# s: sable location: 1-43.0. discoverer: Bridges, 12g19. references: Morgan and Bridges, 1916, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 237: 34. phenotype: Body color dark with prominent trident. Classifica- tion good at 19, overlaps wild type increasingly with higher temperature. ERG normal (Hotta and Benzer, 1969, Nature 222: 354-56). Viability sometimes reduced. s is nonauto- nomous in gynandromorphs containing both s and + tissue (Lewis, 1955, DIS 29: 134). Tyrosinase formed in adult (Horowitz and Fling). |-alanine pools only 39% normal (Wright, 1987, Adv. Genet. 24: 127-222). s/s2 easily classi- fied. Females hemizygous for s very dark and sterile (Craymer and Roy, 1980, DIS 55: 200-04). Suppressed by su(s). RK1 at 19. cytology: Placed in 11F (Lefevre). other information: Neither transposable element 412 nor roo associated with s mutation as indicated in in situ hybridiza- tion experiments (Searles and Voelker, 1986, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 404-08). # s2 discoverer: Bridges, 17e9. references: Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 234. phenotype: Body color less dark than s and trident more prom- inent. Expression best at 19, overlaps wild type at 25 and 30. Viability excellent. RK1 at 19. # seb: sable-ebonized origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. synonym: eb. references: Fahmy, 1959, DIS 33: 86. phenotype: Fly heavily pigmented with trident pattern and scu- tellum very dark. Wings slightly shortened; membrane often slightly concave; wing tips occasionally truncate. Males viable and fertile; females sterile. RK2. # S: Star location: 2-1.3 (0.02 unit to the left of ast). references: Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 278: 259 (fig.). Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 213 (fig.). Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 137-66. 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74 (fig.). Mayer and Nusslein-Volhard, 1988, Genes Dev. 2: 1496-1511. Renfranz and Benzer, 1989, Dev. Biol. 136: 411-29. phenotype: Eyes slightly smaller and narrower than wild type; texture somewhat rough from rounded, irregular facets. Arrangement of hairs on surface of eye irregular. S/ast has small rough eyes; S ast/+ + is like S/+. Enhanced by E(S); partially suppresses px and net (Bedichek, 1936, DIS 5: 24; Lewis, 1945). Homozygote dies in late embryonic stage (Sivertzev-Dobzhansky, 1927, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Entwick- lungsmech. Organ. 109: 535-48; Sonnenblick and Huettner, 1938, Genetics 23: 169). A member of the so-called spitz group of mutants; embryos lack structures derived from ventral-lateral region of blastoderm. Denticle bands narrow and ventral arms of head skeleton fused. Anal pads reduced. Transverse commisures of ventral nervous system reduced; Kei- lin organs, maxillary and antennal sense organs strongly reduced. Lethal in homozygous clones in female germ line (Nusslein-Volhard, Wieschaus, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 267-82; Mayer and Nusslein- Volhard). RK1. alleles: Many deficiencies formerly described as alleles listed under Df(2L)S. allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments _________________________________________________________________________ S1 spont Bridges, 15b21 1, 5 S2 spont Redfield, 25k SR 8 In(2L)Cy S51 UV Meyer, 51b 4 S54 EMS 6 SIIN EMS 6 *SK Krivshenko 2 In(2LR)SK *SL X ray Lewis, 1940 3 T(2;3)21E2-3;88D6-8 *SM Muller, 1928 7 T(2;3)21E2-3;79D2-E1 Sr ast *SW X ray Whittinghill, 47b In(2L)Cy SX X ray Lewis 3 induced simultaneously with astX ( 1 = Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 278: 279 (fig.); 2 = Krivshenko, 1936, DIS 5: 8; 3 = Lewis, 1945, Genetics 30: 147-51; 4 = Meyer, 1952, DIS 26: 67; 5 = Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 213 (fig.); 6 = Nusslein-Volhard, Wieschaus, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 267-82; 7 = Painter and Muller, 1928, J. Hered. 20: 287-98; 8 = Stern and Bridges, 1926, Genetics 11: 507-08; cytology: Placed in the 21E1-2 doublet on the basis of its being covered by neither YP2D of T(Y;2)21E = T(Y;2)21D4-E1 nor 2P4D of T(2;4)astv = T(2;4)21E2-3;101; the synthetic defi- ciency formed by combining these two elements produces a Star phenotype in combination with a normal second chromosome (Lewis, 1941, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 27: 31-35). other information: A pseudoallele, i.e., probably a gain-of- function allele of ast. In crossover tests, S localizes to the left of ast (Lewis, 1941, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 27: 31-35; Lewis, 1945, 1951). # S15-S38: see Cp15-Cp38 # S100: see nofA # S-i: see e(S) # sa: see crmsa # sallimus: see sls # salmon: see g #*Sa: Salmon location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Van Atta, 30k1. references: 1932, Am. Naturalist 66: 93-95. 1932, Genetics 17: 637-59. 1935, DIS 3: 15. phenotype: Eye color wine at eclosion, becomes dark salmon with age. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Sa; breaks proximal in 2L and 3L. #*sab: straight abdomen location: 1-58.9. origin: Induced by D-1:6-dimethanesulfonyl mannitol (CB. 2511). discoverer: Fahmy, 1958. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotype: Abdomen long, narrow, and straight. Bristles some- what fine. Male viable and fertile. RK3. # Sab: see Sab under BXC # sable: see s # sable duplication: see su(s) # sad: shadow (C. Nusslein-Volhard) location: 3-51. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. synonym: karmoisin ghost. references: Jurgens, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 283-95. phenotype: Embryonic lethal; no differentiation of cuticle or head skeleton; posterior of embryo condensed. alleles: Two. cytology: Placed in 86F7-87A7 based on inclusion in Df(3R)E229 = Df(3R)86F6-7;87B1-2 but not Df(3R)kar-D1 = Df(3R)87A7- 8;87D1-2. # safranin: see sf # sal: spalt location: 2-44. references: Nusslein-Volhard, Wieschaus, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 267-82. Jurgens, 1988, EMBO J. 7: 189-96. Frei, Schuh, Baumgartner, Burri, Noll, Jurgens, Seifert, Nauber, and Jackle, 1988, EMBO J. 7: 197-204. phenotype: Embryonic lethal. Shows partial homeotic transfor- mation of labium to prothorax and of A9 and 10 toward A8. Point mutants judged to be amorphic or nearly so judging from the phenotype of sal/Df compared with sal/sal. sal; Abd-B- double mutants exhibit thoracic structures in parasegments 14 and 15; similarly, sal and Scr seem to act independently on head structures in parasegments 2 and possibly 1. alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( _______________________________________________ sal1 EMS salIIA55 1 sal2 EMS salIIB57 1 sal3 EMS Anderson sal445 ( 1 = Nusslein-Volhard, Wieschaus, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 267-82. cytology: Placed in 32F2-33A2 based on its inclusion in Df(2L)esc-P2-0 = Df(2L)32F2-3;33A1-2 but not Df(2L)esc10 = Df(2L)33A1-2;33B2-3 (Frei et al.). molecular biology: sal lies in the region of a chromosomal walk (Frei, Baumgartner, Edstrom, and Noll, 1985, EMBO J. 4: 979- 87; Kilchherr, Baumgartner, Bopp, Frei, and Noll, 1986, Nature 321: 493-99); an early zygotic 0.8 kb transcript identified from the region between -385.25 and -377.5 of the walk (described under molecular biology of prd); injection of antisense RNA