypeEye color variegated. Exists in three types of lines: w[m264-58] from a lines shows extreme variegation and produces more pigment when paternally inherited than when maternally inherited; from f lines, produces more fully pigmented eyes and the converse parental effect; from g lines, produces more pigment than f and no parental effect. In a lines, variegation partially suppressed by extra heterochromatin in genome (Baker and Spofford, 1959, Univ. Texas Publ. 5914: 135-54) and in mother's genome (Spofford, 1959, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 45: 1003-7). Homozygous viable in female but apparently not in male. Variegation less (phenotype more wild type) in homozygous female than in heterozygous female. Heterozygous offspring of homozygous female less variegated than heterozygous offspring of heterozygous female (Spofford, 1958, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 10th., Vol. 2: 270; Hessler, 1961, Genetics 46: 463-84). When w[m264-58] inherited from mother, more variegation than when inherited from father (Hessler, 1961; Spofford, 1961, Genetics 46: 1151-67; Baker, 1963, Am. Zoologist 3: 57-69). RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)N[264-58] = T(1;3)3B2-3;3D6-7;80D-F as well as its derivative Dp(1;3)N[264-58] = Dp(1;3)3B2-3;3D6-7;80D-F. The duplication has been used in most of the variegation studies. # w[m609e] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Patterson. references: Griffen and Stone, 1938, Genetics 23: 149. phenotypeEyes variegated. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)w[m609e] = T(1;3)3C2-3;100C3-4. # w[m4000] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Buzzati-Traverso, 41l7. references: 1943, Rend. Ist. Lombardo Sci. Lettere, Pt. I: Class. Sci., Mat. e Nat. 77: 61-64. phenotypeEyes cream colored, darker in male than female. Viable and fertile in male and homozygous female. Variegated for w, rst, fa, and Co. RK2A. cytology: A rearrangement with a break in white region. # w[mA]: white-mottled from Austin origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Stone. references: Griffen and Stone, 1939, Genetics 24: 73. 1940, Texas Univ. Publ. 4032: 201-7 (fig.). phenotypeEyes variegated. Male viable and fertile. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[mA] = T(1;4)3C2-3;101A2-3. # w[mCi]: white-mottled of Cicak origin: X ray induced in Y[S]X.Y[L]. discoverer: Cicak. references: Oster, 1957, DIS 31: 150. phenotypeEyes variegated with red and white facets. Introduction of additional Y chromosome does not seem to alter expression. RK2A. other information: Recombination reduced. # w[mD1]: white-mottled of Dubinin origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Dubinin. references: Sacharov, 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5: 293-302. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[mD1] = T(1;2)3B;19-20;21F. # w[mD3] discoverer: Dubinin. references: Sacharov, 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5: 293-302. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[mD3] = T(1;4)3C;101. # w[mDG1]: white-mottled of Dubinin and Goldat discoverer: Dubinin and Goldat. references: Sacharov, 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5: 293-302. cytology: Associated with rearrangement in which 3B is inserted into chromocenter. # w[mDV4]: white-mottled of Dubinin and Volotov discoverer: Dubinin and Volotov. references: Sacharov, 1936, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 5: 293-302. phenotypeEyes mottled; male lethal; heterozygous female N. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[mDV4] = T(1;4)3C3-7;3D;101A-D. # w[mJ]: white-mottled of Jonsson origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Jonsson, 61i28. references: Lefevre, 1963, DIS 37: 49-50. Lefevre and Wilkins, 1966, Genetics 53: 175-87. phenotypeEyes mottled red and white. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[mJ] = T(1;4)3C2-3;20;102C. # w[mMc]: white-mottled of McLean origin: X ray induced. discoverer: McLean. references: Muller, 1946, DIS 20: 68. phenotypeEye color light mottled. Variegated for rst. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)w[mMc] = In(1)3C1-2;20A-C. # w[mMed]: white-mottled of Medvedev discoverer: Medvedev, 1934. phenotypeMottling on w[a] background. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;4)w[mMed]; breakpoints unknown. # w[mo]: white-mottled orange origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hanly. references: 1963, DIS 38: 30. Wright and Hanly, 1966, Science 152: 533-35. phenotypeEyes light mottled orange at eclosion, darkening with age. Red pigments (drosopterins) reduced to about 10% normal; other pteridines about normal. w[mo]; bw is pale yellow, indicating most ommochromes removed. Xanthine dehydrogenase about normal. Some males accumulate large quantities of drosopterins in abdominal fat body. These pigments appear about the second day of adult life and disappear on the fourth, fifth, or sixth. Low temperature increases proportion of males with this trait. Female not affected. w[mo]/w has dark homogeneous brown eye color; w[mo]/w[a] and w[mo]/w[Bwx] are similar but somewhat lighter. Viability good. RK1. other information: Crossover tests give no indication of chromosome