from this sequence is able to induce sal pheno- copy formation. Transcript first appears at 0-2 h, is pre- valent from 2-8 h after which it declines. Rescue of embryonic lethality by transformation requires 14 kb of 5 ' flanking sequence in addition to the 0.8 kb coding region; such transformants, however, do not complete larval develop- ment, implying later sal function. Sequencing reveals the presence of a single 57 base pair intron between codons 4 and 5 and that transcription is from left to right; the conceptual polypeptide comprises 142 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 14,533 daltons; the amino acid sequence reveals a series of three-amino-acid repeats and a high incidence of Gly residues; it consists of a larger hydrophobic amino-terminal and a hydrophilic carboxy-terminal part. In situ hybridiza- tion of labelled cDNA to sections of wild-type embryos reveals that sal transcript accumulates to high levels in the segmen- tal anlagen affected in mutant embryos but is also found in regions of the embryo where no functional requirement has been demonstrated. Homology detected in DNA of D. simulans and D. orena, but not of D. hydei or D. virilis (Reuter, Schuh, and Jackle, 1989, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 5483-86). # salivary gland secretion: see sgs # sallimus: see sls # salmon: see g # Salmon: see Sa # sam: sperm amotile location: 1-3.7 (0.24 unit distal to dnc). references: Salz, Davis, and Kiger, 1982, Genetics 100: 587- 96. phenotype: Males sterile with amotile sperm; homozygous females fertile. alleles: Two ethyl-methanesulfonate-induced alleles, sam1 and sam2. cytology: Placed in 3D4; covered by Dp1;2)w+51b7 = Dp(1;2)3C2;3D6-E1 but not w+Y = Dp(1;Y)2D1-2;3D3-4; also maps to the left of dnc in 3D4. molecular biology: Included in the chromosome walk around dnc (Davis and Davidson, 1984, Mol. Cell Biol. 4: 358-67). Molecular and genetic mapping data suggest that sam lies in the 79 kb intron that separates exons 1 and 2 of dnc. May be responsible for the 2.0-kb transcipt from coordinates 17-20 (Chen, Malone, Beckendorf and Davis, 1987, Nature 329: 721- 24). # sandpaper: see sdp # sas: stranded-at-second (D. R. Cavener) location: 3-{48}. synonym: l(3)84Cd and rfd. references: Cavener, Corbett, Cox, and Whetten, 1986, EMBO J. 5: 2939-48. Cavener, Otteson, and Kaufman, 1986, Genetics 114: 111-23. Schneuwly, Kuroiwa, Gehring, 1987, EMBO J. 6: 201-6. Schonbaum, 1990, Ph.D. Dissertation, Vanderbilt University. phenotype: Homozygous lethal; homozygotes die at the first to second instar molt or at second instar. Larvae do not grow and exhibit a segmentally repeated pattern of tanned spots on the ventral cuticle between the fourth and fifth row of setae and sometimes between the first and second row of setae. Trachae are convoluted. alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ______________________________________ sas11 EMS Grigliatti l(3)3.6 sas12 spont. Green l(3)73b sas13 X ray Denell l(3)d2 sas14 EMS Cavener l(3)g7 sas15 EMS R. Lewis l(3)r16 sas16 EMS R. Lewis l(3)r17 sas17 EMS R. Lewis l(3)r27 cytology: Placed in 84C1-6 on the basis of In(3R)Antp73b being a sas allele and complementation tests with Df(3R)Antp1 and Df(3R)Scx2. molecular biology: Genomic clone (Cavener, et al.) and cDNA clone isolated (Schneuwly, Kuroiwa, and Gehring). sas RNA's are expressed at all stages of development in a variety of cuticle secreting ectodermally derived tissues. A 1348- amino-acid sequence (Schonbaum) is inferred for the sas pro- tein. The inferred protein sequence is similar to a variety of cell receptor proteins. In(3R)Antp73b results in the for- mation of a fusion gene containing 5' exons of sas and the 3' end of Antp, beginning with exon 2 (Frischer, Hagen, and Garber, 1986, Cell 47: 1017-23). #*saw: sawtooth location: 1-0.0 (very close to right of sc). origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 51g. references: 1952, DIS 26: 60. phenotype: Hairs along wing edge arranged so that edge appears serrated. Wings may warp, especially in female. Fertility and viability excellent. Classification originally easy, but stocks apparently accumulate modifiers so that they came to appear nearly wild type. RK2. other information: Not separated from sc in two crossovers between ac and sc or in 60 crossovers between sc and pn. Not covered by Dp(1;2)sc19 = Df(1;2)1B1-2;1B4-7;25-26. Locus must be slightly to the right of sc. #*saw2 origin: Ultraviolet induced. discoverer: Edmondson, 51f. references: 1952, DIS 26: 61. phenotype: More extreme than saw. Wing margins as in saw, but wings are strongly warped up or down; thin textured, espe- cially in female. Viability reduced. Fly often becomes stuck in food owing to warped wings. Fertility good; classification easy. RK2. # sax: saxophone (T. Schupbach and E. Wieschaus) location: 2- {57}. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. references: Schupbach and Wieschaus, 1989, Genetics 121: 101- 17. phenotype: Maternal effect lethal, female sterile. Embryos from homozygous mothers gastrulate abnormally. The cephalic furrow is more pronounced than in wildtype. The phenotype is reminiscent of the zygotic embryonic lethal mutaton twisted gastrulaton (twg). alleles: sax1 and sax2 originally saxWO and saxHB, respec- tively. cytology: Placed in 41C1-43F8, since uncovered by Df(2R)pk78s = Df(2R)42C1-7;43F5-8. # sb: soft brown location: 3-37.7. origin: Spontaneous. references: Aparisi and Najera, 1987, DIS 66: 13-14. 1988, DIS 67: 4-5 and 5-6. phenotype: Eye color soft brown, darkening with age. # sb: see ml # Sb: Stubble location: 3-58.22. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Bridges, 23d21. references: Dobzhansky, 1930, Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl. 54: 427-57 (fig.). Beaton, Kiss, Fristrom, and Fristrom, 1988, Genetics 120: 453-64. phenotype: Bristles of Sb/+ less than one-half normal length and somewhat thicker than wild type. Fiber bundles in bristle shafts smaller and more numerous than in wild type; occupy a third as much of the bristle cross-sectional area in Sb as in wild type (Overton, 1967, J. Morph. 122: 367-80). Develop- mental studies by Lees and Waddington [1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B. 131: 87-110 (fig.)] show that trichogen is shifted to lie more or less on the level of the tormogen. Most alleles viable as homozygotes; the only exceptions are Sb1 and its derivative SbV; they may be defective for an adja- cent locus. Many homoallelic and heteroallelic combinations, involving both Sb and sbd alleles, display, in addition to shortened thickened bristles, what is termed by Beaton et al., the malformed syndrome (Moore, 1935, DIS 3: 27); it consists of wings greatly reduced in size and short, thick, and twisted mesothoracic and metathoracic legs. Sb genotypes defective in elongation of appendage imaginal discs (Beaton et al.). This effect is exaggerated in a temperature-sensitive fashion in many genotypes that contain mutants in BRC; for example, females that are heterozygous both for Sb1 or Sb63 and any of a number of br alleles or a br deficiency display a strong enhancement of the short-wing deformed-leg syndrome. Simi- larly the malformed syndrome is engendered in br/Y males by the presence of Sb/+ (Beaton et al.). Sb1/sbd2 more extreme than Sb1/+. sbd2 Sb1 behaves as a recessive sbd allele but is homozygous lethal; rare escapers more extreme and easy to recognize (Davis, 1971, Mol. Gen. Genet. 113: 251-72). Clas- sifiable in single dose in triploids. RK1. alleles: Alleles differ in strength; phenotypes described at end of entry. allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments ____________________________________________________________________ Sb1 spont Bridges, 23d21 2, 3 intermediate allele, homozygous lethal Sb63 spont Merriam, 63b 1, 2 strong allele, homozygous viable Sb70 spont 2 strong allele, homozygous viable Sbr sbd 2 SbSpi X ray Moore, 31d5 2, 7 intermediate allele, homozygous viable SbV X ray Lewis, 1948 2, 6 weak allele, homozygous lethal SbW spont Crow 4, 5 ( 1 = CP627; 2 = Beaton, Kiss, Fristrom, and Fristrom, 1988, Genetics 120: 453-64; 3 = Dobzhansky, 1930, Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl. 54: 427-57 (fig.); 4 = Friedenberg, 1963, Hereditas 50: 89-115; 5 = Friedenberg, 1964, Heredi- tas 51: 31-66; 6 = Lewis, 1948, DIS 30: 76-77; 7 = Moore, 1935, DIS 3: 27. cytology: Salivary chromosomes normal (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1937, Year Book - Carnegie Inst. Washington 36: 301). Placed in 89B4-5, probably in 89B4, by Lewis (1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74). This probably corresponds to 89B9-10 on Bridges's revised map. other information: Sb is pseudoallelic to and lies 0.01-0.03 unit to the right of sbd2. A gain-of-function mutation. Deficiency for the Sb locus produces no dominant phenotype (Lewis, 1951). Sb: Stubble Edith M. Wallace, unpublished. # Sb63b phenotype: Bristles of Sb63/+ somewhat shorter and thicker than Sb. Wings and legs normal. Homozygote shows reduced viabil- ity, short, thick bristles, small wings, and short deformed legs (Beaton et al.). Sb63b/Sb viable and fertile, more extreme than either heterozygote. RK1. other information: Allelism inferred from failure to recover recombinants among 100 progeny of Sb63b/Sb. # SbSpi: Stubble-Spike phenotype: Bristles of SbSpi/+ about two-thirds normal length. Wings and legs normal. Bristles of homozygote one-fourth nor- mal length. Wings reduced, crumpled, or blistered. Legs often short and bowed. SbSpi/Sb viability about 30% wild type. Bristles and wings shorter than homozygous SbSpi. RK1. # SbV: Stubble-Variegated phenotype: SbV/+ has mixture of wild-type and Sb bristles. In X/X/Y female and X/Y/Y male, bristles nearly all Sb. In X/0 male, bristles usually all wild type. SbV/Sb and homozygous SbV are lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)SbV = T(2;3)41A-C;88; 89B. Superimposed on In(3R)Mo = In(3R)93D;98F2-6. # SbW: Stubble-Wisconsin phenotype: Heterozygotes have short stout bristles; homozygotes die as larvae. Tends to persist in laboratory populations (Friedenberg and Chung, 1967, Genetics 57: 957-67). sbd: stubbloid From Dobzhansky, 1930, Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl. 54: 427-57. # sbd: stubbloid location: 3-58.2. synonym: stb. references: Beaton, Kiss, Fristrom, and Fristrom, 1988, Genet- ics 120: 453-64. phenotype: Bristles short but usually slightly longer than in Sb/+. One or both wings often shortened and crumpled at base. Tibia and femur often shortened, thickened, and bowed. sbd genotypes interact synergistically with br genotypes to exag- gerate reductions in wing length and short gnarled legs (Bea- ton et al.). Viability somewhat low. RK2. alleles: sbd1, sbd2, and sbd20l homozygous viable; other listed alleles are recessive embryonic-larval-boundary lethals. Com- plementation for lethality but not sbd phenotype observed in some heteroallelic combinations; for example sbd32 comple- ments, at least partially, all lethal alleles except sbd47; sbd17 fully complements all lethal alleles except sbd12 and sbd47, which are partially complemented. sbd deficiencies listed under deficiencies. allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments _____________________________________________________________________ sbd1 Sturtevant, Sbr 3, 7 1926 sbd2 spont Harnly, 27l Sbr2 1, 2 sbd12 X ray 5 In(3R)88B2-C1;89B3-16 sbd13 X ray 5 sbd17 X ray 5 In(3R)81;89B10-12 sbd18 X ray 5 sbd20l EMS 2 sbd21 X ray 5 In(3R)86D2-E1;89B3-12 sbd32 X ray 5 sbd35 X ray 5 sbd43 X ray 5 sbd47 X ray 5 T(2;3)41;88F-89A;89B4-4 sbdl X ray Lewis 4 associated with T(2;3)Me ( 1 = CP627; 2 = Beaton, Kiss, Fristrom, and Fristrom, 1988, Genetics 120: 453-64; 3 = Dobzhansky, 1930, Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl. 4: 4237-57 (fig.); 4 = Lewis, 1949, DIS 23: 92; 5 = Spillmann and Nothiger, 1978, DIS 53: 164-65; 6 = Stern, 1929, Biol. Zentralbl. 49: 261-90. cytology: Placed in region 89B4-5 by Lewis (1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74). This probably corresponds to 89B9-10 on Bridges's revised map. other information: Pseudoallelic to Sb and lies to the left of it (Lewis, 1951). # sbd2 phenotype: Most bristles about three-fourths normal length although some (i.e., posterior postalars) are shorter. Less extreme than sbd. sbd2/Sb has shorter bristles than homozy- gous sbd2 or Sb/+. sbd2 Sb/+ + has wild-type bristles (Lewis, 1951, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 16: 159-74). RK1. # sbdl: stubbloid-lethal phenotype: sbdl/sbd is sbd; sbdl/Sb is lethal. RK2A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Me = T(2;3)48C1-2; 59D2-3;80-81 + In(3L)63C;72E1-2 + In(3LR)69E;91C + In(3R)89B;97D. # sbl: smellblind (J.C. Hall) location: 1-54.7 (based on mapping lethality; Lilly and Carl- son, 1990). synonym: olfD. references: Rodrigues and Siddiqi, 1978, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 87B: 147-60. Aceves-Pina and Quinn, 1979, Science 206: 93-96. Rodrigues, 1980, Development and Neurobiology of Drosophila (Siddiqi, Babu, Hall, and Hall, eds.). Plenum Press, NY, pp. 371. Tompkins, Hall, and Hall, 1980, J. Insect Physiol. 26: 689- 97. Tompkins, Gross, Hall, Gailey, and Siegel, 1982, Behav. Genet. 12: 295-307. Tompkins, Siegel, Gailey, and Hall, 1983, Behav. Genet. 13: 565-78. Technau, 1984, J. Neurogenet. 1: 113-126. Gailey, Lacaillade, and Hall, 1986, Behav. Genet. 16: 375- 405. Markow, 1987, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 6200-04. Monte et al., 1989, Behav. Genet. 19: 267-83; Lilly and Carlson, 1990, Genetics, 124: 293-302. phenotype: Responds poorly, or apparently not at all, to a variety of volatile compounds; hence, may be generally olfac- tion defective, as opposed to responding poorly to only cer- tain classes of synthetic or natural compounds; sbl1 was iso- lated with respect to abnormal shock-avoidance learning tests of adults, which involve odor cues (Aceves-Pina and Quinn, 1979); sbl2 was isolated with regard to odor response tests per se (Rodrigues and Siddiqi, 1978); sbl1 and sbl2 defective in larval olfaction (Aceves-Pina and Quinn, 1979; Monte et al., 1989) and fail to complement in this regard (Lilly and Carlson, 1990); the latter report showed sbl2 to respond poorly to 3 separate odorants; both of these mutants also behave subnormally in tests of larval contact chemosensory responses, but each is normal in visually mediated larval behavior (Lilly and Carlson, 1990); sbl1 and sbl2 are temperature-sensitive near-lethals in 29 rearing tests, and they fail to complement in this regard (Lilly and Carlson, 1990); a post eclosion shift from 25 to the higher temperature does not appear to affect viability, but adults under these