aberration. w[mo] probably belongs to the w[sp] subgroup of the w pseudoallelic series. # w[M]: white of MacKendrick origin: Spontaneous derivative of w[a] (MacKendrick believed it to be w[e], but she obtained it from Edinburgh, where subsequent results make it seem likely w[e] and w[a] became interchanged). discoverer: MacKendrick, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 82. Rasmuson, Green, and Ewertson, 1960, Hereditas 46: 635-40. Rasmuson and Rasmuson, 1961, Hereditas 47: 619-30. phenotypeMale and homozygous female alike and practically indistinguishable from wild type. Heterozygote with w or deficiency for w has slightly darker eyes than w[co]. Brown pigment at normal level; red pigment intermediate between w[a] and normal. Enhanced by su(w[a]) and su(f); not a suppressor of z. Viability and fertility good. RK2. # w[M59]: white of Muller origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Muller, 59d. references: Mischaikow, 1959, DIS 33: 98. phenotypeEyes cream colored, darkening slightly with age. RK1. # w[p]: white-pearl origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Steinberg, 37b17. references: 1937, DIS 8: 11. phenotypeEyes extremely pale, lighter than w[t]. Larval Malpighian tubules colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. # w[r]: white-reddish origin: Spontaneous partial reversion from w[a] in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+S, sc[S1] sc[8] w[a] B. discoverer: Muller, 1944. references: 1944, DIS 18: 57. phenotypeEye color nearly normal in homozygote, dark maroon in w[r]/w[a] heterozygote. RK2A. # w[rdf]: white-recombinant deficiency origin: Spontaneous product of asymmetrical exchange within the w locus; marker distribution such that w[rdf] is also w[a]. discoverer: Judd, 1961. references: 1961, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 47: 545-50. 1964, Genetics 49: 253-65. 1964, DIS 39: 59. phenotypeEyes white. Suppresses z. w[rdf]/w[sp] like w[sp] homozygous. RK1. other information: Deficiency for the site occupied by w[ch] in the w pseudoallelic series. Reciprocal asymmetric exchange product is w[rdp]. Recombination in w region reduced. Judd was unable to recover recombinants between w[rdf] and w, w[a], or w[Bwx]. # w[rdp]: white-recombinant duplication origin: Spontaneous product of asymmetrical exchange within the w locus; marker distribution such that w[rdp] is also w[bf]. discoverer: Judd, 1961. references: 1961, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 47: 545-50. 1964, Genetics 49: 253-65. 1964, DIS 39: 59. phenotypeEye color lighter than w[bf]. Enhancer of z; z[+] w[rdp]/z w[+] has reddish brown mottled eyes. z w[a] w[rdf]/z[+] w[bf] w[rdp] female has white eyes. RK1. other information: Duplication for site occupied by w[ch] in the w pseudoallelic series. Reciprocal asymmetric exchange product is w[rdf]. Increases exchange in y-spl interval and within the w locus. Probably same type of change as w[is], w[zl], and w[zm]. # w[s1]: white-spontaneous. origin: Spontaneous. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Does not suppress z. Not affected by su(w[a]). RK1. other information: Located to the left of w[ch]. # w[s2] origin: Spontaneous. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Does not suppress z. RK1. other information: Located to the left of w[ch]. # w[s3] origin: Spontaneous. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Does not suppress z. RK1. other information: Located to the left of w[ch]. # w[s4] origin: Spontaneous. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Does not suppress z. Not affected by su(w[a]). RK1. other information: Located to the left of w[a]. # w[s5] origin: Spontaneous. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Does not suppress z. RK1. other information: Located to the left of w[ch]. # w[s9] origin: Spontaneous. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Does not suppress z. RK1. other information: Located to the left of w[ch]. # w[s10] origin: Spontaneous. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Not a suppressor of z. Not affected by su(w[a]). RK1. other information: Located to left of w[ch]. # w[sat]: white-satsuma origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33l26. synonym: w[331]. references: 1935, DIS 3: 18. phenotypeEye color deep ruby, resembles pr and ma. No sexual dimorphism. Lightens rb and g. Not modified by P or e(w[e]) or by temperature. Does not suppress z (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). Larval Malpighian tubule nearly wild type (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. other information: Occupies a site to the left of w[a] in the w pseudoallelic series (Green, 1959). # w[sp]: white-spotted discoverer: Showell, 1944. synonym: sp-w: spotted white. references: Lewis, 1956, Genetics 41: 651. phenotypeEyes have fine-grained mottling; facets range from yellowish to brown. Male darker than female (Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15). w[sp]/w, w[sp]/w[ch], and w[sp]/w[a] have homogeneous brown eye color. w[sp] heterozygous with a deficiency for all or part of the w locus produces phenotype like w[sp]/w[sp] (Green, 1959, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 90: 375-84). Suppressor of z (Green, 1959). The double mutant w[a] w[sp] is white and w[ch] w[sp] has pale yellow eyes. RK1. other information: Occupies rightmost site in the w pseudoallelic series, to the right of w[ch] (Lewis, 1956). # w[sp2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohler, 56c22. references: 1956, DIS 30: 78-79. phenotypeEyes mottled like w[sp]. w[sp2]/w and w[sp2]/w[e] have uniform brownish eyes. w[sp2]/w slightly darker and more red than w[sp]/w. RK1. # w[sp3] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Green, 59a29. references: 1959, DIS 33: 94. phenotypeLike w[sp]. RK1. # w[t]: white-tinged origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hyde, 14k2. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 535-80 (fig.). phenotypeEye color light pinkish. Larval Malpighian tubules colorless (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK1. # w[vC]: white-variegated of Catcheside origin: X ray induced in R(1)2. discoverer: Catcheside. phenotypeEyes mottled; heterozygous female tends to show N. Viability of male varies among lines from nearly zero to fair. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)w[vC] = In(1)3C1-2;19-20 superimposed on R(1)2. # w[vco]: white-variegated cobbled discoverer: Clausen. phenotypeEyes mostly white, have red mottling. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)w[vco] = T(1;3)2B17-C1;3C4-5;77D3-5;81. # w[vD1]: white-variegated of Demerec origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33j19. phenotypeEyes variegated white and red. Male fertile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with Dp(1;4)w[vD1] = Dp(1;4)3C1-4;101A-D. # w[vD2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k27. phenotypeFine-grained variegation of cream with dark spots. Female occasionally shows rst variegation. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;4)w[vD2] = T(1;2;4)3C4-5;18F;38;101A-C. # w[vD4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 33k2. phenotypeEyes of heterozygous female mottled. X/Y male mottled but rarely survives; X/Y/Y more viable but sterile. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)w[vD4] = T(1;2)3D6-E1;40F. # w[X1]: white from X irradiation origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Not a suppressor of z. RK1. other information: Located to left of w[ch]. # w[X2] origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Not a suppressor of z. RK1. other information: Located to left of w[ch]. # w[X3] origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Not a suppressor of z. RK1. other information: Located to left of w[ch]. # w[X4] origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Not a suppressor of z. RK1. other information: Located to left of w[ch]. # w[X5] origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Not a suppressor of z. RK1. other information: Located to left of w[ch]. # w[X6] origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Not a suppressor of z. Not affected by su(w[a]). RK1. other information: Located to left of w[a]. # w[X8] origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. Not a suppressor of z. RK1. other information: Located to left of w[ch]. # w[X16] origin: X ray induced. references: Green, 1959, Heredity 13: 303-15. phenotypeEyes white. A dominant suppressor of z. Not affected by su(w[a]). RK1. other information: Located to the right of w[a]. # w[zl]: white-zeste light origin: Spontaneous derivative of w[zm]. discoverer: Becker, 1958. synonym: z[l]. references: 1959, DIS 33: 82. 1960, Genetics 45: 519-34 (fig.). Judd, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 3-4. 1964, DIS 39: 60. phenotypeEyes of z w[zl] female uniform lemon yellow at 25[o]-30[o]C, same at 14[o] but with large red spots. z w[zl] male raised at high temperature like female raised at low temperature. At low temperature, they have large red spots on lemon background with salt-and-pepper mottling. X/0 and X/Y males identical. + w[zl] is wild type. z w[zl]/+ + is vaguely mottled. RK1. other information: Postulated to be a duplication of part of white locus. The white locus change is located to the right of w[a]. w[zl] is unstable and mutates to w[zm] and a white (Judd, 1963; 1964). Probably same type of change as w[is] and w[rdp]. # w[zm]: white-zeste mottled origin: Spontaneous product of asymmetrical exchange within the w locus. discoverer: Green, 54k5. synonym: z[m]. references: Becker, 1959, DIS 33: 82. 1960, Genetics 45: 519-34 (fig.). Judd, 1963, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet., 11th., Vol. 1: 3-4. 1964, DIS 39: 60. phenotypeEyes of z w[zm] female raised at 25[o]-30[o]C are lemon yellow; at 14[o]-17[o], are slightly orange with large red spots. Eyes of male raised at 25[o]-30[o]C have lemon-yellow background and fine-grained red spots; at 14[o]-17[o], eye color of male almost normal. X/0 and X/Y males identical. Eye color of z[+] w[zm] homozygote and hemizygote is wild type. Eyes slightly mottled in + w[zm]/z w[zm]. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: w[zm] postulated to be a duplication of part of the white locus that arose from an asymmetrical exchange. The change in the white locus lies to the right of w[a]. w[zm] is unstable and mutates to w[zl] and to white. These forms are in turn unstable and revert to w[zm] (Judd, 1963; 1964). Probably the same type of change as w[is] and w[rdp]. # W: Wrinkled location: 3-46.0. origin: Recovered among progeny of female exposed to stratosphere. discoverer: Jollos, 1936. references: 1936, Natl. Geograph. Soc. Tech. Papers, Stratosphere Ser. No. 2: 153-57. Jollos and Waletzky, 1937, DIS 8: 9. phenotypeHomozygote viable. Wings remain small and unexpanded. Black spots on head beside proboscis or ocelli. Heterozygous female like homozygote but less extreme. Male much less extreme; wings often expanded but wrinkled, blistered, and surface finely pebbled and grayish; no overlap with wild type. Suppressed by D in male and nearly so in female. From prepupal stage through adult, wing bases abnormally narrow, possibly preventing flow of body fluid in sufficient quantity to expand wings [Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)]. RK1 as dominant. # wa: warty location: 1-64.4 (based on location of wa[2]; wa said to be near car). origin: Induced by P[32]. discoverer: Bateman, 1950. references: 1950, DIS 24: 56. phenotypeEyes rough with scattered enlarged facets. Occasional notched wing tip. Penetrance low. Viability variable. Male infertile in proportion to degree of expression. Heterozygous female often infertile. RK3. # wa[2] origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 77. phenotypeEyes irregularly roughened and of varying size and shape; ommatidia deranged. Wing tips rarely notched. RK3. other information: Allelism inferred from phenotype and genetic location. One allele each induced by CB. 1540, CB. 3025, and X rays. # wd: wavoid location: 2-40. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kellen-Piternick, 1941. references: Kellen, 1945, Genetics 30: 12. phenotypeWings waved. Variable penetrance and expressivity, especially in male. Partially suppressed by y in both sexes. RK2. # wdn: wings down location: 3-100. discoverer: Morgan. references: 1929, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 399: 187. phenotypeWings extended and drooping or even directed ventrally, broad with close crossveins. Overlaps wild type. Low viability. RK3. # we: wee location: 1-3. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller, 26l5. references: 1935, DIS 3: 30. phenotypeFly dwarfed. Eyes rough; bristles fine; wings spread. Fertility very low. RK2. # We: Washed eye location: 3-43.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Andres, 42e7. references: 1943, DIS 17: 48. phenotypeDominant modifier of w that produces partial reversion. Produces spot of dilute red pigment varying in size from dot to nearly whole eye. Homozygous lethal. Classification, fertility, and viability of heterozygote excellent. RK2. # wgv: wing variance location: 1-33.0 (no recombinants with v among 905). discoverer: Fahmy. references: 1959, DIS 33: 94. phenotypeWing position variable; wings drooping, outspread, or upheld. Male sterile. RK2. # wh: whiskers location: Autosomal. origin: Neutron induced. discoverer: Mickey, 54a7. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. phenotypeMany extra vibrissae, which are longer than normal. RK3. # whd: withered location: 2-61. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 38a6. phenotypeWings warped and waved or reduced to shrunken black pupal pads. RK2. # whg: whiting location: Autosomal. discoverer: Bridges, 13k21. references: 1916, Genetics 1: 148. 1919, J. Exptl. Zool. 28: 337-84 (fig.). phenotypeSpecific modifier of w[e]. w[e]; whg has pure white eyes. RK3. # whh: white head location: 3- (not located). discoverer: Morgan, 13h. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 99. phenotypeOcelli surrounded by silvery patch. RK3. # wi: witty eye location: 2-54.9 (not allelic to rh). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Whitten, 61g. references: 1963, DIS 38: 31. phenotypeEyes rough on lower half owing to irregular facets. Extra vibrissae in variable number and distribution. Removal of closely linked modifiers gives rise to dominant form. Penetrance and expression variable and highly sensitive to background genotype. RK3. # with: with trident location: 3- (near p). discoverer: Morgan, 10a. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1919, J. Gen. Physiol. 1: 639-43. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 31 (fig.). phenotypeDark trident pattern on mesonotum. Variable; some overlap of wild type. RK3. # wk: weak location: 3-42. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 33l22. phenotypeBristles small, somewhat Minute, and variable. Abdomen disproportionately small. Wings somewhat warped. Viability variable. RK3. # wl: whirly location: 2- (not located). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kiil, 43k4. references: 1946, DIS 20: 66. phenotypeAcrostichal hairs in irregular rows; incomplete whorls on thorax. RK3. # wo: white ocelli location: 3-76.2. discoverer: Bridges, 12f21. references: 1920. Biol. Bull. 38: 231-36. Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 66. phenotypeOcelli colorless. Eye color wild type. Modifies w[e] to a lighter and less yellow tone. RK2. # wp: warped location: 3-47.5. discoverer: Bridges, 19k15. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 215 (fig.). phenotypeWings small and narrow, dusky, divergent, and warped. RK2. # Wr: Wrinkle location: 2-76. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt, 1933. synonym: Wrinkled (preoccupied). phenotypeWings wrinkled and blistered. Homozygote viable and only slightly more extreme than heterozygote. Development retarded. RK1. # ws: waisted location: 1-1.0. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1958, DIS 32: 77. phenotypeAnterior part of abdomen constricted, giving appearance of long, narrow waist. Wings held abnormally and surface wavy. Most flies die shortly after eclosion, but occasional male is viable and fertile. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 1506. # wt: welt location: 2-82. discoverer: Bridges, 32l19. phenotypeEyes small and narrow with horizontal seam or welt. Many bristles, especially postverticals, doubled or even quadrupled in number. Abdomen chunky. Occasional nicks in wing. Expression overlaps wild type at 19[o]C but is excellent at 25[o] or higher. RK1. # wtl: weltlike location: 3-59.5. discoverer: Bridges, 33c7. phenotypeEyes seamed and small. Aristae reduced. Wings rather broad. Female sterile. Expression better at 19[o]C. RK3. # wtw: water wings location: 1-38.9. origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1954. references: 1958, DIS 32: 77-78. phenotypeWings short and broad, frequently with incomplete crossveins, and often thickened owing to separation of ventral and dorsal surfaces by fluid. Eyes small and slightly rough. Male genitalia twisted; pigmentation of last abdominal segment in female patchy. Penetrance and viability low. Female infertile. RK3. # wtw[clf]: water wings-cleft end origin: Induced by DL-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3007). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. synonym: clf. references: 1958, DIS 32: 68. phenotypeLast male abdominal segment grooved in dorsal midline, has abnormal genitalia. Eyes small; wings short, broad, and slightly divergent. Female fertility low; viability good. Classification difficult. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3007). # ww: wider wing location: 1-32.9. origin: Induced by L-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalanine (CB. 3025). discoverer: Fahmy, 1953. references: 1958, DIS 32: 78. phenotypeWings slightly shorter and broader than normal, frequently upheld, and occasionally truncated. Male viability and fertility good; female viability and fertility reduced. RK3. other information: One allele induced by CB. 3026. # wx: waxy location: 2-69.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 41k15. references: 1942, DIS 16: 49. phenotypeWings heavy textured, more opaque, and smaller than normal. Male completely sterile; female fertile. RK2. # wx[wxt]: waxy-waxtex origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: R. F. Grell, 56k20. synonym: wxt. references: 1957, DIS 31: 81. phenotypeWings slightly spread and curved down distally, texture heavy and waxy, tips pointed. First posterior wing cell narrow, second posterior cell broad and flared. Fertile in both sexes. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from similarity in phenotype and genetic location (2-69). # wy: wavy location: 1-41.9. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Nachtsheim, 26g7. references: 1928, Z. Induktive Abstammungs- Vererbungslehre 48: 245-58. phenotypeWings transversely waved, usually turned up at tip. Abdomen long and narrow. Marginal vein kinked even when other characters overlap wild type. RK2. cytology: Tentatively placed in 11D-E on the basis of the breakpoint of T(1;2;3)wy[274-2] = T(1;2)8F-9A;20A-B;26B-D + T(1;3)11D-E;65C-D. # wy[2] discoverer: Ruch. synonym: cx-b. references: Parker, 1935, DIS 4: 62. phenotypeMore extreme than wy, more upward curl to wings. RK2. # wy[40a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Haskell, 40a. references: 1941, DIS 14: 39. phenotypeMore extreme than wy; more upward curl to wings. wy[40a]/wy is intermediate. RK2. # wy[274-2] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 34a. phenotypeMale lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2;3)wy[274-2] = T(1;2)8F-9A;20A-B;26B-D + T(1;3)11D-E;65C-D. # wz: wizened location: 3-47.8. discoverer: Bridges, 1921. synonym: shrunken-3. references: Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 327: 241. phenotypeSmall fly; not filled out. Body color dark dull; bristles small. Late hatching. Infertile. RK3. # y: yellow location: 1-0.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: E. M. Wallace, 11a. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 27. phenotypeBody color yellow; hairs and bristles brown with yellow tips. Wing veins and hairs yellow. Tyrosinase formed in adults (Horowitz). For the most part, y is autonomous in mosaics (i.e., a fly may show both yellow and nonyellow tissue); however, over limited distances, there is some nonautonomy [Hannah, 1953, J. Exptl. Zool. 123: 523-60 (fig.)]