conditions have not been tested behaviorally--recall that sbl2 flies are defective in odor responses (Rodrigues and Siddiqi, 1978; Gailey et al., 1986), and sbl1 adults are as well (Aceves-Pina and Quinn, 1979; Tompkins et al., 1980; J. Carl- son, unpublished--the latter determination used testing pro- cedures as reported by Woodward, Huang, Sun, Helfand, and Carlson, 1989, Genetics 123: 315-326). Other alleles are unconditionally lethal. In courtship experiments, sbl1 (Tomp- kins et al., 1980) or sbl2 (Gailey et al., 1986) males make little or no responses to pheromonal materials extracted from adult females; the former mutant, as a male, also performs subnormally in terms of quantitative measurements of overall courtship interactions with females (Tompkins et al., 1980) as well as by specification of individual elements of such sexual behavior (Markow, 1987). seemingly as a consequence, sbl1 males exhibit mediocre mating success (Tompkins et al., 1980; Markow, 1987); the latter is observed when the mutant males are with females only (Tompkins et al., 1982) or are also in competition with wild-type males (Markow, 1987). sbl2 males are rather wild-type-like, with respect to short-term monitor- ing of their behavior in presence of females and also in terms of mating success (Gailey et al., 1986); a sbl2 male, however, makes almost no odor-mediated responses to a courtship object in his presence, as stimulated by a female placed nearby, whereas wild-type males are rather vigorously stimulated to court under these circumstances (Gailey et al., 1986). Females homozygous for sbl1 (Tompkins et al., 1982; Markow, 1987) or sbl2 (Gailey et al., 1986) exhibit relatively poor receptivity to male courtship/mating activities; this could be explained by the fact that they tend not to slow their move- ments in response to the courting male, whereas wild-type females do (Tompkins et al., 1982; Gailey et al., 1986). Courtship-experience-dependent after-effects, which appear to be in part mediated olfactorily, are subnormal or absent in tests of sbl1 males with fertilized females (Tompkins et al., 1983). In experiments involving counts of post-eclosion mushroom-body fiber (axon) numbers in young imagoes, deanten- nated vs. intact sbl1 flies were found to exhibit same degree of reductions in fiber numbers (Technau, 1984)--suggesting that deantennation, which leads to such decreases in wild-type adults, effects these anatomical changes because of sensory deprivation, instead of surgery-induced injury per se. alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments _______________________________________________________________________ sbl1 Sziber sblPS542 1, 3, 7 sbl2 Rodrigues olfD 3, 4, 5 sbl3 P l(1)D23 2 unconditionally lethal sbl4 spont Schalet l(1)20-137 6 unconditionally lethal sbl5 EMS Rodrigues sblL1 unconditionally lethal sbl6 EMS Rodrigues sblL2 unconditionally lethal ( 1 = Aceves-Pina and Quinn, 1979, Science 206: 93-96; 2 = Eeken, Sobels, Hyland, and Schalet, 1985, Mutat. Res. 150: 261-75; 3 = Lilly and Carlson, 1990, Genetics, in press; 4 = Rodrigues and Siddiqi, 1978, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 87B: 147-60; 5 = Rodrigues, 1980, Development and Neu- robiology of Drosophila (Siddiqi, Babu, Hall, and Hall, eds.). Plenum, NY, pp. 371. 6 = Schalet, 1986, Mutat. Res. 163: 115-44; 7 = Tompkins, Gross, Hall, Gailey, and Siegel, 1982, Behav. Genet. 12: 295-307. cytology: Placed in 14B13-15A9 based on its being covered by Dp(1;2)r+75c = Dp(1;2)14B3;15A9;35D-E (Carlson). other information: Regarding lethality associated with each of the six mutant alleles (at least under high-temperature condi- tions), inter se crosses show all combinations not to comple- ment at 25-29, meaning that sbl3 or sbl4, over sbl1 or sbl2, are lethal even at 25 (Lilly and Carlson, 1990). # sbr: small bristles location: 1-32.6 [between 32.53 and 32.67 (Zhimulev et al., 1981, 1982)]. references: Zhimulev, Belyaeva, Pokholkova, Kotchneva, Fomina, Bgatov, Khudyakov, Patzevich, Semeshin, Baritcheva, Aizenzon, Kramers, and Eeken, 1981, DIS 56: 192-96; 1982, DIS 58: 210-14. Zhimulev, Pokholkova, Bgatov, Umbetova, Solovjeva, and Belyaeva, 1987, DIS 66: 194-97. Zhimulev, Pokholkova, Bgatov, Umbertova, Solovjeva, Khudyakov, and Belyaeva, 1987, Biol. Zentralbl. 106: 699-720. phenotype: Most alleles homozygous and hemizygous lethal; sbr1 viable but displays reduced viability in hemizygous females. Bristles small, with one or more missing, especially scutel- lars and especially in hemizygous females (Zhimulev and Ilyina, 1980, DIS 55: 146). sbr16 semilethal and male sterile; females sterile in heteroallelic combination with other lethal alleles. sbr9 is a temperature-sensitive lethal; semilethal with small body at 25, sbr1/sbr9 viable and normal at 30. alleles: allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments ______________________________________________________________________ sbr1 spont Curry 2 viable allele, complements sbr9 *sbr2 CB.3007 Fahmy, 1954 sbt 3 escapers sbr3 X ray Kotchneva l(1)K2 7 sbr4 X ray Kotchneva l(1)K3 7 sbr5 X ray Kotchneva l(1)K4 7 sbr6 X ray Kotchneva l(1)K5 7 sbr7 X ray Kotchneva l(1)K6 7 sbr8 X ray Kotchneva l(1)K7 7 sbr9 X ray Kotchneva l(1)K11 7 complements sbr1 sbr10 Arking, 1975 l(1)ts403 1, 7 temperature- sensitive lethal sbr11 HMS Kramers l(1)HM424 5 sbr12 dysgenesis | Eeken l(1)24/45A 7 sbr13 EMS l(1)v1 4 sbr14 EMS l(1)v14 4 sbr15 EMS l(1)v19 4 sbr16 EMS l(1)v107 4 sbr17 EMS msv7 4 11% survival; male sterile sbr18 spont Schalet l(1)7-27 6 sbr19 spont Schalet l(1)18-14-1 6 ( 1 = Arking, 1975, Genetics 80: 519-37; 2 = CP627; 3 = Fahmy, 1959, DIS 33: 90; 4 = Geer, Lischwe, and Murphy, 1983, J. Zool. 225: 107-18; 5 = Kramers, Schalet, Paradi, and Huiser-Hoogteyling, 1983, Mutat. Res. 107: 187-201; 6 = Schalet, 1986, Mutat., Res. 163: 115-44; 7 = Zhimulev, Belyaeva, Pokholkova, Kotchneva, Fomina, Bgatov, Khudyakov, Patzevich, Semeshin, Baritcheva, Aizenzon, Kramers, and Eeken, 1981, DIS 56: 192-96. | Induced by male recombination factor, MRh12 in y mei9a mei41D5. cytology: Placed in 9F5-11 based on its inclusion in the region of overlap of Df(1)v-L4 = Df(1)9F5-6;10A1-2 and Df(1)ras59 = Df(1)9E1;9F10-11. #*sbs: stubs location: 1-0.9. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotype: Wing abnormalities vary from extreme reduction in size to partial incision of margin with L2 and L3 closer together. Eyes small and slightly rough. Male viable and fertile; female sterile. RK2. # *sbt: see sbr2 #*sby: small body location: 1-60.8. origin: / ray induced. discoverer: Fahmy, 1958. synonym: sby-61. references: 1964, DIS 39: 58. phenotype: Extremely small, lightly pigmented fly. Viability and fertility reduced. RK3. cytology: Placed in salivary region 18A4 to 18B8 on the basis of its inclusion within deficiency resulting from recombining left end of In(1)y4 = In(1)1A8-B1;18A3-4 with right end of In(1)sc9 = In(1)1B2-3;18B8-9 (Norton and Valencia, 1965, DIS 40: 40). # sc: see ASC # Sc: Scotched eye location: 1-4.5 (about 4 or 5). origin: X ray induced. references: Muller, 1946, DIS 20: 67. phenotype: Ommatidia disarranged near posterior margin of eye. Resembles spaCat. Good viability and fertility in heterozy- gous female. Male lethal. RK2. # Sc2 origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Craymer, 1971. references: 1980, DIS 55: 198. phenotype: Sc2/+ has glazed eyes, which are slightly reduced in size. Abdomen of female fails to expand with eggs; female seems to have impaired fertility. Hemizygous lethal. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from location (1-3 or 4) and phenotype. # Sc2rv origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Craymer, 1977. references: 1980, DIS 55: 199. phenotype: Revertant of dominant phenotype of Sc2. Still recessive lethal. # sc: see Scp # sc-Dp: see Dp(1;f)100 # sc-Inh-3: see Su(sc) # sca: scabrous location: 2-66.7. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Ives, 34j2. references: 1935, DIS 4: 10. phenotype: Eyes large and rough. Ocellar bristles 85% absent at 25 and 10% absent at 18. Postverticals occasionally miss- ing. Bristle effect more extreme in male at 21 and in female at 28. Most bristles subject to twinning. May be extra rows of acrostichal hairs. Mosaic experiments suggest that sca affects the spacing of R8 cells in the eye (Baker, Mlodzik, and Rubin, 1990, Science 250: 1370-77). RK1. alleles: allele origin discoverer ref ( comments ______________________________________________________________________ sca1 spont Ives, 34j2 2 sca2 spont Ives, 65l31 3, 4 no reduction in bristle number scadc spont 1, 5 adds 3.5 bristles (scutellum); sternoplurals and third coxals reduced ( 1 = Frankham and Nurthen, 1980, DIS 55: 204; 2 = Ives, 1935, DIS 4: 10; 3 = Ives, 1967, DIS 42: 39; 4 = Ives, 1972, DIS 48: 16; 5 = MacBean, McKenzie, and Parsons, 1971, Theor. Appl. Genet. 41: 227-35. cytology: Placed in region 49C2-D4 Df(2R)vgI = Df(2R)49C2- D1;50A2-3 but not in Df(2R)vgB = Df(2R)49D3-4;50A2-3 (Morgan, Bridges, and Schultz, 1938, Year Book - Carnegie Inst. Wash- ington 37: 205). molecular biology: sca cloned, the transcription unit identi- fied, genomic DNA sequenced and putative amino acid sequence determined (Baker et al, 1990). The predicted protein of 774 amino acids appears to encode a secreted protein with similar- ity to the | and / chains of fibrinogens in the carboxyl- terminal portion; also, the sca protein shows 39% identity to the protein encoded by a gene in the human adrenal medulla. # scab: see scb # scal: scabrous like location: 2-11.7. origin: Spontaneous. references: Barker and Hollingdale, 1970, DIS 45: 39. phenotype: Eyes rough, slightly bulging; increased numbers of abdominal and scutellar bristles; wings broad and curved with irregular L2 and posterior crossvein. Semilethal; females nearly sterile. # scalloped: see sd #*Scar: Scarred location: 2- or 3- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Yu, 48h. references: 1949, DIS 23: 65. phenotype: Eyes elliptical with indented, glassy posterior mar- gin. Wings spread at 45 from body axis. Enhanced at 28. Homozygous lethal. RK1A. cytology: Associated with T(2;3)Scar = T(2;3)27E;95A + In(3)91F;96A. # scarlet: see st # scarp: see scrp # Scarred: see Scar # scb: scab (C. Nusslein-Volhard) location: 2-73. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. references: Nusslein-Volhard, Wieschaus, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 267-82. phenotype: Embryonic lethal. Embryos have small mid-dorsal hole with necrotic rim. alleles: Four alleles scb1 = IID; scb2 = IIG; other two dis- carded. # scd: sex comb distal (J.A. Kennison) location: 1-30.6. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Kennison, 1983. phenotype: Exhibits 1-2 sex comb teeth on the second tarsal segment of the prothoracic leg in hemizygous males. Homozy- gous females viable and fertile. Interacts with Sco in that scd;Sco/+ males have reduced viability and lack many bristles, including many of the sex comb teeth on the first tarsal seg- ment of the prothoracic leg. Resembles description of rare Sco homozygotes. # Sce: Sex combs extra location: 3-92. origin: Induced by ethyl nitrosourea. references: Breen and Duncan, 1986, Dev. Biol. 118: 442-56. phenotype: A dominant enhancer of Mcp in the BXC. Sce/Sce zygotes from Sce/+ mothers die as first instar larvae with weak posteriorly directed transformations, i.e., A7 displays some A8 characteristics. Heterozygous offspring normal. Sce/Sce embryos from clones of homozygous oocytes produced by pole-cell transplantation display extreme posteriorly directed segmental transformation. Ventral setal belts of all abdomi- nal and thoracic segments transformed toward A8; head involution blocked; abdominal type denticle belts also found anterior to T1 in the presumptive labial and maxillary seg- ments; in addition an extensive belt of abdominal denticles of unknown derivation forms on the anterodorsal surface of the embryo. Keilin's organs and ventral pits suppressed in thora- cic segments; wart-like sensilla normally found in A8 formed anteriorally as far as A2. Tracheal branches in A1-7 resemble those normally found more posteriorly. Sce/+ offspring from homozygous germ line clones in the mothers may survive to adulthood or die as pharate adults; they show patches of tis- sue transformed toward A8. # scg: scrambled-egg location: 3-{41}. references: Berg and Spradling. phenotype: Germ cell differentiation affected. cytology: Located in 70C. #*sch: slender chaetae location: 1-21.1. origin: Induced by D-p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino- phenylalanine (CB. 3026). discoverer: Fahmy, 1955. references: 1959, DIS 33: 90. phenotype: Bristles thin and slightly shortened. Eyes slightly smaller and brownish. Body small. RK2. # schlaff: see slf # schmal: see sim # Scm: Sex combs on midleg location: 3-48.5. phenotype: Presumably Scm/+ males form sex combs on the mesothoracic legs; does not appear to have been explicitly described. Homozygous embryos show posteriorly directed transformations; A1 resembles A2 and A2-7 transformed into more posterior segments, head and thorax normal. Pcl Scm dou- ble homozygotes exhibit transformation of all segments toward A8; Keilin's organs retained in thoracic segments; head invo- lution does not occur; prominant abdominal denticle band seen on dorsal surface of head. Homozygous embryos derived from transplanted homozygous maternal germ-cell precursors display A8 morphology in all thoracic and abdominal segments; head seems to resemble that of Pcl Scm double homozygotes produced by heterozygous mothers; heterozygous adults from homozygous oocytes show patchy transformations of A4 to A5 and of A6 and A7 to A8; similar transformation infrequently seen in hetero- zygous offspring of heterozygous mothers. alleles: allele origin synonym ref ( comments _______________________________________________________ Scm1 EMS E502 2 Scm2 EMS ET16 2 Scm3 EMS ET19 2 Scm4 X ray XF24 2 Scm5 KM23 ScmD1 X ray 1 enhancer of Ubx Cbx ScmD2 X ray 1 enhancer of Mcp ScmK1 EMS 3 | ( 1 = Breen and Duncan, 1986, Dev. Biol. 118: 442-56; 2 = Jurgens, 1985, Nature 316: 153-55; 3 = Kennison and Tamkun, 1988, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 8136-40. | Fuller description follows. cytology: Placed in 85E1-10 based on its inclusion in Df(3R)by62 = Df(3R)85D11-14;85F16 and Df(3R)GB104 = Df(3R)85D11-13;85E10, but not Df(3R)by416 = Df(3R)85D10- 12;85E1-3. # ScmK1 phenotype: Strong dominant enhancer of the extra sex combs phenotype of Pc heterozygotes. Allelism to Scm inferred from phenotype and location. cytology: Associated with In(3R)85F;89AB. #*Scn: Scutenick location: 4- [included in Df(4)M]. discoverer: Padoa, 1931. references: Bridges, 1935, Biol. Zh. (Moscow) 4: 401-20. Padoa, 1938, Monit. Zool. Ital. 49: 279-84. phenotype: Scutellum shortened, has nick at posterior edge; scutellar bristles missing. Ocelli reduced, has disturbed hairs and bristles. One or both eyes often small or absent. All characters overlap wild type. Eye effect is strongest at 19 but other effects weaker. Scutellum effect best at 28 but eyes normal. Homozygous lethal. Claimed by Robertson (1980, DIS 55: 130) to have been reisolated from a selection line for sternopleural-bristle number. RK2. cytology: Placed in salivary chromosome region 101E through 102B16 on the basis of its inclusion in Df(4)M = Df(4)101E- F;102B6-17. # Sco: Scutoid location: 2-51.0. origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Krivshenko, 56l15. references: 1959, DIS 33: 96. 1960, DIS 34: 55. Ashburner, Tsubota, and Wooduff, 1982, Genetics 102: 401-20. Ashburner and Harington, 1984, Chromosoma 89: 329-37. phenotype: Sco/+ flies exhibit the loss of 10-15 bristles, scu- tellars, notopleurals, upper humerals and anterior postalars being most frequently affected; removes both trichogen and tormogen cell derivatives. Homozygotes nearly lethal; rare homozygous or hemizygous escapers have only eight or so bris- tles per fly; eyes small and very rough. Escapers short lived and sterile. RK1A. cytology: Associated with a pair of reciprocal transpositions that are tentatively postulated to result from a pair of inversions, one included within the other; i.e., In(2L)34A4- 5;35C5-D1 + In(2L)35B3-4;35C1-2. Based on reversion analysis Sco postulated to result from the juxtaposition of noc+ and sna+ at the 34A5|35D1 junction. other information: Numerous Sco revertants recovered; some are simple deficiencies and are listed under Df(2L)Sco, whereas others are rearrangements with a deletion for Sco associated with the breakpoint in 35D1-2 and are designated for example as T(2;3)Sco-; revertants without apparent loss of material are listed below. Breakpoints of the rearrangements indicated are superimposed on the four breakpoints of the original Sco chromosome; the rearrangements listed have in common a break in 35D1-2 at the proximal end of the Sco rearrangement. allele origin comments ____________________________________________________ Scorv1 X ray In(2LR)35D1-2;44C3-5 Scorv2 X ray In(2L)35D1-2;36D3 Scorv5 X ray In(2L)35D1-2;38A3-8 Scorv8 X ray In(2L)34C1-2;35D1-2 Scorv9 X ray In(2LR)35D1-2;41 Scorv11 X ray In(2L)24C3-9;35D1-2 Scorv12 X ray Tp(2;2)34A8-B1;35A4-B1;35D1-2 Scorv13 X ray T(2;3)35D1;71B;81 Scorv15 EMS Scorv17 X ray In(2L)25D3-7;35D1-2 Scorv21 X ray In(2L)35D1-2;36E1-2 Scorv23 X ray Tp(2;1)20F;34F1-2;35B1-D1 Scorv24 X ray In(2L)34B1-2;35D1-2 Scorv26 X .ray In(2L)35D1-2;40 Scorv27 X ray molecular biology: Distal breakpoint of the Sco rearrangement occurs within the noc gene between components A and B; coordi- nate -107.8 from noc is brought to within 16 kb of sna by the realignment responsible for the Sco phenotype; the region from -107.8 to -102.3 is duplicated on opposite sides of the left- most breakpoint of the Sco rearrangement (McGill, Chia, Karp, and Ashburner, 1988, Genetics 119: 647-61) (coordinate 0 an EcoRI restriction site 1321 bp to the left of the start of transcription of the larval Adh transcript; positive values to the right). # Scoop: see Scp # scooped: see scp # scooped thickvein: see sct # Scotched eye: see Sc # scp: scooped location: 1-19.3. discoverer: Muller, 1926. phenotype: Wings turn up slightly; classification fairly reli- able. RK2. cytology: Placed between 6A3-4 and 6F10-11 (Demerec, Kaufmann, Fano, Sutton, and Sansome, 1942, Year Book - Carnegie Inst. Washington 41: 191). #*Scp: Scoop location: 3- (not located). origin: Induced by 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1506). discoverer: Reddi. synonym: Sc (preoccupied). references: 1963, DIS 37: 53. phenotype: Wing size reduced; proximal one-third of wing compressed laterally; distal two-thirds spoonlike. Three fur- rows run length of wing, and surface is wrinkled. Abdomen cylindrical and untapered posteriorly. Pigmented abdominal bands darkened. Excellent viability and fertility. RK3. #*scr: scruff location: 1-22.0. origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Neel, 41b22. references: 1942, DIS 16: 52. 1942, Genetics 27: 532. phenotype: Hairs and bristles missing or doubled, and deranged. Eyes small and rough. Scutellum more convex than wild type. Wing margins, especially posterior, often incised. Wings occasionally blistered. All characters variable; a few flies appear normal. RK3. cytology: Salivary chromosomes appear normal. # Scr: see ANTC # scra: scraps (T. Schupbach) location: 2 - {57}. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. references: Schupbach and Wieschaus. phenotype: Maternal-effect lethal. Embryos from homozygous females begin to cellularize at the blastoderm stage, but cellularization is often not completed; further development very abnormal; at final differentiation embryos form only fragmented pieces of cuticle. alleles: scra1 - scra6 recoverd as HP, PB, PE, PQ, RS, and RV respectively. cytology: Placed in 42C1-43F8, since uncovered by Df(2R)pk78s = Df(2R)42C1-7;43F5-8. other information: scra1, scra4, scra5 are homozygous viable but lethal over the deficiency. # scrambled-egg: see scg # scratched eyes: see sey # screw: see scw # scrp: scarp location: 2-74 (to the left of c; not an allele of L). origin: Spontaneous. discoverer: Hansen and Gardner, 1960. references: 1962, DIS 36: 38. 1962, Genetics 47: 587-98 (fig.). phenotype: Ventral one-third of eye flattened and separated from dorsal two-thirds by a furrow. Penetrance 80% at 30; at 25, eyes are wild type. Temperature-effective period from forty-second to sixty-eighth hour of development. RK3. # scruff: see scr #*sct: scooped thickvein location: 1-16.0. origin: Induced by methyl methanesulfonate (CB. 1540). discoverer: Fahmy, 1956. references: 1960, DIS 34: 49. phenotype: Wings short and scooped; inner margin frequently incised in several places; veins thickened. Eyes darker and slightly altered in shape. Abdominal tergites slightly ridged. Male sterile; viability about 40% normal. RK2? # scute: see sc under ASC # scute Inhibitor on chromosome 3: see Su(sc) # Scutenick: see Scn # scutex: see sc15 # Scutoid: see Sco # scw: screw location: 2-53. origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. synonym: l(2)IG76. references: Nusslein-Volhard, Wieschaus, and Kluding, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 283-95. Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, DIS 66: 209-26. phenotype: Embyonic lethal; partially ventralized; cephalic furrow shifted dorsally with defects in germ band extension. Ventral denticles extended laterally; spiracles and two to three terminal segments retracted into embryo (Arora and Nusslein-Volhard). alleles: Five ethyl-methanesulfonate-induced alleles. allele synonym comments ____________________________________ scw1 C13 scw2 IG weak allele scw3 N5 scw4 O5 scw4 S12 cytology: Placed in 37F5-38C1 based on inclusion in Df(2L)TW50 = Df(2L)37F5-38A1;38B2-C1 but not Df(2L)E55 = Df(2L)37D2- E1;37F5-38A1. # Scx: see AntpScx under ANTC # sd: scalloped (S. D. Campbell and A. Chovnick) location: 1-51.5. phenotype: Wing margins scalloped and veins thickened. Eyes slightly roughened. Does not overlap wild type. Additional defects noted are uplifting of posterior scutellar bristles, haltere diminution, and ectopic bristles on the wing blade. RK1. allele origin discoverer synonym ref ( comments ___________________________________________________________________________ sd1 X ray Gruneberg, 4,5 28j20 sd2 X ray Panshin, 11 33g7 sd3 P McCarron sd2A3 2 sd4 P McCarron sd11D 2 sd5 P McCarron sd93 2 _10-kb deletion sd6 P McCarron sd189 2 deletion sd7 P McCarron sd299A 2 sd8 P McCarron sd299D 2 deletion sd9 EMS Katzen sd3L 2 larval lethal sd10 EMS Katzen sd11L 2 pupal lethal sd11 EMS Katzen sd31H 2 pupal lethal sd12 EMS Katzen sd47M 2 larval lethal sd13 EMS Katzen sd68L 2 pupal lethal sd14 P Moore sdJM 2 sd15 P Orr-Weaver sdA62014 2 *sd35 Hollander, 6 1935 *sd56j X ray Clark, 56j 1 sd58d / ray Ives, 58d14 7 sd[ry+] P Daniels sd[ry+2216] 3 *sds X ray Muller 10 sdsp X ray R. M. Valencia, 14,15 In(1)scS1 1959 Lsc8R+dl-49 sdts EMS 12,13 *sdUCI 8,16 sd[w+] P Hazelrigg sd[w,ryE]3 9 ( 1 = Andrew, 1959, DIS 33: 82; 2 = Campbell, Duttaroy, Katzen, and Chovnick, unpublished; 3 = Daniels, McCarron, Love, and Chovnick, 1986, Genetics 109: 95-117; 4 = Grune- berg, 1929, Biol. Zentralbl. 49: 680-94; 5 = Gruneberg, 1934, DIS 2: 9; 6 = Hollander, 1935, DIS 8: 8; 7 = Ives, 1961, DIS 35: 46; 8 = James and Bryant, 1981, Dev. Biol. 85: 39-54; 9 = Levis, Hazelrigg, and Rubin, 1985, EMBO J. 4: 3489-99; 10 = Muller, 1946, DIS 20: 67-78; 11 = Panshin, l935, DIS 3: 28; 12 = Simpson and Schneiderman, 1974, DIS 51: 23 (fig); 13 = Simpson and Schneiderman, 1975, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 178: 247-75; 14 = Valencia, 1959, DIS 33: 99; 15 = Valencia, 1965, DIS 40: 37; 16 = Vyse and James, 1972, DIS 49: 39. cytology: Placed in 13F (Daniels, McCarron, Love, and Chovnick, 1986, Genetics 109: 95-117) by in situ hybridization; in 14A by Lefevre [Genetics and Biology of Drosophila (Ashburner and Novitski, eds.). Academic Press, London, New York, San Fran- cisco, Vol. 1a, p. 59]. molecular biology: A P[ry+] transposition into 13F associated with sd[ry+] (Daniels et al., 1985) was the starting point of a 41 kb chromosomal walk. Molecular lesions associated with viable and lethal sd alleles were localized within a 15 kb region. Structurally related and developmentally regulated transcripts were detected in the genomic region where several sd lethal alleles were localized. 32 cDNA clones have been isolated from the region. Several are characterized that map across the 15 kb interval where sd lesions map. The strong possibility that these transcripts are products of the sd gene is being investigated. If true, the sd gene includes genomic sequences extending over at least 13 kb of the chromosomal walk described, and it appears to be subject to alternative splicing (Campbell, Duttaroy, Katzen and Chovnick, unpub- lished). sd: scalloped From Edith M. Wallace, unpublished. # sd: see sprd #*sd2 phenotype: More extreme than sd. Wings small and scalloped. Like vg at high temperatures. Crossing over inhibited. RK2A? cytology: Associated with In(1)sd2; breakpoints unknown. No visible X-chromosome rearrangement in vicinity of 13F (Camp- bell, Dutaroy, Katzen, and Chovnick). #*sd56j phenotype: More extreme than sd. Expression enhanced by high temperature. Visible in prepupal wing buds. Interacts with Bx and bi. RK1. cytology: No gross chromosomal abnormality. # sd58d phenotype: Wings reduced to vestiges, like vg. Halteres and bristles also like vg. sd58d/sd has strap-shaped wing. Tem- perature sensitive; effects of temperature pulses at different developmental stages suggest that wing areas eliminated in a specific order (Simpson, Lawrence, and Maschat, 1981, Dev. Biol. 84: 206-11). RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sd58d = In(1)11F;13F (Campbell, Duttaroy, Katzen, and Chovnick). # sd[ry+] phenotype: Extreme allele of sd associated with the insertion of a P element carrying ry+ at 13F. In hemizygous males, wings reduced to mere vestiges similar to vg; in homozygous females the wings are narrow and strap-like. One or both scutellar bristles are sometimes truncated, and halteres appear somewhat reduced in males. Severity of wing defect may vary with tem- perature. Under dysgenic conditions, excision of the P ele- ment leads to the loss of ry+ and amelioration of the sd phenotype (i.e., wild type or nibbled wings); the molecular lesions of a number of such derivatives have been characterized (Daniels, McCarron, Love, and Chovnick, 1985, Genetics 109: 95-117). One derivative was used as a "tag" for cloning the sd region (Campbell et al.). #*sds: scalloped-sterile phenotype: Wings divergent and slightly nicked. Male sterile. RK2. other information: Allelism inferred from position and pheno- type. No evidence of chromosome rearrangement. # sdsp: scalloped-spatula phenotype: Wings cut at tips and along both margins. sdsp +/+ Bxr give slight nicking of wings. RK1A. cytology: No gross rearrangement in addition to In(1)scS1Lsc8R+dl-49 but possibly a local disturbance in pair- ing. # sdts phenotype: Wings vestigial-like at 29; also capitellum of hal- tere extremely reduced; some crippling of legs. At 22 wings have parts of wing blade or wing margin or both missing; hal- teres normal. Viability and fertility good at 22. Increases incidence of pattern duplications and deficiencies in l(1)ts504. # *sdUCI phenotype: Extreme vestigial-like wing (as in sd58d) with erect postscutellar bristles. Halteres greatly reduced in size. In some flies, outgrowths of tissue found on one side of the metanotum; in extreme cases, these outgrowths can be recog- nized as mirror-image pattern duplications of the notum and ventral hinge and reduction of the wing blade. Pupation delayed until about 168 hr after oviposition, with four days being spent as third-instar larvae. Average size of mature wing disk about 56% normal; reduction in size and pattern duplication attributable to extensive cell death in the wing imaginal disk. Wing margins of sdUCI/Basc females frequently incised; such females also produce significant numbers of patroclinous males. (Vyse and James, 1972, DIS 49: 39; James and Bryant, 1981, Dev. Biol. 85: 39-54). # Sd: Segregation distorter location: 2-54 (between hk and pr). origin: Naturally occurring abnormality found at low levels in many natural populations. discoverer: Hiraizumi. references: Sandler, Hiraizumi, and Sandler, 1959, Genetics 44: 233-50. Hartl and Hiraizumi, 1976, Genetics and Biology of Drosophila (Ashburner and Novitski, eds.). Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco, Vol. 1b, pp. 615-66. Ganetzky, 1977, Genetics 86: 321-55. Brittnacher and Ganetzky, 1983, Genetics 103: 659-73. 1984, Genetics 107: 423-34. phenotype: Sd-bearing second chromosomes are referred to as SD; they carry, in addition to Sd, other components of the segre- gation distortion system; they may carry inversions and reces- sive lethal alleles as well. The constitutions of various SD chromosomes are tabulated below. Other components of the segregation distortion system are E(SD) (Enhancer of SD) at the base of 2L; and Rsp (Responder) at the base of 2R; St(SD) (Stabilizer of SD) located more distally in 2R appears to comprise several weak enhancers of distortion (Miklos, 1972, Genetics 70: 405-18). All naturally occurring SD chro- mosomes carry Sd and E(SD) but lack Rsp [sometimes said to carry Rspi (Responder insensitive)]; most normal chromosomes carry a Rsp element. SD/+ males transmit SD-bearing, to the virtual exclusion of +-bearing, homologues; as many as 99% of the functional sperm may carry SD (defined as k = .99). The sex ratio of the minority class of offspring, in diverse crosses, is skewed in proportion to k in such a way as to indicate that within this class the probability of recovery of XY- < X - < Y -bearing < nullo-X, nullo-Y sperm (Denell, Judd, and Richardson, 1969, Genetics 61: 129-39; Denell and Miklos, 1971, Mol. Gen. Genet. 