. Larval setae and mouth parts yellow to brown, hence distinguishable from the dark brown of wild type (Brehme, 1937, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 37: 578-80; 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1. cytology: Placed in region 1A5-8 on the basis of its being carried by the X[D]3[P] element of T(1;3)sc[260-20] = T(1;3)1A8-B1;61A1-2 and by Dp(1;f)sc[260-27] = Df(1;f)1A8-B1;19F but not being lost from Df(1)260-5 = Df(1)1A4-5 (Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17). # y[1S]: yellow-1 of Schultz origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 34k15. phenotypeLike y. Larval mouth parts like y (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1. # y[2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 25j26. phenotypeCuticle yellow. Hairs and bristles black. Wings and veins gray. y[2]/y is like y[2]. y[2]/y[35a], y[2]/y[c4], and y[2]/y[b1] are wild type. Viability excellent. Larval mouth parts slightly lighter than wild type at basal prongs but not enough to enable reliable classification (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1. # y[2S]: yellow-2 from Swedish origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges. phenotypeBody color darker tan than y[2] but bristles not as dark. Viability excellent. Larval mouth parts golden brown; mouth hooks and mentum dark. Classifiable in living larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1. # y[3] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Morgan, 26a. phenotypeCuticle tannish. Bristles vary from dark brown to black, hairs from yellow to black. Larval mouth parts golden at basal prongs; lateral process and mouth hooks light. Classification possible in dissected but not in living larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1. # y[3d]: yellow-3 dark origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sturtevant, 1933. phenotypeWings gray like y[2] but bristles yellow. Larval mouth parts golden brown; mouth hooks light (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1. # y[3M]: yellow-3 of Muller origin: Spontaneous in Y[L].sc[S1]. discoverer: Muller. references: Muller and Valencia, 1947, DIS 21: 70. phenotypeLike y[3]. RK1A. # y[3P]: yellow-3 of Patterson origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Patterson, 31e25. synonym: y[31e]. references: 1934, DIS 1: 31. Stone, 1935, DIS 4: 62-63. Muller and Prokofyeva, 1935, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 21: 16-26. phenotypeBody tannish with black bristles. Variegated with patches of yellow bristles and hairs, these patches being ac, slight Hw variegation. Larval mouth parts light at basal prongs. Classification possible in dissected larva, more difficult in living larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1. cytology: Associated with In(1)y[3P] = In(1)1A;20. # y[4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Serebrovsky. references: Dubinin and Friesen, 1932, Biol. Zentr. 52: 147-62. phenotypeLike y. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)y[4] = In(1)1A8-B1;18A3-4. # y[5] discoverer: Patterson. phenotypeMale lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)y[5] = In(1)1A-B;14D. # y[6] origin: X ray induced in sc[12]. phenotypeBody yellow; bristles brown with yellow tips. Larval mouth parts like y (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1. # y[31b] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[8]. discoverer: Patterson, 31b. phenotypeLike y. Shows some ac variegation. Viability good. Larval mouth parts light enough for classification in living larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1A. # y[31c] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[8]. discoverer: Patterson, 31c. phenotypeBristles dark as in y[2] with some yellow variegation. Larval mouth parts light at basal prongs. Classification difficult (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1A. # y[31d] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[8]. discoverer: Patterson, 31d. references: 1935, DIS 4: 12. Stone, 1935, DIS 4: 62-63. phenotypeSimilar to y[2], but y[31d]/y[35a] is like y[31d] whereas y[2]/y[35a] is wild type. Larval mouth parts light at basal prongs; classification difficult (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1A. # y[34c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Curry, 34c13. phenotypeBody color tan, very near wild type. Tan antennae allow slow but reliable classification. Excellent viability. Larval mouth parts wild type (Brehme). RK2. # y[35a] origin: X ray induced in In(1)A99b = In(1)1D3-E1;19D-E. discoverer: Stone, 35a. references: 1935, DIS 4: 62-63. phenotypeSimilar to y. y[35a]/y is like y; y[35a]/y[2] is wild type; y[35a]/y[31d] is like y[31d] (or y[2]). Larval mouth parts golden. Classifiable in living larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK1A. # y[39e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mather, 39e15. references: 1941, DIS 14: 39. phenotypeBody yellow; bristles brown. Not so light as y. RK1. # y[40a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Buzzati-Traverso, 40a31. references: 1940, DIS 13: 49. phenotypeLike y[2]. RK1. # y[50e] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Thoday. references: 1954, DIS 28: 78. # y[51g] origin: Spontaneous in inbred Oregon-R. discoverer: Redfield, 51g. references: 1952, DIS 26: 68. phenotypeBody yellow; hairs dark; bristles like y[2]. RK1. # y[53e] origin: X ray induced in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+dl-49. discoverer: Luning, 53e12. references: 1953, DIS 27: 58. phenotypeHomozygous lethal. RK2A. other information: Not tested of l(1)J1 or ac. # y[53i] origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: Luning, 53i. synonym: y[53iY]. references: 1953, DIS 27: 58. phenotypey/y[53i]Y a fertile y male. RK1A. # y[54j] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Mohler, 55j24. references: 1956, DIS 30: 79. phenotypeBody and antennae yellow; bristles brownish (slightly darker than y). Wings nearly wild type. Wings of y[54j]/y intermediate but overlap y[54j]/y[54j]. RK1. # y[59b] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of y[2]. Arose as a mosaic in which half the descendants of the irradiated y[2] gene were y[59b] and half were y[+]. discoverer: Green. references: 1961, Genetics 46: 1385-88. phenotypeLike y. y[59b]/y[2] is wild type, but y[59b] does not complement with y[2] sc or other black-bristled alleles of y. RK1. # y[59c] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Clancy, 59c. references: 1960, DIS 34: 48. phenotypeLike y. RK1. # y[62a] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ehrlich, 62a. references: McCloskey, 1963, DIS 37: 50. phenotypeBristles and hairs brown. Body yellow. Tip of male abdomen black. y[62a] dominant to y-type alleles and recessive to y[2]-type alleles. RK1. # y[62b] origin: Found among progeny of male treated with radio frequency. discoverer: Mickey, 62b21. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. # y[62k] origin: Spontaneous in In(1)sc[S1L]sc[8R]+S, sc[S1] sc[8] w[a] B. discoverer: Mickey, 62k8. references: 1963, DIS 38: 29. # y[62k19] origin: Spontaneous in In(1)sc[S1]+dl-49. discoverer: Pratt, 62k19. phenotypeLike y. RK1A. # y[94-1] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Moree, 46f6. references: 1946, DIS 20: 66. 1947, DIS 21: 69. phenotypeLike y. RK1. # y[260-4] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Demerec, 1938. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeLike y[2]. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # y[260-11] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 39a. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeLike y. Male viable but sterile. RK2a. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)y[260-11] = T(1;3)1B2-3;85F1-5. # y[260-12] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 1939. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-27. phenotypeLike y. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # y[260-13] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 1939. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeBody color wild type; bristles y. Male fertility reduced. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)y[260-13] = T(1;2)1A4-5;36D. # y[260-21] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 1939. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeMale lethal. y[260-21]/y like y. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;3)y[260-21] = T(1;3)6C;70E-F + In(1)1A6-7;5D8-E1. # y[260-24] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Sutton, 1939. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeLike y. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # y[260-28] origin: X ray induced simultaneously with ac[260-28]. discoverer: Sutton, 39l26. references: 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeLike y. Male viability reduced. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. # y[260-30] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Bishop, 1940. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeLike y. RK1. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: ac, sc, and svr not affected. # y[260-31] origin: X ray induced simultaneously with T(1;2)260-31. discoverer: Fano, 1941. references: Sutton, 1943, Genetics 28: 210-17. phenotypeHomozygous and hemizygous lethal. y[260-31]/y is like y. RK2. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal at tip of X. T(1;2)260-31 = T(1;2)9A;24;29 induced simultaneously. # y[bl]: yellow-bristle origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Sandler. references: Sandler, Hart, and Nicoletti, 1960, DIS 34: 103-4. phenotypeBristles yellow; body color wild type. y[bl]/y like y[bl]; y[bl]/y[2] wild type. RK1A. cytology: Associated with Dp(1;1)y[bl] = Dp(1;1)1B2-3;4F8-9;5D4-5. other information: y[bl] changes to y[+] and y. These events are more complicated than gene mutations; they involve duplication, chromosome rearrangement, and mutation of neighboring genes such as sc and ac. # y[c4]: yellow-complementing origin: Spontaneous in In(1)sc[S1]+S. discoverer: Muller. synonym: y[s] (Muller, 1946; preoccupied); y[Si] (Green, 1961; error). references: 1946, DIS 20: 68. Frye, 1960, DIS 34: 49. Green, 1961, Genetics 46: 1385-88. phenotypeLike y except bristles slightly darker. y[c4]/y[S1] like y[c4]. y[c4]/y[2] wild type; however, y[c4]/y[2] sc like y[2]. Does not complement with other black-bristled alleles of y. RK1A. # y[G]: yellow of Goldschmidt origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Goldschmidt. synonym: y[px bl]: yellow-plexus blistered. references: 1945, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Publ. Zool. 49: 307, 398-401. phenotypeLike y[2]. RK1A. cytology: Associated with In(1)y[G] = In(1)1A;1C3-4. # y[H51]: yellow from Hakozaki origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Tanaka, 37e30. references: 1937, DIS 8: 11. phenotypeBody, wings, and legs yellow; bristles and hairs black. Like y[2]. RK1. # y[N]: yellow of Neuhaus origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Neuhaus. references: 1936, DIS 5: 26. phenotypeBristles yellow; body color wild type. y[N]/y is like y[N]; y[N]/y[2] is wild type. RK1. # y[o]: yellow-orange origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kiil, 43k18. references: 1946, DIS 20: 66. phenotypeBody yellow; bristles, hairs dark. RK1. # y[P59]: yellow of Perkovic origin: Spontaneous in y[+]Y. discoverer: Perkovic, 59h. references: Meyer, 1959, DIS 33: 97. phenotypeBody and wings of y/y[P59]Y yellow; bristles dark. RK1A. # y[s]: yellow-spot origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Cattell, 12d. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 237: 33 (fig.). phenotypeLarge yellow spots on dorsal midline near tip of abdomen, on scutellum, and in narrow stripe along thorax. Spots on scutellum and thorax not obvious except in presence of b. RK2. # y[S1]: yellow of Singh origin: Spontaneous in In(1)sc[8]. discoverer: Singh, 1940. references: 1940, DIS 13: 75. phenotypeLike y. RK1A. # y[S61]: yellow of Shuman origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Shuman, 61f. references: Meyer, 1963, DIS 37: 51. phenotypeLike y. RK1. # y[td]: yellow-tanoid origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Spencer, 36l. references: Bridges, 1937, DIS 7: 16. phenotypeBody color rich tan; antennae light yellow; bristles black. Larval mouth parts golden brown. Classifiable in living larva (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK2. # y[v1]: yellow-variegated origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Schultz, 33a11. phenotypeVariegated for y. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(1;2)y[v1] = T(1;2)1A;39. # y[v2] origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Schultz, 35k1. phenotypeBody color mostly wild type; head bristles mostly black; thoracic bristles often yellow. X/0 male not more yellow than X/Y male. Larval mouth parts show basal prongs slightly lighter than wild type, the rest dark; not useful for classification (Brehme, 1941, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 254-61). RK2. # y[v56] origin: X ray induced in y[+]Y. discoverer: C. Hinton and Schmidt. references: 1956, DIS 30: 121. phenotypeVariegates for y. Suppressed by extra Y chromosomes. RK2A. cytology: Not known to involve a rearrangement. # z: zeste location: 1.0 (to the right of pn and kz). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Gans, 46b. references: 1948, DIS 22: 69-70. Gans-David, 1949, Bull. Biol. France Belg. 83: 136-57. 1953, Bull. Biol. France Belg., Suppl. 38: 1-90. phenotypeMale wild type. Eyes of female lemon yellow at 25[o]C, variegated light yellow and brownish red at 19[o]. Ocelli have normal pigmentation (Welshons). Female heterozygous for a white allele belonging to one of the two right-hand pseudoallelic subloci (e.g., w, w[ch], w[e], w[sp]) is wild type. Male containing a w[+] duplication is zeste; male with an intralocus duplication for one of the right subloci (e.g., w[rdp]) has mottled eyes. Thus, two doses of the right portion of the white locus seem to be required for expression of zeste. Interactions between duplications for z and w more complicated. Eye color develops autonomously in mosaics and from eye disks transplanted into wild-type hosts. Eye color not affected by addition or subtraction of Y chromosomes. RK2. cytology: Located in salivary chromosome band 3A3 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(1)w[258-11] = Df(1)3A2-3;3C3-5 but not in Df(1)w[258-14] = Df(1)3A3-4;3C1-2. # z[11G3] origin: X-ray-induced derivative of z. discoverer: Gans. synonym: w[11G3]. references: 1953, Bull. Biol. France Belg., Suppl. 38: 1-90. phenotypeEye color wild type. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. other information: Maps at z rather than w (Judd); therefore, a reversal of z rather than a suppressor of z at the w locus. # z[a] origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Gans. phenotypeEye color of both sexes wild type, but z[a]/z female has yellow eyes like z/z. May be considered a subliminal allele. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal. # Z: Zerknittert location: 1-5.5. discoverer: Gruneberg, 30h. references: 1931, Biol. Zentr. 51: 219-25. 1934, DIS 2: 8. phenotypeWings crumpled or incompletely unfolded but majority overlap wild type. Viability 10% wild type. RK3. # Zw[A]: Zwischenferment-A location: 1-63 (T. Wright). origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Young. references: Young, Porter, and Childs, 1964, Science 143: 140-41. Young, 1966, J. Heredity 57: 58-60. phenotypeProduces glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase that migrates faster in starch gel than that produced by Zw[B]. Zw[A]/Zw[B] female produces a slow- and a fast-migrating enzyme but no hybrid of intermediate mobility. Enzyme level same in male and female. RK3. # Zw[B]: Zwischenferment-B origin: Naturally occurring allele. discoverer: Young. references: Young, Porter, and Childs, 1964, Science 143: 140-41. Young, 1966, J. Heredity 57: 58-60. phenotypeProduces a slow-migrating glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Enzyme level same in male and female. RK3. #