110: 167-77). Distortion by Sd requires heterozygosity at the Rsp locus; when Rsp is on the homologue, the Sd-bearing chromosome is preferentially recovered. and when Rsp and Sd are in coupling, the homologue is recovered preferentially. Exten- sive electron microscopic studies of spermatogenesis (Tokuyasu, Peacock, and Hardy, 1972, Z. Zellforsch. 124: 479-506; 127: 492-525; 1977, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 48: 284-303) demonstrate that spermiogenesis of SD/+ males is defective; chromatin in half of the spermatid nuclei fails to condense properly, leading in some cases to a failure of the spermatids to become individually invested in membrane, remaining syncytial instead, and in all cases to incomplete maturation of half the sperm. In addition, the transition from lysine-rich to sperm-specific arginine-rich histone, which normally occurs in late spermiogenesis, does not appear to take place in half the spermatids of SD/+ males (Hauschteck-Jungen and Hartl, 1978, Genetics 101: 57-69). Temperature-sensitive period of distortion said to be in the primary spermatocyte (Mange, 1968, Genetics 58: 399-413); however, see Matthews and Mortin (1983, Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 25: 662-67). k values also reported to increase with time of storage of sperm by females (Hartl, 1973, Genetics 74: 619-31), to decrease with the age of SD/+ males (Hiraizumi and Watanabe, 1969, Genetics 63: 212-31), and to be influenced by the genotype of the female to which such males are crossed (Denell and Judd, 1969, Mol. Gen. Genet. 105: 262-74). Segregation distortion is subject to modifica- tion by numerous genetic factors throughout the genome; in addition various abnormal chromosome constitutions have been reported to reduce k values (Novitski and Erlich, 1970, DIS 45: 102; Enns, 1970, DIS 45: 136; Fowler, 1971, DIS 46: 74). Homozygous (when viable) and heteroallelic constitutions exhi- bit variably reduced male fertility, but the contribution of Sd vis a vis other components of the SD chromosomes involved not easily ascertainable. SD chromosomes without effect in females. cytology: Placed in 37D2-5 based on reversions of Sd by Df(2L)Sd2 = Df(2L)37D1-2;38D2-E1, Df(2L)Sd14 = Df(2L)37D1- 2;38C1-2, Df(2L)Sd57= Df(2L)37D1-2;38C1-2, and Df(2L)Sd77 = Df(2L)37D1- 2;38C1-2, but by neither Df(2L)hk39 = Df(2L)36F6- 37A1;37D1-2 nor Df(2L)pr26 = Df(2L)37D5-6;38C8-10, all of which were induced in SD chromosomes (Brittnacher and Ganetzky, 1983). molecular biology: A 5 kb Sd-specific tandem duplication found in a restriction fragment that hybridizes at 37D5; an Sd- specific mRNA associated with the duplication (Powers). other information: Analysis of the distribution of k values among and within genotypes by the use of probit transformation described by Miklos and Smith-White (1971, Genetics 67: 305- 17) and by Miklos (1972, Genetics 70: 405-18). chromosome inversions homozygote origin ref ( comments _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SD5 In(2R)45C-F;49A lethal Madison, Wisconsin 4 In(2R)NS SD36 same as SD5 lethal Madison, Wisconsin 4 SD72 In(2LR)39-40;42A viable Madison, Wisconsin 4 In(2R)NS SD-BG12 same as SD72 Bowling Green, Ohio 6 also -> male recombination SD-NH In(2R) NS Ohdate, Japan 2 In(2R)55E;60E SD-Ra In(2L)32A-C;35B-C female sterile Ranna, Sicily 5 male sterile SD-Roma none viable Rome, Italy 3 SD-S90 In(2R)NS Northern California 1 also -> male recombination ( 1 = Bencze and Slatko, 1984, Genet. Res. 43: 149-58; 2 = Hiraizumi and Nakazima, 1965, DIS 40: 72; 3 = Nicoletti and Trippa, 1967, Atti Assoc. Genet. Ital. 12: 361-65; 4 = Sandler, Hiraizumi, and Sandler, 1959, Genetics 44: 233-50; 5 = Trippa, Loverre, and Cicchetti, 1980, Genetics 95: 399-412; 6 = Woodruff and Lyman, 1980, Am. Nat. 116: 297-304. # sdby: see fliI8 # Sdh: Succinic dehydrogenase location: 2-89 [based on 199 M(2)53-bw recombinants]. origin: Identified by finding a naturally occurring isoallele that produced a slightly more temperature labile enzyme than that produced by other alleles. references: Lawrence, 1981, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 64: 321-32. phenotype: The structural gene for succinic dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1). Null mutations are homozygous lethal and lethal in heteroallelic combinations; however clones of homozygous cells survive and develop normally. Detected in clones by a cyto- chemical test for enzyme activity; cell autonomous with low perdurance; an excellent cell marker. alleles: Mutant alleles show reduced or missing autonomous activity; some are heat sensitive. allele origin discoverer comments ____________________________________________________ Sdh1 spont de Jong heat labile enzyme Sdh2 EMS Lawrence viable allele Sdh3 EMS Lawrence lethal Sdh4 EMS Lawrence lethal Sdh5 EMS Lawrence lethal Sdh6 EMS Lawrence lethal Sdh7 EMS Lawrence lethal Sdh8 EMS Lawrence lethal at 25 viable at 18 # sdp: sandpaper location: 2-83 (based on 53 pr-px recombinants). origin: Induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. references: Garcia-Bellido and Dapena, 1974, Mol. Gen. Genet. 128: 117-30. phenotype: Homozygous lethal, but survives as clones of homozy- gous cells; useful as a cell marker in the cuticle. Produces depigmentation and changes in trichome pattern only in ter- gites; extra processes per epidermal cell on tergite surface; densely packed uncombed. Not detectable in thorax. # sdt: stardust location: 1-23. references: Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard, and Jurgens, 1984, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 296-307 (fig.). Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, DIS 66: 209-26. phenotype: Embryonic lethal. Hypoderm almost totally absent; only small remains of cuticle found. sdt+ function not required in female germline (Wieschaus and Noell, 1986, Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 195: 63-73). alleles: Six ethyl methanesulfonate-induced alleles recorded; two weak; one temperature sensitive. allele synonym ref ( ______________________________ sdt1 XM 2 sdt2 NO 1, 2 sdt3 P9 1, 2 sdt4 2 sdt5 2 sdt6 2 ( 1 = Wieschaus and Noell, 1986, Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 195: 63-73; 2 = Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard, and Kluding, 1984, Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193: 296-307. cytology: Placed in 7D10-F2 based on its inclusion in Df(1)RA2 = Df(1)7D10;8A45 but not Df(1)KA14 = Df(1)7F1-2;8C6. # sdx: spreadex location: 1- (rearrangement). origin: X ray induced. discoverer: Muller. synonym: spx (preoccupied). references: 1965, DIS 40: 35. phenotype: Wings spread widely apart and often directed some- what downward, as in Dichaete. Abdomen of female tends to be narrow and shrunken. Fertility sufficient for maintaining homozygous stock. RK2A. cytology: Associated with In(1)sdx; breakpoints unknown.